Nervous s y t em

N. IMLANI
ZAIRA MAE
 Goal Objective
By the end of the lesson, students
will demonstrate an understanding
of the structure and function of the
nervous system by identifying its key
components, explaining their roles,
and illustrating how nerve impulses
are transmitted within the body.
 s! ! ! General Overview:
p i c
T o • What is the Nervous System?
• What is its function?
• What are the main types of Nervous
System? Units and subunits.
• What are the parts or components and
the function of each type of nervous
system?
• What is the Nervous Tissue?
• Neuron Cells
 Have you ever had that
feeling when you feel like
something is crawling up
your skin? 😥😰 Did something just
crawl on my skin?!
Everyone had horros about it..
But have you ever questioned
why do we feel and react to
these occurence? 🧐🤨
Hmm?..
 It is because of 3 things!
The thing that is crawling in your legs are detected by
Sensory Input your sensory receptors.

Integration This is when the nervous system initiates a plan on what Yes don't worry,
we're gonna tackle
that! The Nervous
to do with the input. System!

Motor Output The response that occurs when your nervous system
activates certain parts of your body.

How fascinating! But how

exactly does this work? Or
what is behind these
Like screaming or brushing the behaviours?

feeling on your arm!

 Stimuli Uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor
changes occuring both inside and outaide.

Sensory Input The gathered information.

It processes and interprets the sensory input

Integration and decides what should be done at each
moment.

Causes a response, or effect, by activating

Motor Output muscles or glands (effectors).
 What is the nervous systeM?

The nervous system plays a role in everything we do. It is

the body’s command center. The three main parts of the
nervous system are; brain, spinal cord and nerves.
What is the function of the nervous
systeM?

The main function of the nervous system is to transmit

signals between the brain and the body. (Including internal
organs.)
What are the types of Nervous System?

There are two types in the nervous

system which are;
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
 CNS AND PNS

Central Nervous System - consists

the brain and spinal cord, which
occupy the dorsal body cavity and act
as the integrating and command
centers of the nervous system.
 CNS AND PNS

Central Nervous System - They

interpret incoming sensory
information and issue instructions
based on past experiences and
current conditions.
 The Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is

the core component of the nervous
system in vertebrates, including
humans. It consists of the brain and
spinal cord.
Central Nervous System: The Brain

The brain is responsible for

processing information received
from the sensory organs, controlling
body functions, and initiating
responses.
Central Nervous System: The Brain

The brain is a complex organ controlling

thoughts, emotions, and bodily functions
through billions of neurons. It’s divided into
regions with specific functions, studied by
neuroscientists to understand its structure
and influence on behavior.
 Brain Anatomy
Cerebral Hemispheres - It’s
responsible for carrying
messages that control
movement, sensation, and
reflexes. So, basically, it helps
your brain communicate with
the rest of your body to make
sure everything works the way
it should!
 Brain Anatomy
Cerebral Hemispheres - Gyri
are the bumps on the brain’s
surface, sulci are the grooves
between the bumps, fissures
are the deep grooves dividing
the brain into hemispheres,
and lobes are the four main
sections of the brain, each
responsible for different
functions.
 Brain Anatomy
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer
of the brain’s cerebrum, responsible
for higher brain functions such as
thinking, perceiving, and planning. It’s
divided into four lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital. The
cortex contains billions of neurons
that process information from the
senses and control voluntary
movements and cognitive functions.
 Brain Anatomy
The cerebral cortex consists of several
parts, including the frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and
occipital lobe. Each lobe is associated
with different functions, such as
decision making, sensory processing,
language, and visual processing,
respectively. Additionally, there are
deeper structures within the cerebral
cortex, such as the insula, which is
involved in functions like emotion and
self-awareness.
 Brain Anatomy
The basal nuclei, also known as basal
ganglia, are a group of nuclei located
deep within the cerebral hemispheres of
the brain. They are involved in motor
control, cognition, and emotion
regulation. The basal nuclei help initiate
and modulate voluntary movements,
suppress unwanted movements, and play
a role in procedural learning and habit
formation. Dysfunction of the basal nuclei
is associated with movement disorders
such as Parkinson’s disease and
Huntington’s disease.
 Brain Anatomy

• Frontal Lobe: Controls

reasoning, problem-solving,
voluntary movement, and
speech.
• Parietal Lobe: Processes
sensory information such as
touch, temperature, and
pain.
 Brain Anatomy

• Temporal Lobe: Handles

auditory processing,
language, and memory.
• Occipital Lobe:
Processes visual
information and interprets
it.
 Brain Anatomy
1. Cerebrum: The largest
part of the brain, divided
into two hemispheres (left
and right). It is responsible
for higher-level functions
such as thinking, memory,
emotion, and voluntary
movement..
 Brain Anatomy

2. Cerebellum:
Located beneath the
cerebrum, the
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary
muscle movements,
balance, and posture.
 Brain Anatomy
3. Brainstem: This is the
lower part of the brain that
connects to the spinal cord.
It includes the medulla
oblongata, pons, and
midbrain, and it controls
basic life functions such as
breathing, heart rate, blood
pressure, and reflexes.
 Brain Anatomy
4. Thalamus: Serves as
a relay station for
sensory information,
directing it to the
appropriate areas of
the brain for
processing.
 Brain Anatomy

5. Hypothalamus:
Regulates basic biological
needs such as hunger,
thirst, body temperature,
and sleep. It also controls
the release of hormones
from the pituitary gland.
 Brain Anatomy

6. Limbic system: This

includes several
structures involved in
emotions, memory, and
motivation, such as the
amygdala, hippocampus,
and hypothalamus.
 Brain Anatomy

The amygdala, located in the

temporal lobe, is a small,
almond-shaped structure in
the brain that plays a key
role in processing emotions,
particularly fear and
aggression, as well as in
forming emotional memories.
 Brain Anatomy
The brainstem connects
the brain to the spinal
cord and controls vital
functions like breathing,
heart rate, and
consciousness. It consists
of the medulla oblongata,
pons, and midbrain.
 Brain Anatomy
1. Pons: Located above the
medulla, the pons serves as a
bridge between different parts of
the brain, including the cerebellum
and the cerebrum. It helps regulate
breathing, sleeping, and facial
movements. Additionally, it plays a
role in relaying sensory information
between the cerebrum and
cerebellum.
 Brain Anatomy

2. Medulla Oblongata: Situated below

the pons, the medulla oblongata is
responsible for regulating vital
functions such as breathing, heart rate,
and blood pressure. It also serves as a
relay station for sensory and motor
pathways, connecting the brain to the
spinal cord. Additionally, it contains
centers for reflex activities like
coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.
 Brain Anatomy

3. The midbrain, or
mesencephalon, is a region
of the brainstem responsible
for processing sensory
information, controlling
certain voluntary
movements, and regulating
arousal and consciousness.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
Spinal Cord: The spinal cord
is like a super important
highway in your body that
helps messages travel
between your brain and the
rest of your body. It’s a long,
thin bundle of nerves that
runs inside your spine, kind
of like a thick rope.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
Spinal Cord: It’s responsible
for carrying messages that
control movement,
sensation, and reflexes. So,
basically, it helps your brain
communicate with the rest
of your body to make sure
everything works the way it
should!
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
1. Location: The spinal
cord is located within
the spinal canal, which
is formed by openings
in the vertebrae of the
spine.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
2. Structure: It is composed of
nervous tissue, primarily nerve
cells (neurons) and supporting
glial cells. The spinal cord is
organized into segments, each
of which corresponds to a pair
of spinal nerves. There are
typically 31 segments in
humans.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
3. Function: The main function
of the spinal cord is to relay
sensory information from the
body to the brain and to
transmit motor commands from
the brain to the body. It also
serves as a reflex center,
coordinating reflex actions that
occur without conscious
thought.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
5. Protection: The spinal
cord is protected by the
vertebral column,
meninges (membranes that
surround the spinal cord),
and cerebrospinal fluid,
which cushions and
supports the spinal cord.
 Brain and Spinal
CORD Anatomy
In summary, the spinal
cord plays a crucial role in
facilitating
communication between
the brain and the body, as
well as coordinating reflex
actions.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS
The peripheral nervous system
consists of all the nerves outside
the brain and spinal cord that relay
information between the central
nervous system and the rest of PNS
the body, controlling movements
and sensations.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The organs of the peripheral nervous system are the
nerves and ganglia. Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers,
much like muscles are bundles of muscle fibers. Cranial
nerves and spinal nerves extend from the CNS to
peripheral organs such as muscles and glands. Ganglia
are collections, or small knots, of nerve cell bodies
outside the CNS.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
In the magical world of our nervous system, think of nerves and
ganglia as the superstar organs of the peripheral nervous
system! Nerves are like bundles of magic threads, just as muscles
are bundles of strength threads. Picture cranial nerves and spinal
nerves as the adventure guides, journeying from the brain and
spine to all the far-off lands of muscles and glands. And ganglia?
They’re like cozy little villages outside the central nervous
system, bustling with lively nerve cell communities!
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Ganglion is collection of cell bodies of
neurons outside the CNS , while nerves are
the axons of neurons that may be afferents
carrying sensations or efferents carrying
motor commands .
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is further
subdivided into an afferent (sensory) division and
an efferent (motor) division. The afferent or
sensory division transmits impulses from
peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or
motor division transmits impulses from the CNS
out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or
action.
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided
into an afferent (sensory) division and an efferent
(motor) division. The afferent or sensory division
transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the
CNS. The efferent or motor division transmits
impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs
to cause an effect or action.
Peripheral nervous system

Sensory nerves carry signals to your

brain to help you touch, taste, smell
and see. Motor nerves carry signals
to your muscles or glands to help
you move and function.
Peripheral nervous system

Finally, the efferent or motor division

is again subdivided into the somatic
nervous system and the autonomic
nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two
main parts:
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls
involuntary bodily functions and regulates
glands.
Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls
muscle movement and relays information from
ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous
system.
Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system consists of the

somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic
nervous system (ANS). The SNS consists of motor
neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. In contrast,
the ANS consists of motor neurons that control
smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
somatic Nervous system
Your somatic nervous system is a subdivision of
your peripheral nervous system that stretches
throughout nearly every part of your body. The
nerves in this system deliver information from your
senses to your brain. They also carry commands
from your brain to your muscles so you can move
around.
Autonomic Nervous system
The ANS consists of two main branches: the sympathetic
nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous
system. These branches often work antagonistically to each
other, balancing and regulating various physiological
functions to meet the body’s needs. The sympathetic
nervous system generally prepares the body for activity and
stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes
relaxation and restoration.
 The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body’s
“fight or flight” response. When activated, it prepares the body to
deal with perceived threats or emergencies by increasing heart
rate, dilating pupils, redistributing blood flow to muscles, and
releasing adrenaline. For example, when you encounter a
dangerous situation such as being chased by a predator, your
sympathetic nervous system kicks in, increasing your heart rate to
pump more blood to your muscles, dilating your pupils to improve
visual acuity, and diverting blood flow away from non-essential
organs like the digestive system.
 On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is
responsible for the body’s “rest and digest” response. It promotes
relaxation and conserves energy by decreasing heart rate,
constricting pupils, stimulating digestion, and promoting
functions like salivation and urination. For example, after a meal,
when your body needs to digest food and rest, the
parasympathetic nervous system becomes more active. It slows
down your heart rate, constricts your pupils, and stimulates
digestive processes such as the release of enzymes and peristalsis
in the digestive tract.
 neuron cell
A neuron is a specialized cell in your body that helps
transmit messages throughout your brain and
nervous system. It has a cell body, dendrites to
receive messages, an axon to send messages, and
axon terminals to release chemicals that pass the
message to other neurons. In short, neurons are like
the messengers that help your body and brain
communicate.
 Neuron parts

1. Cell Body (Soma):

Think of the cell body as
the brain of the neuron. It
contains the nucleus,
which holds the cell’s
DNA and controls its
activities, kind of like the
command center.
 Neuron parts

2. Dendrites: Imagine
dendrites as tiny branches or
antennas sticking out from
the cell body. They receive
signals from other neurons
and pass them to the cell
body, like receiving messages
from friends and passing them
along.
 Neuron parts

3. Axon: Picture the axon as

a long, skinny tail coming out
from the cell body. It carries
signals away from the cell
body to other neurons or
cells. It’s like a wire that
transmits messages to
different parts of the body.
 Neuron parts

4. Axon Terminals: These are

like little buttons at the end of
the axon. When an electrical
signal reaches the axon
terminal, it releases chemicals
called neurotransmitters that
carry the signal to the next
neuron or cell, allowing
communication to happen.
 neuron cell

So, basically, neurons are like tiny

messengers in your body, sending
and receiving signals to help you
think, move, feel, and do pretty
much everything you do!
Thank you!