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PH1026 Examination Topics by DBH

Physics II (Advanced Program) (Trường Đại học Bách khoa Hà Nội)

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Shortened List of Examination Topics

State your understanding on (each topic is one question):

Chapter 21 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD
Chapter 22 GAUSS’S LAW
1. Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law; Applications of Gauss’s Law on planar, spherical and cylindrical
distributions

*General definition of electric flux:

Φ E=∫ E cos ϕdA=∫ E⊥ dA=∫ ⃗

E.d⃗
A (pg730)

Electric flux ∫ E⊥ dA is the measure of the electric field “flow”through a given surface, equal to
the product of an area element and the perpendicular component of the electric field, integrated
over a surface. (pg746)

*Gauss’s Law:

Q enclosed
Φ E=∮ E ⊥ . d ⃗
A= (pg734)
ϵ0

The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total (net) electric charge inside the
surface, divided by ϵ0

*Applications of Gauss’s Law: If the charges distribution is known or the system is symmetry enough
for evaluate the integral of ⃗
E , we can find the field. Or if we know the field, we can find the
charges distribution.(pg736-739)

-conducting Sphere with positive charge q : Inside the sphere, the electric field is zero; outside the
1 q
sphere, electric field E(r )=
4 π ϵ0 r2
1 λ
-infinite long wire with charge per unit λ : E(r )=
2 π ϵ0 r

σ
-infinite plane sheet with positive surface charge density σ : E(r )=
2 ϵ0

2. Charges on Conductors and electrostatic conditions. Electric field at the surfaces of a

conductor; charging by induction

-Electrostatic conditions: no net motion charge. Giving a solid conductor with charge q then the
charge q resides entirely on the surface of the conductor.The situation is electrostatic, so E=0 within
the conductor. (pg741)

Chapter 23 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

3. Electric potential and electric potential difference. Calculating the electric potential. Electric
potential energy, equipotential surfaces

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-Electric potential V at any point in an electric field is the potential energy U per unit charge
associated with a test charge q0 at that point. (pg761)

-Electric potential difference Vab is called the potential of a with respect to b, equals the work done
by electric force when a unit charge move from a to b. (pg762)

-Calculating electric potential by carry out the line integral of E over the path ⃗
⃗ dl :
b
V a−V b=∫ ⃗
E.⃗
dl (pg763)
a

-Electric potential energy: When a particle moves from point a to point b, the work done by electric
field is W a → b=U a−U b . Thus the potential energy difference between a and b equals the work
done by electric force when the particle move from a to b. (pg760)

4. Relations between electric field vector and electric potential, potential gradient
-If the potential V is known as a function of the coordinates x, y, and z, the components of electric
field at any point are given by partial derivatives of V. (pg777)
-An equipotential surface is a surface on which the potential has the same value at every point. At a
point where a field line crosses an equipotential surface, the two are perpendicular. When all charges
are at rest, the surface of a conductor is always an equipotential surface and all points in the interior
of a conductor are at the same potential. When a cavity within a conductor contains no charge, the
entire cavity is an equipotential region and there is no surface charge anywhere on the surface of the
cavity. (pg777)

Chapter 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS

5. Conductors, Capacitors, Capacitance of parallel-plate and cylindrical capacitors; Energy

Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy
-conductor: materials that has many free-moving charges
-capacitor is any pair of conductor separated by an insulating material (pg808)
Q A
- capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor: C= =ϵ0 (pg790)
V ab d

Q λL 2 π ϵ0 L
C= = =
-capacitance of cylindrical capacitor: V ab λ r r (pg793)
ln b ln b
2 π ϵ0 r a ra
Q2 1 1
-energy stored in a capacitor in the form of electric field energy U= = C V 2= QV
2C 2 2
(pg797)

Chapter 27 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES

6. Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux. Motion of Charged Particles in a
Magnetic Field

- A magnetic field can be represented graphically by magnetic field lines. At each point a magnetic
field line is tangent to the direction of ⃗
B at that point. Where field lines are close together the
field magnitude is large, and vice versa.

-Magnetic flux Φ B through an area is defined in an analogous way to electric flux.

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Φ B=∫ B cos ϕdA=∫ B⊥ dA=∫ ⃗

B.d ⃗
A

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is
zero (Gauss’s law for magnetism). As a result, magnetic field lines always close on themselves. (pg
911)

- The magnetic force is always perpendicular to ⃗v a particle moving under the action of a
magnetic field alone moves with constant speed. In a uniform field, a particle with initial velocity
perpendicular to the field moves in a circle with radius R that depends on the magnetic field strength
B and the particle mass m, speed v, and charge q

Chapter 28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

7. Magnetic forces of currents, concept of magnetic field; Magnetic field vector; magnetic field
of a current element; the law of Biot and Savar, Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge

-Magnetic force on a conductor: F =⃗

⃗ Il× ⃗
B (pg911)
-Concept of magnetic field: A magnetic field can be represented graphically by magnetic field lines. At
each point a magnetic field line is tangent to the direction of ⃗
B at that point.
-Magnetic field vector ⃗ B : The total magnetic field caused by several moving charges is the vector sum
of all fields cause by individual charges. (principle of superposition of magnetic fields pg 926)
-Magnetic field of a current carrying conductor, Biot-Savart Law: (pg926-947)
μ0 I ⃗
dl × r^
d⃗
B=
4 π r2
-Magnetic field of a moving charge:
μ0 q ⃗v × r^
⃗
B=
4 π r2

8. Ampere’s law on the line integral of magnetic field vector around a closed path. Applications
of Amper’s law in calculating the magnetic field of currents.

-Ampere’s law: the line integral of ⃗

B around any closed path equals μ0 times the net current
through the area enclosed by this path: (pg947)

∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl =μ0 I encl

-Applications of Ampere’s law: Ampere’s law is useful when exploit the symmetry of a situation to evaluate
the line integral of ⃗
B (pg938)
Chapter 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

9. Induction Experiments, Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law

-Experiment: a coil of wire is connected to a galvanometer. When the nearby magnet is stationary, the
meter shows no current. This isn’t surprising; there is no source of emf in the circuit. But when we
move the magnet either toward or away from the coil, the meter shows current in the circuit, but only
while the magnet is moving. If we keep the magnet stationary and move the coil, we again detect a
current during the motion. (pg958)

-Faraday’s law: The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of the time rate of change of
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magnetic flux through the loop. (pg960)

−d Φ B
ε=
dt

-Lenz’s Law: The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the cause of
the effect.
10. Motional Electromotive Force; Induced Electric Fields; Eddy Currents

-Motional emf: If a conductor moves in a magnetic field, a motional emf is induced (pg981)

d ε= ( ⃗v × ⃗
B) . ⃗
dl
For straight conductor with length L moves in uniform B field, L and v are perpendicular to B and to
each other, the emf is:
ε =vBL
For any closed conducting loop, the total emf is:

ε =∮ ( ⃗v × ⃗
B) . ⃗
dl

-Induced electric field: when an emf is induced by a changing magnetic flux through a stationary
conductor, there is an induced electric field E of nonelectrostatic origin. Thí field is non-conservative
and can be associated with potential. (pg981)
−d Φ B
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl=
dt
-Eddy current is the induced current that circulate throughout the volume of conducting material.
(pg974)

Chapter 30 INDUCTANCE

11. Mutual Inductance, Self-Inductance and Inductors. Energy stored in a inductor, magnetic field
energy, magnetic energy density
-When a changing current i1 in one circuit causes the a changingmagnetic flux in the second circuit,
an emf ε 2 is induced in the second circuit. Likewise, a changinf current i2 in the second circuit
induced an emf ε 1 in the first circuit. If the circuit are coils with N1 and N2 turns, the mutual
inductance M can be expressed in terms of the average flux Φ B 2 through each turn of coil 2
caused by i1, or in terms of the average flux Φ B 1 through each turn of coil 1 caused by i2:
(pg1012)
d i1
ε 2 =−M
dt
di
ε 1=−M 2
dt
N 2 ΦB 2 N 1 ΦB 1
M= =
i1 i2

12. R-L-C circuit, damped harmonic motion

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-RLC circuit contains inductance, resistance and capacitance undergoes damped oscillation for

sufficiently small resistance. The frequency ω' of oscillation depends on L R and C. As R

increases the damping increases. If R is greater than a certain value, the behavior becomes

overdamped and no longer oscilates. (pg1012)

ω=' 1
√
−
R2
LC 4 L2

Chapter 31 ALTERNATING CURRENT

Chapter 32 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

13. The system of Maxwell’s equations, the concept of electromagnetic field

Gauss’s Law for electric fields:

Q enclosed
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dA=
ϵ0

Gauss’s Law for magnetic fields:

∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dA=0

Ampere’s Law including displacement current:

∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl=μ0 ( i C +ϵ0
d ΦE
dt )
Faraday’s law:

−d Φ B
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl=
dt

(pg981)

-An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically

charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The

electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic

interaction. The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.

The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges

(currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges

and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations and the

Lorentz force law.

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14. Derivation of the wave equation Electromagnetic Wave, sinusoidal Plane Electromagnetic
Waves, polarization and the Speed of Light (pg 1058-1060)

-Derivation of Electromagnetic Wave equation:

d2⃗
E d2 ⃗
E
2
=μ0 ε 0 2
dx dt

d2⃗
B d2 ⃗
B
2
=μ ε
0 0
dx d t2
-Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Wave:
E ( x , t )=E0 sin ( kx−ωt )
B ( x , t )=B 0 sin ( kx −ωt )

-Polarization of EM wave: ⃗
E and ⃗ B are are perpendicular to ⃗v and to each other, E B v are
follow righthan rule that the direction of ⃗
E ×⃗B is the direction of ⃗v .
-EM wave propagate in vaccum with speed v = c

Chapter 18 Kinetic-molecular theory of gases and distribution functions

15. Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas. Average translational kinetic energy of a gas
molecule
-Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas: (pg599)
+A container with volume V contains a very large number N of identical molecules, each with mass m.
+The molecules behave as point particles that are small compared to the size of the container and to
the average distance between molecules.
+The molecules are in constant motion. Each molecule colides occasionally with a wall of the
container. These collisions are perfectly elastic.
+The container walls are rigid and infinitely massive and do not move.
-Average translational kinetic energy of a gas molecule: (pg601)
1 3
m ( v 2 )av = kT
2 2
16. Distribution function of molecular speeds, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Average
speed, root-mean square speed and the most probable speed of a gas molecule

-Maxwell-Boltzman distribution function of molecular speed: (pg609)

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2
−m v

( )ve
3
m
f ( v )=4 π 2 2 2 kT
2 πkT

-Avergae speed: v av =
√8 kT
m

-RMS speed: v rms =

√ 3 kT
m

-Most probable speed: v mp =

√2 kT
m

Chapter 19 The first law of thermodynamics

17. The first law of thermodynamics and appying for kinds of thermodynamic processes:
adiabatic, isochoric, isobaric and isothermal processes
-First law of thermaldynamics: when heat Q is added to a system while the system does work W, the
internal energy U changes by an amount equal to Q-W: (pg643)
∆ U =Q−W
dU =dQ−dW
The internal energy of any thermodynamics system depends only on its state. The change in internal
energy in any process depends only on th initial sanf final states, not on the path. The internal
energy of an isolated system is constant.
-Adiabatic: no heat transfer in or out the system, Q=0
-Isochoric: constant volume, W = ∫ pdV =0
-Isobaric: constant pressure, W =∫ pdV =p (V 1−V 2)
-Isothermal: constant temperature

Chapter 20 The second law of thermodynamics

18. Directions of thermodynamic processes, reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines,
thermal efficiency of an engine, the Carnot cycle and quantitative expression of the second
law of thermodynamics
- A reversible process is one whose direction can be reversed by an infinitesimal change in the
condition of the process, and in which the system is always in or very close to thermodynamic
equilibrium.
Thermodynamic processes that occur in nature are all irreversible.
In a reversible process, no change of state would happen, no heat would flow into or out of the
system with truly uniform temperature throughout, the system would not expand and do work to
its surroundings.
In an irreversible process, the system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium at any point until the
end of the process.

- Heat engine: (pg654-655) The device that transform heat partly into work or mechanical energy.
The working substance of the engine take heat QH from the hot source, converts parts into
work W, and discard the remainder QC to the cold source. The working substance undergoes a

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cyclic process so ∆ U =0 or Q−W =0 , then the thermal efficiency e of a heat engine

equal:

e=
W
QH
Q Q
=1+ C =1− c
QH QH | |
- Carnot cycle consist of 2 reversible isothermal and 2 reversible adiabatic processes: (pg663)

1.Expanding isothermally at temperature TH, absorbing QH

2.Expanding adiabatically to temperature TC

3.Compressing isothermally at temperature TC, rejecting QC

4.Compressing adiabatically to temperature TH

- Second Law of Thermaldynamics (pg661-662): It is impossible for any system to undergo a

processin which it absorbs heat from a resevoir at a single temperature and converts the heat
completely into mechanical work, with the system ending in the same state in which it began.
Or
It is impossible for any process to have it sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a
hotter body

19. Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes, the meaning of the second law of
thermodynamics

- - Entropy change in reversible process

2
dQ dQ
•Infinitesimal reversible process: dS= → ∆ S=∫
T 1 T

Q
•Reversible isothermal process: ∆ S=
T
dQ
•Cyclic reversible process: ∫ T
=0

•Entropy depends only on the state of the system, and the change in entropy between given
initial and final states is the same for all processes leading from one state to the other.

- In an irreversible process, the total entropy always increases and . ∆ S>0

- Meaning of second law of thermaldynamics: When all systems taking part in a process are
included, the entropy either remains constant or increases. In other words: No process is possible
in which the total entropy decreases, when all systems taking part in the process are included.
(pg674)

Chapter 20 Real gases and phase transitions

20. Differences between ideal and real gases, Van der Waals equation of state, critical
point
Ideal gas Real gas
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Molecular size Behave as point particles, small have volume, which reduces the

size compared to average volume in which they can move.

distance between particles and

to dimensions of the container

Interaction Perfectly elastical collision, Exert forces on the walls

with container ocassionally collide with the

walls wall and exert force on it.

Intermolecular Not exert forces on each other Exert attractive forces on

interaction each other, which reduces

the pressure by pulling

together as they are pushing

on the walls.

- The Van der Waals state equation:

( n2 a
P+ 2 ( V −nb )=nRT
V )
Where: a: empirical constant depends on intermolecular forces (which reduce

the pressure) (Jm3/mol2)

b: volume of a mol molecular (m3/mol)

When the gas is dilute, the size of molecular is negligible compared to distances among them.

Therefore, the proportion n/V becomes very small and the correction of Van der Waals equation

is insignificant. Hence, it becomes the ideal-gas state equation.

- Critical point:

• Definition: The critical point is the endpoint at the top of the vaporization curve. A

liquid-vapor transition only occur when the pressure and temperature are less than those of this

point. The state variables of the critical point are called the critical pressure pC and critical

temperature TC .

• As we approach the critical point, the differences in physical properties between liquid

and vapor phases as well as the heat of vaporization becomes smaller and smaller. At the exact

critical point, they all become zero, and the distinction between vapor and liquid disappears.

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