Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

The liquid
part in which the
other organelles
float.

Cytoplasm was discovered by Kolliker in 1862.

It is the site biosynthetic and catabolic pathways.
of both
It can be divided into two parts:
Cytosol: Aqueous soluble part contains various fibrous proteins forming
cytoskeletion. It contain about 90% water, 7% Protein 2% carbohydrates
& 1% etc.
Cell organelles: Living part of the cells having definite shape, structure
and function bounded by plasma membrane. There are single membrane
bound, dopuble membrane bound and non membrane bound Cell
organelles.

Single Membrane Double Membrane Non Membrane

bound cellorganells bound cellorganells bound cell organells

eg. ER, LysOsomes, eg. Mitochondria, eg. Ribosome,
Golgibodis, & Vacuoles Plastids Centrosomes,
Peroxisams These 2 also have their Microtubules
| own DNA material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Itis the network of membrane bound tubules and sheet present in the cytoplasm.
It was discovered by Porter, Claude and Fullam.
These are present in all cells except prokaryotes and mammaliam erythrocytes.

poomeo
nd
ulum

plesmic
retioulum

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R.E.R
Endoplusmic reticulum is of tno types
S.E.R
 Smooth ER Rough ER
Made of tubules mainly. Made of Cistemae and vesicles.
Helps in steroid, lipids and Helps in protein synthesis.
Polysaccharide synthesis.
Ribosomes are absent. Contains ribosome on its surface.
Helps in membrane biogenesis.

Function of ER:
(a) It is the only organelle which serves as a channel for the transport of materials between
various regions of cytoplasm and between cytoplasm and nucleus.
(b) It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework to provide surface some of the biochemical
activities. It forms endoskeleton ofcell.
(c) It helps in synthesis offats, protien, steroids, cholesterol etc.
(d) SER plays a crucial role in detoxification of drugs and poisonous by products.
cell
(e)Membrane biogenesis: Protein & Lipids produced by ER are used to produced
membrane.

GolgiApparatus
Golgi apparatus consists of a system of membrane bounded fluid filled vesicles arranged parallel
to each other in stacks called Cisternae along with some large and spherical vacuoles. It was
discovered by Camilo Golgi. It is absent in prokaryotes, mammalian RBC's & sieve cells.
The Golgi Apparatus

Lumen incoming
Incoming Cis FacE
Transport
Vesicle
Cistermae

Newly
Formed
vesicles

Outgoing-
Transport
Vesicles
Functions of Golgiapparatus
Its function include the storage, modification, Packaging & secretion of products in
(a)
vesicles.
(b) It involved in the formation of lysosomes.
(c) It is secretary in nature.
(d)
(e)
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Ithelps in melanin synthesis.
plasma
It involved in the synthesis of cell wall & membrane alsoo
Mitochondria
Outer Membranenerinembrane Matrix
ONA
pace Crislac Ribosomes

Inner Membrane

Itis a rod shaped structure found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells except mammaliam RBC's.
These are also absent in prokaryotes.
It was first seen by Kolliker in insect cells in 1880.
Itis also called as Power House oftheCell' or the 'Storage
Battery
It is double membranous structure where outer membrane has specific proteins while
inner membrane is folded inside to form chambers called Cristac.
Mitochondria hasitsown DNA& Ribosomes

Functionsof Mitochondria:
(a) Its mains function is to produce store and release the energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) The energy currency of the cell.
(b) It is the site for cellular respiration (Kreb cycle) in which ATP are produced.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Ribosomes

aaakidas
RibosomesUVL

Lamellae
Cisternae Vesicles Tubules

(Ribosomes located on different cell organells and their part)

Ribosomes are the sitesof protein synthesis.

All strctural and functional proteins (cnzymes) coded by the nuclear DNA are
synthesized upon cytoplasmic ribosomes. The DNA codes are transcripted into
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Which comes out the Nucleous and Translated
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(Protein synthesis) by Ribosonmes attached to RER in the formof Proteins.
Functions of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are the main site of protein synthesis. Synthesized protcins is
transported by endoplasmic reticulum.

Plastids
is structure, found only in plant cells.
ItBesides
double membranous discoidal
being discoidal of rhombic in plant cells, they occur in variable shapes like in
(algae.) They can be'U"- shaped. iral, coiled, ribbon-sl ped etc.

Depending upon the type ofpigmentpresent in them, they are offollowing three types:
) Leucoplast The primary functions is storage of starch, oil, proteins. White,
found in non-photosynthesis tissue of plant such as Root, bulbn, seeds, ete. They
can change into other type of plastics.
(i) Chromoplast- These are coloured plastids except green it imparts colour to fruits
& tlowers.
(ii) Chloroplast-Green in colour, found in aerial parts of plants
These are found only in plant cell.It helps in the process of photosynthesis so it is called the
'Kitchen of cell in plant.
Ouler
Gr ana

Membrane
Chloroplas:

Mermori Stroma
Chloroplast have following two parts:
() Grana: It constitutes the lamellar system. These are found layered on top of each
other. These stacks are called Grana. Each granum of the chloroplast is formed by
superimposed closed compartments called Thylakoids.
Function: They are the sites of light reaction of photosynthesis as they contain
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthetic units.
Gi) Stroma: It is a granular transparent substance also called as matrix. Grana are
embedded in it. Besides Grana they also contain lipid droplets, starch grains,
ribosomes etc.
Function: This is the site of dark reaction of photosynthesis. Also helps in protein

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synthesis due to presence of ribosomes.
Vacuoles Vaçuole
Mitochondria
Tonoplast

Nucleus-

These are membrance bounded regions in the cytoplasm containing water and other
substances.
They are bounded by a single membrane called Tonoplast.
In animal cells vacuoles are absent or smaller in size in plant cells a single large vacuole is
found which occupies about 90% of the volume ofcell.
Functions:
It helps in maintaining osmotic pressure in a cell & stores toxic metabolic products (Waste
product water, sugar, protein etc.) of plant cell.

Lysosome (Suicidal Bag)

Lysosome

They are tiny membrane bound vesicles containing powertul digestive enzymes tor

intracellular digestion.
Lysosome absent in RBcs
Lysosomes are synthesised by golgi body & enzyme present in it are synthesised by
RER.
(a) Their main function is phagy = digestion.
Functions
(6) They are kind of waste disposal system.
(c) They help in &
digesting foreign materials cels.
Suicidal Bag: During disturbances in cellular metabolism (i.e., in case of celldamage).
lysosomes burst and their enzymes are released into the cytoplasm and they digest their own
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cell. So they are also called 'Suicidal Bag.
 Difference between Animal cell and Plant cell

Plant Cel Animal Cell

Contain chloroplasts for
No chloroplasts
phtosynthesis.
Have a cell wall to maintain No cell wall

structure and rigidity,

Usually do not contain
Contain cilia and/or flagella
lysosomes and Peroxisomes. Cells are fluid and flexible,
Cells
are square and rigid or many shapes.
OmeiC shaped. Cells can move around.
Has small or no vacuoles.
Limited movement.
Have one large central vacuole. Have ysosome
Rovugh endoplaamie

mic Centriole
Chbop nddoplasme
retrun
Nuclcus
Aysoeort

Gold envelope gibos osomes

aPPartu
MtOchOnnoa

ough

Nuckls
aceit toplasmn
wall
Cell wall
Mitoehondri
bonome

Cytoplasm
Chioroplas

Cell Divislon: New cells are formed in organisms in order to grow to replace old, dead and injured
cells, and to form gametes required for reproduction. The process by which new cells are made is
called cell division.
The are two main types of cell division:
is called
)Mitosis: The process of cell division by which most of the cells divide for growth
mitosis. In this process, each cell called mother cell divides to form two identical daughier
cells (Fig. 5.7). daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as mother cel. It
The
helps in growth and repairof tissues in organisms.
) Melosls Specificcells of reproductive organs ortissues inanimals and plantsdivide to form
gametes, which after fertilisation give rise to offspring. They divide by a different procesSS
called meiosis which involves two consecutive diVisions. When a cell divides by meiosis it
produces tour new cells instead otjust two (Fig. 5.8).
The n e w cells only have
half the number
of chromosomes than that of the mother cells.

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