MATHEMATICS LAB LINKS

LAB 0 – BASIC CONCEPTS

LAB 01 – VALUE OF FUNCTIONS

LAB 02 – SHIFTING OF GRAPHS

LAB 03 - DOMAIN AND RANGE

LAB 04 – TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

LAB 08 – STRAIGHT LINES

LAB 10 – CIRCLE AND PARABOLA

LAB 11 – ELLIPSE AND HYPERBOLA

LAB 13 – LIMITS

LAB 18 – FUNCTIONS

LAB 19 – INVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS

LAB 20 – INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

LAB 25 – CONTINUITY

LAB 27 – INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

LAB 30 – MAXIMA AND MINIMA

LAB 34 – APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

LAB 42 – LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

LAB 43 – PROBABILITY
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For Mathematics Lab Exam January 2024
 LAB 0 – BASIC CONCEPTS

Activity 0.1 - GeoGebra Interface

Aim :

To familiarise the GeoGebra interface and toolbar

Activity 0.2 - Graph of a function

Aim :

To introduce the Slider tool, Trace and Input Box. Also we get a clear

idea about the graph of a function f as the set of points (x, f (x)).

Procedure :

• Create a slider a with increment 1.

• Plot the points A(a, a2).

• Change the value of the slider and observe the movement of A.

• Change the increment of the slider to 0.01.

• Observe the movement of the point.

• Trace the point A.

• Observe the curve traced. What dose it represent ?

Answer:

It is the graph of the function

• Create an input box for the point A.

• Change the definition of A as (a, a3).

• Observe the curve traced. What dose it represent ?

Answer :

It is the graph of the function

• What should be the definition of A so that the curve represents the

graph of the function ?

Answer :

It is the graph of the function

Activity 0.3 - Standard Functions

Aim :

To familiarise the use of input bar by drawing the graphs of some

standard functions.

Procedure :

• Draw the graphs of standard functions using inputs. Observe the graph

of each function and find its domain and range.

Sl.No. Function Domain Range

1 x

2 x2

3 |x|

4 x3

5 √x

6 [x]

7 1/x – {0} – {0}

8 Signum Function {-1, 0, 1}

• Input ceil(x).

• Observe the graph of the function, compare the graph of this function

with the graph of the floor function. Define this function.

 Answer:

The graph of Ceiling function is obtained by shifting the graph

of the greatest integer function (Floor function) upwards by one unit.

Ceil function is defined as the least integer which is not less

than x

Activity 0.4 - Domain and Range

We discuss the domain and range of when n is a natural

number, and the behaviour of the graph as n increases.

Procedure :

• Create an integer slider n.

• Draw the graph of

• Observe the graph of the function and find the domain and range for

different values of .

n Function Domain Range

1 x

2 x2

3 x3

What happens to the graph of the function between −1 and 1 as

becomes larger and larger ? Why ?

Answer:

As n increases, portion of the graph in (-1, 1) approaches more

and more close to the x axis. This is because of the reason that if x belongs

to (-1, 1) , approaches to 0 as increases to infinity

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 LAB 1 VALUE OF FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To construct an applet to establish geometrically the correspondence of

a number and its image under a function

• To use this applet to find the images of numbers under various

functions.

• To use an applet to visualise the comparison of a function with an

input-output machine

Concepts :

• Image of a number a under a function f is denoted by f (a)

• Graph of the function f is the collection of points (a, f (a))

Activity 1.1 – Functions

Procedure

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.01

• Plot the points A(a, 0), B(a, f (a)), C(0, f (a))

• Draw the segments AB and BC

• Show the coordinates of A,B and C

• Drag the point A along and observe the movement of C on the

• Observe a relationship between the x cordinate of A and y cordinate of

Observations
Sl No Square of a Number Value

1 (2.3) 2 5.29

2 (−1.8) 2 3.24

3 (0.9) 2 0.81

4 (2.9) 2 8.41

Activity 1.2 - Values of functions

Procedure

• Open the Activity 1.1 and save as Activity 1.2

• Create an input box for f and change the function using it

• Create an input box for slider also

• Change the functions accordingly using input box and write the

approximate values corrected to 3 decimal places of the following

Answer

Function

Input (x)

Value of f(x) 1.4422 1.3416 1.5874 1.4953 0.1554

• Change the function to , and observe how the point C moves

as the point A approaches the origin from either side.

Observation

As the point A approaches to , the point C tends to and

the point A approaches to , the point C tends to .

• Change the function to , and observe the movement of C

according to A.
 Observation

C moves from integer to integer

Activity 1.3 - Function Machine

Procedure

• Using input boxes change the function and the input number

Change the function to and find the values of the following

Answer

Sl No Square root of a Number Value

1 1.4142

2 1.3416

3 0.8165

What happens if we give a negative number as the input ?

Here, we study about real functions. So if we give a negative number

as the input, system says

Change the function to and find the values of the following

Answer

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

• What happens if input is 0?

Answer

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 LAB 2 – SHIFTING OF GRAPHS

Aim :

• To imagine the graph of functions which are obtained by translation

and reflection of the graphs of standard functions and hence to find their

domain and range.

Concepts :

• Graph of a function

Activity 2.1 - Shifting of graphs: f (x) + a

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of

• Observe how the graph of g(x) changes according to a

Observations :

Graph shift vertically

• Create input boxes for editing function and slider a

• Do the above observations for different functions such as |x|, [x], x 3 etc.

• Discuss the domain and range of the above functions and write your

findings of the above observations

Answer
Function Domain Range

i)|x|

ii) [x] Z

iii) x3
Activity 2.2 - Shifting of graphs: f (x + a)

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of

• Observe how the graph of g(x) changes according to a

Observations

Graph shift horizontally

• Create input boxes for editing function and slider a

Generalise the above observations with different functions such as

|x|, [x], x3 etc.

Answer

Function Domain Range

i)|x|

ii) [x] Z

iii) x3

Activity 2.3 - Reflection of a graph: −f (x)

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Draw the graph of

• Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x)

f (x) and g(x) are reflections about

• Create an input box for f and change the function to the following

i) x 2 + 2 ii) x 2 − 1 iii) |x| − 1 iv) |x − 1| v) [x] vi) x 2 + 2x + 1 vii)

• Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings

Observations :
Function Domain Range Reflection Domain Range

i) x 2 + 2

ii) x 2 − 1

iii) |x| − 1

iv) |x − 1|

v) [x] Z Z

vi) x 2 + 2x + 1

vii) – {0} – {0} – {0} – {0}

Activity 2.4 - Reflection of a graph: f (−x)

• Draw the graph of

• Draw the graph of

• Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x)

f (x) and g(x) are reflections about

• Create an input box for f and change the function to the following

i) ii) [x] iii) |x| iv) v) (x − 2) 2

• Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings

Observations :
Function Domain Range Reflection Domain Range

i) – {0} – {0} – {0} - {0}

ii) [x] Z Z

iii) |x|

iv)

v) (x − 2) 2
• What is the speciality of the graphs of odd and even functions?

Answer

For even functions reflection is

• Identify odd and even functions discussed in this activity

Answer

Even function

iii) |x|

iv)

Odd function

i)

ii) [x]

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 LAB 03 - DOMAIN AND RANGE

Aim :
•To find the domain and range of functions from their graphs

Concepts :

• Graph of a function, domain and range, shifting of the graph

Activity 3.1 : Domain and Range of Functions from their Graphs

Procedure:

Q: Imagine the graphs of the following functions and write their

domain and range

Q: Check your answer by drawing the graphs using GeoGebra

Function Domain Range

Activity 3.3 : Piecewise Functions

Procedure:

• We can draw the graphs of functions with restricted domains using

If command.

For example

If [-1<=x<=2,x^2] gives the function in [−1, 2]

(We can also use the Function commad. Function[x^2,-1,2])

gives the same function.

If [x<=2,x^2,x>2,2x] gives the function

Q: Observe the graphs of the following functions and find their

domain and range

Domain : Range :

Domain : Range :

Domain : Range :
Identify the function and try to draw the graph given in the figure.

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 LAB 04 – TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Aim :
• To create an applet to find the values of trigonometric

functions and plot their graphs

• To establish some behaviours of trigonometric functions

in different quadrants

Concepts :

• Concept of circular functions

• Graph of the function f is a collection of points of the form

(a, f (a)) for all values of a in its domain

Activity 4.1 : Values of Trigonometric Functions

Procedure:

Open a new GeoGebra window, do some initial settings as follows

Options→ Advanced → Angle unit → Radian

• Plot the point O (0, 0) (input O = (0,0))

• Draw a unit circle centred at the origin O

• Plot the point A (1, 0) (input A = (1,0))

• Create a number slider a with min = -10 , max = 10

increment 0.01. and set its animation as increasing

• Plot another point A’ such that ∠ AOA’ = a radian

• Rename the point A’ as P (right click → Rename )

• Show the coordinates of P

 • Join OP using a line segment

• Create an input box for the slider a.

Q: Animate the slider, observe the coordinates of the point P, hence

find the domain and range of sin x and cos x

Function Domain Range

sinx [-1, 1]

cosx [-1, 1]

Q: Find the values of sin x and cos x for the given values of x

x 0.3 0.6 2 -1.5 -3.1 7.5

sin x 0.866 0.7071 0.5 1 0.2955 0.5646 0.9093 -0.9975 -0.0416 0.938

cos x 0.5 0.7071 0.866 0 0.9553 0.8253 -0.4161 0.0707 -0.9991 0.3466

Q: Identify the values of x for which sin x and cos x become 0, 1, -1

sin x 0 1 -1

x 0

cos x 0 1 -1

x 0

Activity 4.2 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions – 1

Procedure:

• Save file Activity 4.1 as Activity 4.2 using save as option

• Open Graphics 2 [view → Graphics 2]

• Plot the point B(a, y(P )). [y(P ) gives the y coordinate of P ]

• Give trace to this point and animate the slider

Q: Observe the path of this point.

What does this path represent?

Answer :

This path is the graph of the function sin x

• Save the file.

Activity 4.3 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions - 2

Procedure:

• Open Activity 4.2 and save as Activity 4.3 using save as option

• Create an input box for the point B

• Change the definition of B as (a, x(P ))

Q: Observe the path of this point

Q: What does this path represent?

Answer :

This path is the graph of the function cos x

Q: Redefine B as and observe the path of P

and identify the functions.

Answer :

If B as this path is the graph of the function cosec x

If B as this path is the graph of the function tan x

Q: What should be the definition of B for getting the graphs of sec x
and cot x ?

Answer :

If B as this path is the graph of the function sec x

If B as this path is the graph of the function cot x

Q: Observe the values of trigonometric functions, write their

domain, range and complete the following table.

Function

Positive Positive Negative Negative

sin x
Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
from 0 to 1 from 1 to 0 from 0 to -1 from -1 to 0

Positive Negative Negative Positive

cos x Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Increasing

from 1 to 0 from 0 to -1 from -1 to 0 from 0 to 1

Positive Negative Positive Negative

tan x
Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing
from 0 to from - to 0 from 0 to from - to 0

Positive Positive Negative Negative

cosec x
Decreasing Increasing Increasing Increasing
from to 1 from 1 to from- to -1 from -1 to -

Positive Negative Negative Positive

sec x Increasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

from 1 to from - to -1 from -1 to - from to 1

Positive Negative Positive Negative

cot x Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing

from to 0 from 0 to - from to 0 from 0 to -

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 LAB 10 – CIRCLE AND PARABOLA

Aim :

•To explore different methods of drawing Circles and Parabolas

using GeoGebra tools and commands.

Concepts :

• Definitions of Circle and Parabola

• Equations of Circle and Parabola

Activity 10.1 : Circle

Procedure:

We can draw a circle in different ways

• Centre and a point on the circle are given

– Using Circle with Centre through Point tool, click on the centre

and then on the point

– Give input in the following manner. Circle (centre point, point)

• Centre and radius are given

– Using Circle with Centre and Radius tool, click on the centre and

enter radius.

– Give input in the following manner. Circle (Point, Radius)

• Three points on the circle are given

– Using Circle through 3 Points tool, click on the points

– Give input in the following manner. Circle (Point, Point, Point)

• Input the equation of the circle

For example: (x-1)^2 + (y-2)^2 = 4 gives the circle (x − 1) 2+(y − 2)2 = 4

Q: Find the centre and radius of the following circles. Draw the

circle and verify your answer. You can do it in any of the following

ways.

– Draw the circle by direct input of the equation, find its centre and

radius. Compare with your answer.

– Draw the circle using Circle with Centre and Radius tool, using the

center and radius that you found. Compare its equation with the

given equation.

1. (x + 5)2 + (y − 3)2 = 36

Ans :

2. x2 + y2 − 4x − 8y − 45 = 0

Ans :
3. 2x2 + 2y2 − 8 = 0

Ans :

Q: Find the equations of the following circles. Input the equations

obtained, draw the circles and verify your answer

1. Centre (-2,3) and radius 4

Ans :

2. Centre (2,2) and passing through the point (4,5)

Ans :
Q: Construct the following circles without using Circle through 3

Points tool or input commands

1. Passing through the points (2,3) and (-1,1) and with centre on the

line x − 3y − 11 = 0

Ans :

2. Passing through the points (1,2) (5,4) and (3,6).

Ans :

3. If three points are given, how can we find the equation of the circle

passing through them (without using GeoGebra.Hint: above problem)

Ans :

Activity 10.2 : Parabola 1

Procedure:

• Using the tool Parabola select a line and a point to get a parabola

with the line as directrix and the point as focus

• We can also draw a parabola using input command, for example,

the input command

Parabola[(2,0),x+2=0] gives the parabola with focus (2, 0) and

directrix x + 2 = 0

• If A represents a point and f represents a line then the command

Parabola [A, f] gives the parabola with focus A and directrix f

Q: Draw a line and plot a point. Draw the corresponding parabola.

Change the distance between the line and the point, observe the

corresponding change in the shape of the parabola

Observation

Q: Find the focus and directrix of the following parabolas. Using

Parabola tool, draw them.

Q: Check whether the equation of the parabola that you have drawn

is same as the given equation.

Ans :

Ans :

Ans :
Ans :

Activity 10.3 : Parabola 2

Procedure:

• By giving the equation of the parabola directly in the input bar, we

can draw the parabola

• Create a slider and give the input and

Q: Change the value of and observe the shape of the parabolas

Observation :

Q: Find the focus and length of latus rectum of the following

parabolas. Verify your answer geometrically as follows;

Input the equation and draw the parabola. Using focus command

(Focus [name of parabola]), we can find its focus. Draw the line
through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola.

Mark the points of intersection of this line with the parabola and join

them with a line segment. Hide the line and measure the length of

the latus rectum.

Ans :

Ans :

Ans :
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 LAB 11 – ELLIPSE AND HYPERBOLA

Aim :

•To explore different methods of drawing ellipse and hyperbola

using GeoGebra tools and commands.

Concepts :

• Definitions of Ellipse and Hyperbola

• Equations of Ellipse and Hyperbola

Activity 11.1 : Ellipse 1

Procedure:

If the foci and a point on the ellipse are known, we can draw it

in the following way.

• Using Ellipse tool, select the foci one by one and then a point on the

ellipse (or give input Ellipse [focus, focus, point])

Q: Using Ellipse tool draw the following ellipses

1. Foci (±3, 0), passing through the point (5, 2)

Ans :

2. Foci (0, ±4) and length of major axis 10

Ans :

3. Foci (±2, 0) and length of minor axis 5

Ans :

4.

Ans :

5. Using Ellipse tool draw the following ellipses and find the length

of the latus rectum geometrically

(a) Foci (±4, 0), passing through the point (5, 2)

Ans :
 (b)

Ans :

Activity 11.2 : Ellipse 2

Procedure:

We can draw an ellipse if we know its foci and length of semi major

axis using Ellipse command.

For example, the command Ellipse [(3,0), (-3,0), 5] gives the ellipse

with foci (±3, 0) and length of semi major axis 5

Q: Using the above command draw the following ellipses

1.

Ans :

2. Foci (0, ±5), passing through the point (2, 6)

Ans :

Q: Create a slider . Draw the ellipse using the command,

Ellipse [(-a,0), (a,0), 5]. Change the value of and observe the

corresponding change in the shape of the curve.

Observation :

Activity 11.3 : Hyperbola 1

Procedure:

If the foci and a point on the hyperbola are known, we can draw it in

the following way.

• Using Hyperbola tool, select the foci one by one and then a point on

the hyperbola (or give input Hyperbola [focus, focus, point]) to get the
hyperbola with first the two points as foci and passing through the

third point

Q: Using Hyperbola tool draw the following hyperbolas

1. Foci (±3, 0), passing through the point (5, 2)

Ans :

2. Foci (0, ±4) and length of transverse axis 6

Ans :

3. Foci (±3, 0) and length of conjugate axis 5

Ans :

4.

Ans :
5. Using Hyperbola tool draw the following hyperbolas and find the

length of the latus rectum geometrically

(a) Foci (±4, 0), passing through the point (5, 2)

Ans :

(b)

Ans :

Activity 11.4 : Hyperbola 2

Procedure:

• We can draw a hyperbola, if we know its foci and length of

transverse axis using Hyperbola command. For example,the

command Hyperbola [(3,0), (-3,0), 2] gives the hyperbola

with foci (±3, 0) and length of transverse axis 4

Q: Using the above command draw the following hyperbolas

1.

Ans :

2. Foci (0, ±5), passing through the point (2, 6)

Ans :

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 LAB 13 - LIMITS

Aim :

• To explore geometrically the concept of the limit of a function at a point.

Concepts :

• Value of a function at a point

• Graph of a function

Activity 13.1 Geometrical Interpretation of Limits

Procedure:

Use the Applet ML 13.1

Initial settings

• a=2

•h=1

• Show the name of the points

Gradually change the value of h from 1 to 0. Observe the movements of

the points. What happens to and as A and B approaches P ?

Answer :

As A and B approaches P, and approaches to

Show the values of the points. Set h = 1 and gradually bring it to 0.

Observe the values. What happens to the x coordinates of the points A

and B ? What happens to the y coordinates of and ?

Answer :

x coordinates of A increases, but x coordinates of B decreases.

 y coordinates of increases, but y coordinates of decreases.

What happens to the points A, B, and when h = 0 ?

Answer :

When h = 0, A and B coincides with P

When h = 0, and coincides with

Activity 13.2 Limit of Rational Functions

Procedure :

• In the applet ML 13.1, change the function to

• Move the slider h from 1 to 0

What is the limit of this function at x = 2

Answer :

Limit of at x = 2 is 4.

What happens to the points and when h = 0

Answer :

When h = 0, and disappears.

Activity 13.3 Limit of Piecewise Functions

Procedure :

Using the applet ML 13.1, discuss the limit of the following functions

What happens to as x approaches to 2 from left and right?

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 2

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Therefore,
Discuss the existence of limit for the following functions

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :

As ,

As ,
Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :
As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 1

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 LAB 18 - FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To visualise one to one and onto function geometrically.

• To restrict the domain and co-domain of functions so as to make it a

bijection.

• To visualise composition of two functions geometrically.

Concepts :

• One to one and onto functions

Activity 18.1 - One to One and Onto Functions – 1

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a slider a and plot the point (0, a)

• Draw a line through the point and perpendicular to the y axis.

• Plot the points of intersection of the line with the curve.

• If for any value of a, the line meets the curve at more than one point,

can we say whether the function one to one or not. Why ?

Answer:

Not one to one. Different element has same image.

• If for all values of a, the line meets the curve at atleast one point, can

we say whether the function onto or not. Why ?

Answer:

Yes. Range and Codomain are same.

• Using above applet, say whether the function defined above is

one to one or onto.

Answer:

No.

• Keeping above ideas in mind, one can say whether a function is one to

one or onto, by observing its graph, even without drawing the horizontal

line.

Save the file as Activity 18.1

Activity 18.2 - One to One and Onto Functions - 2

• Draw the graphs of the following functions defined from and

say whether they are one to one or onto. Find the range of the function in

each case.

Answer:

Function One-one Onto Range Domain Codomain

(i) No No R R

(ii) No Yes R R R

(iii) No No R R

• The following functions are defined from a subset of the set of real

numbers. Say whether they are one to one or onto. Find their range.

i)

ii)

iii)
Function One-one Onto Range Domain Codomain

(i) Yes Yes

(ii) Yes No

(iii) Yes No

• What is the peculiarity of the range of an onto function

Answer:

Range and codomain are same

Activity 18.3 - Bijective Functions

• Draw the graph of the function defined by

Is it one-one or onto ?

Answer:

Not one – one, not onto

• Redefine the function by restricting its domain so that it becomes one-

one.

Answer:

Domain =

• Redefine the function by restricting its co-domain so that it becomes

onto

Answer:

Codomain =

• So the function is a bijection.

• Draw the graph of the above function.

(Use input command if(x >= 0, x2 + 1) or if(x >= 0, f ) or Function(f, 0,

infinity))
• If we define then also it becomes a bijection.

Draw the graph of this function.

• Restrict domain and co-domain of the following functions so that they

becomes bijections.

Answer:

Functions Domain Co-domain

i)

ii)

iii)

• For each of above functions find one more domain which make them

one to one. Draw the corresponding graphs.

Answer:

Functions Domain Co-domain

i)

ii)

iii)

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 LAB 19 – INVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To explore invertible functions.

Concepts :

• Bijective functions.

• Inverse of a function.

Activity 19.1 - Inverse of a Function – 1.

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a slider a.

• Plot the point A(0, a).

• Draw the line passing through A and parallel to x-axis

• Plot the point of intersection C with x-axis

• Hide the lines and draw the line segments AB and BC .

• Show the co-ordinates of C.

Using this applet, how can we find an approximate value of for a

given value of a ?

Answer

In the graph take the value a in slider, then x -

cordinates of C is

Find the approximate value of the following:

1.

2.
 Activity 19.2 - Inverse of a Function - 2.

• Using the given applet select suitable functions and find appropriate

values of the following:

Sl.No. Function Value

1. 1.5874

2. 3.3219

3. 0.4472

Activity 19.3 - Inverse of a Function - 3.

Procedure :

• Find the inverse of the function

• Draw the graphs of and

• Draw the line

∗ Compare the graphs of and with respect to the above line.

What do you observe ?

Answer

and are symmetric w.r.t the line or is the

reflection of on the line

∗ If we know the graph of function f, how can we draw the rough sketch

of the graph of f −1

Answer

Create an input box for f.

Draw the graph of the function as and find its reflection on the

line . Does it represent the graph of a function ? Why?

 Answer

No, it is not a function.

• To get the graph of inverse of a function ,restrict the domain of the

function -if needed-in order to make it one to one,draw the graph of the

function in the restricted domain and find the reflection on the line

• Find the inverse of the following functions algebraically and draw their

graphs. Draw the graph of the given function and find its reflection on the

line . Verify whether it coincides with the graph of the inverse. Find

the domain and range of the given function.

Sl.No. Domain Range

1.

3.

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 LAB 20 – INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To make trigonometric functions invertible by restricting the

domain and co - domain with the help of their graphs

• To draw the graphs of inverse trigonometric functions

• To find the value of inverse trigonometric functions from

graphs of corresponding trigonometric function and from unit

circle

Concepts :

• Trigonometric functions

• Inverse trigonometric functions

Activity 20.1 : Making Invertible

Procedure:

• Mark the distance on axis in terms of . (Right click on

Graphics View → Graphics → axis → Distance → Select

from the drop down menu)

• Draw the graph of .

• By observing the graph we can see that if we redefine as

it becomes a bijection. • Draw

the graph of the above function ( use the command

If (-pi/2<=x<=pi/2,f).)
Q: By selecting suitable domain and co-domain, make all
trigonometric functions invertible.

Draw the corresponding graphs and complete the following table.

Ans :

Functions Domain Range

sinx

cosx

tanx

cosecx

secx

cotx

Hide all graphs and save the Geo Gebra file as Activity 20.1
Draw the graphs of the following functions, select suitable domain

and co-domain to make them invertible. Draw their graphs in the

restricted domain.

Functions Domain Range

Activity 20.2 : Graph of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

We know that the graph of is obtained by reflecting the graph of

on the line . We use this idea to draw the graph of inverse

trigonometric functions.

• Open the Geo Gebra file Activity 20.1

• Mark the distance on axis as . . . −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and that on

axis in terms of

• Draw the line

• Open the graphs of trigonometric functions (bijective) one by one

and reflect them on the line (using Reflect about Line tool.)

• save the file as Activity 20.2

Q: Write the domain and range of the of the inverse trigonometric

functions.
Functions Domain Range
Activity 20.3 : Value of Inverse Trigonometric Functions from Graph

Use the applet ML20.3

In this applet graph of a function is given. Using an input box we

can edit the function. Using another input box we can change the

value of the slider . The point A on the -axis represents (0, a). co

ordinate of the point C represents

Q : Find the values of and

Ans :

Q : Find the values of the following. If possible write in terms of

otherwise write in decimal form (may be an approximate value)

Activity 20.4 : Value of Inverse Trigonometric Functions from Unit Circle

Use the applet ML20.4

• For a given value of we can find the values of ,

. We can select the required one using the check boxes.

• We can change the value of using the slider

• If we select the check box we get a semi circle of radius on

the positive side of the - axis and a point B, with co-ordinate

, moves along - axis according to .

Procedure :

To find , we rotate the point from by an arc of

length (or by an angle of radian) in anticlockwise direction.

The - coordinate of gives Hence,

To find , change the – coordinate of as , and the

arc length gives the value 0.85. Hence,

Q : The figure given above shows that .

Discuss the reason

Ans :
Q : Discuss a method to find using the applet, for given

values of

Ans :

To find take the value in the slider as

Q : Using the applet find the following values

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 LAB 25 - CONTINUITY

Aim :

• To explore the concept of continuity of a function at a point

Concepts:

• Limit of a function at a point

• Continuity at a point

Activity 25.1 Continuity from graph

Procedure:

Use the applet ML 24.1

Continuity at a point

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Discuss its limit at x = 2

Answer :

Hence, limit does not exist

Show the point Q, Using slider x move the point, observe its movement.

What happens to it when x crosses 2 ?

Answer :
When x crosses the point Q there is a jump from 4 to 5.
Discuss the continuity of f

Answer :
The function is not continuous at x = 2
• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Discuss its limit at x = 2

Answer :

Hence, limit exists

Observe the movement of Q as x crosses 2

Answer :
When x crosses the point Q there is a jump from 4 to the value of the
function .
Discuss the continuity of f

Answer :
The function is not continuous at x = 2
• Discuss the continuity of the following functions

Answer :

The point Q jumps from to when passes through the

point zero. The function is not continuous at x = 0.

Answer :
 The point Q jumps from to then to when passes
through the point 2. The function is not continuous at x = 2.

Activity 25.2 The function

Procedure:

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

• Observe the movement of Q as x approaches 0

Answer :
As x approaches 0, the point Q oscillates between -1 and +1. It does
not converge a particular value.
• Discuss the existence of the limit and continuity of the function at x = 0
Answer :
Limit does not exist at x = 0. Function is not continuous at x = 0.
• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

• Observe the movement of Q as x approaches 0, what is the difference

from the previous case, Why it is so ?

Answer :
As x approaches 0, the point Q tends to zero on left side and right
side. Here the point Q converges to zero.
• Discuss the existence of the limit and continuity of the function at x = 0
Answer :

Here, limit exists and the function is continuous at x = 0.

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Answer :

Here, limit exists and the function is continuous at x = 0.

Activity 25.3
Procedure:

• Create a slider k with Min=-5 and Max=10.

• Construct the function

Find the value of k so that the function becomes continuous.

Answer :
k = 9/5 (1.8)
• Create an input box for the function
Find the value of k, so that the following functions are continuous.

Answer :
k = 3/4 (0.75)

Answer :
k=6
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 LAB 27 – INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Aim:

• To explore increasing and decreasing functions geometrically

Concepts:

• Increasing and decreasing function

• Derivative of a function and slope of tangent at a point on a curve

Activity 27.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 1

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function

• Create a slider with Min = -5 and Max = 5.

• Plot the points and B(0, f (a). Join AB.

• Gradually change the value of the slider from -5 to 5 and observe the

movement of the point B.

Q : Describe the motion of B as increases from−∞ to ∞

Answer :

From −∞ to -1, B is moving upwards

From −1 to 2, B is moving downwards

From 2 to ∞, B is moving upwards

Q : Find the intervals in which the function is strictly increasing /

strictly decreasing.

Answer :
 On (−∞, -1), is strictly increasing

On (−1, 2), is strictly decreasing

On (2, ∞), is strictly increasing

Q : Observe the graphs of the following functions and find the intervals in

which they are strictly increasing / strictly decreasing. (You can do it by

mere observation of the graphs. In the case of trigonometric functions

change the markings on axis in terms of ).

1.

2.

3.

Answer :

1. Function is strictly decreasing on (−∞, 2) and strictly increasing

on (2, ∞)

2. Function is strictly increasing on and and strictly

decreasing on

3. Function is always increasing

Activity 27.2 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 2

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function discussed in the above activity

• Create a slider and plot the point

• Draw the tangent to the curve at A and find its slope.

Q : Find the intervals in which the slope of the tangent is positive /

negative.

Answer :

On (−∞, -1), slope is positive

On (-1, 2), slope is negative

On (2, ∞), slope is positive

Q : Do the activity with the function

Answer :

On (−∞, 0), slope is negative

On (0, ∞), slope is negative

Therefore, is a decreasing function.

Q : Find the relation between the sign of and the intervals in which

the function is strictly increasing / strictly decreasing

Answer :

is positive, then function is strictly increasing.

is negative, then function is strictly decreasing.

Activity 27.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 3

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function

• Draw the graph of

• Plot the points at which the graph of meets the x axis.

Show the coordinates of these points.

Q : Find the intervals in which the function is strictly increasing / strictly

decreasing.

Answer :

On (−∞, - 0.5) and (1.25, ∞) is strictly increasing.

On (−0.5, 1.25), is strictly decreasing.

Q : Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly

increasing / strictly decreasing.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer :

1. On (−∞, - 0.5) and (1.25, ∞) is strictly increasing.

On (−0.5, 1.25), is strictly decreasing.

2. On , and

is strictly increasing.

On and

is strictly decreasing.

3. On (−∞, 1), is strictly decreasing.

On (1, ∞), is strictly increasing.

4. It is an increasing function.

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 LAB – 30 MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Aim :
• To explore the concept of local maxima and local minima

• To find points of local maxima, local minima, absolute

maximum and absolute minimum geometrically

Concepts :

• Local maxima and local minima

• Absolute maximum and absolute minimum

Activity 30.1 : Local Maxima and Local Minima

First derivative test :

is a point of local maxima, if changes sign from

to as increases through

is a point of local minima, if changes sign from

to as increases through

is neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima,

if does not change sign as increases through

Second derivative test :

is a point of local maxima, if and

is a point of local minima, if and

The test fails if and
Procedure:

Q : Find the points of local maxima and local minima of the function

Also find local maximum and local minimum values.

First Derivative test

• Draw the graph of and

• Find the points A and B at which the graph of cuts the

- axis. Show the coordinates of A and B.

• From the graph of it is easy to identify whether the

- coordinates of A and B are points of local maxima or local

minima.

• The input commands and gives the

corresponding values.

Ans :

Second Derivative test

• Draw the graph of and and

• Find the points A and B at which the graph of cuts the

axis. Show the coordinates of A and B.

• Find the sign of and

Ans :

Q: Find the points of local maxima and local minima of the function

Also find the local maximum and local minimum values

Procedure :

• Create an integer slider n and mark the distance on axis as

• Draw the graphs of the functions and

• Identify the points at which either is not differentiable or

• Find points of local maxima and local minima

Ans :
Q: Find the points of local maxima and local minima of the following

functions.

Also find the local maximum and local minimum values

Ans :

Ans :

Ans :

Ans :

Ans :
Ans :

Activity 30.2 : Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum

Q : Find absolute maximum value and absolute minimum value of

the following functions in the given intervals.

Procedure :

• Using the input command Derivative (2x^3-15x^2+36x+1) draw

the graph of

• Find the points A and B at which above graph meets - axis.

• Find , , and Highest among them is the

absolute maximum value and least is the absolute minimum

value.

Ans :

, , and
Ans :

Ans :

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 LAB 34 – APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Aim :

To find the area enclosed by curves using definite integrals.

Concept :

Definite integrals

Activity 34.1 – Area bounded by x – axis

Procedure :

• Create two number sliders a and b and input boxes for them.

• Draw the graph of the function

• Find the area enclosed by the curve

[For this set a = 0 , b = 2]

Answer :

2.6667 Sq. Unit

Find the area enclosed by the curve ,

i) x = -1 and x = 3

Answer :

9.3333 Sq. Unit

ii) x = -5 and x = 0

Answer :

41.6667 Sq. Unit

Create an input box for the function

i) Find the area enclosed by the curve

Answer :

1.3333 Sq. Unit

Find the required area and complete the following:

Sl. No. Enclosed region Enter Area (Sq. Unit)

1. 4.6667

2. 39.6992

3. 12.5664

4. 2

Activity 34.2 – Area of a region which is above and below x – axis

Procedure :

• Find the area enclosed by the curve

• Open the applet activity 32.1. Set

What is the value of ? . Give reason

Answer :

0 Sq. Unit.

Area above x axis = area below x axis

What is the area of the portion below the x axis?

[To find this find the points of intersection A and B of the curve with the

x axis and give the input command Integral(f,x(A),x(B)]

Answer :

6.9282 Sq. Unit.

What is the area of the portion above the x axis?

Answer :

6.9282 Sq. Unit.

Find the total area of the region

Answer :

13.8564 Sq. Unit.

Find the required area and complete the following :

Sl. No. Enclosed region Area (Sq. Unit)

1. 4

2. 6.8

3. 4

4. 4.3333

If the area enclosed by the curve and the line is divided

in the ratio 1 : 7 by the line . Then find the value of a ?

Answer :

a=3

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 LAB 42 – LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

Aim :

• To explore the geometrical solution of linear programming

problem

• To understand the difference between feasible region,

bounded and unbounded regions.

Concepts :

• Corner point method for solving linear programming problem

• Solution of LPP having unbounded feasible region

Activity 42.1 : Corner Points and Solution of a LPP

Consider the Linear Programming Problem

Maximise subject to the constrains

; ; ;

Procedure:

• We can construct the feasible region using the input command

y − x <= 1&&x + 6y <= 15&&4x − y <= 10&&x >= 0&&y >= 0.

A region named is created.

• In the input bar, type the command to get the corner

points.

Q : Identify the corner points which are part of the feasible region.
Q : Fill the following table

Ans :

Corner Point x Coordinate y Coordinate z = x + 2y

(1.29,2.29) 1.29 2.29 5.87
(3,2) 3 2 7
(2.5,0) 2.5 0 2.5
(0,0) 0 0 0
(0,1) 0 1 2

Q : Which corner point of the polygon has the largest value of

Ans :

E (3, 2) has largest value of z. Largest value is 7

Q : Which corner point has the minimum value of ?

Ans :

J (0, 0) has least value of z. Least value is 0

Is there any other point inside the feasible region which can have a

greater value of z than that at the corner points. To check this we do

the following steps.

• Create a slider with Min : −1, Max : 10 and Increment : 0.1

• Draw the line

• Set the value of at and observe whether there is any points in

the feasible region satisfying the condition

• Gradually increase the value of until there exist atleast one point

of the feasible reagion ison the line . Identify that point

and find the value of

• What is the maximum value of in the feasible region.

Activity 42.2 : Infinite Solutions

In this activity we discuss a linear programming problem having an

infinite number of solutions.

Consider the Linear Programming Problem

Maximise subject to the constrains

; ; ;

Procedure :

• Construct the feasible region using the input command

x + 3y <= 60&&x + y >= 10&&x <= y&&x >= 0&&y >= 0.

• Find the corner points using the input command

• Identify the corner points of the feasible region

• Find the values of at the corner points

Q : Note down the maximum value and the points where this

maximum value appears.

Ans :

Corner Point x Coordinate y Coordinate z = 3x + 9y

(15, 15) 15 15 180
(0, 20) 0 20 180
(0, 10) 0 10 90
(5, 5) 5 5 60

Maximum value is 180 and this value appears at B (15, 15)

and C (0,20)

Q : Does the maximum occur at a single point or multiple points ?

Ans :

Multiple points

Is there any other point inside the feasible region at which is

maximum ?

To check this we do the following steps.

• Create a slider with Min : 0, Max : 200 and Increment : 0.1

• Draw the line

• Increase the value of until there is atleast one point of the

feasible region is on line.

Q : What is the maximum value of c and what happens to the line at

this stage

Ans :
 The maximum value of c is 180.

The line 3x + 9y = c coincides with x + 3y = 60

Q : What does it infer about the points at which is maximum ?

Ans :

Here there is infinite solution

Q : Is there any relation between the slope of the objective function

with the slope of any of the lines obtained from the constrains ?

Ans :

The objective function and the constrain coincides.

Their slopes are equal

Activity 42.3 : Unbounded feasible regions

Consider the linear programming problem

Determine graphically the minimum and maximum values of the

objective function subject to the constraints:

; ; ;

Procedure :

2x-y >=-5&&3x + y >=3&&2x-3y<= 12&&x >= 0&&y>= 0.

• Construct the feasible region.

• Plot the corner points of the feasible region.

Q : Find the values of the objective function at the corner points

Q : Identify the corner points at which z is maximum or minimum

and find the values.

Ans :

Corner Point x Coordinate y Coordinate z = 3x + 9y

(6, 0) 6 0 30
(1, 0) 1 0 5
(0, 3) 0 3 -6
(0, 5) 0 5 -10

• Is there any other point inside the feasible region at which z is

maximum or minimum ?

We can check this as follows.

• Create a slider c with Min : −15, Max : 100 and Increment : 0.5

• Draw the line 5x − 2y = c

• Change the value of c such that the line passes through the corner

point which gives the maximum value.

• Increase the value of c further and observe the portion of the line

inside the feasible region.

M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by

ax + by > M has no point in common with the feasible region.

Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.

m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by

ax + by < m has no point in common with the feasible region.

Otherwise, Z has no minimum value

Q : What does it infer about the maximum value of the objective

function in the feasible region.

Ans :

Maximum value (6, 0) is not maximum

Q : What about the minimum value of the objective function in the

feasible region.

Ans :

Minimum value (0, 5) is minimum itself.

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 LAB 43 – PROBABILITY

Aim :

• To explore geometrically the concept of Probability,

Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem

Concepts :

• Probability, Conditional Probability, Bayes Theorem

Activity 43.1 : Probability as ratio of Areas

1. Suppose that two numbers whose values are between 0 and 10 are

picked randomly. What is the probability that the sum of these

numbers is less than 6 ?

Procedure:

• Let the two numbers picked be x and y. Then the given conditions

are and . The sample space in our case is all

the numbers that satisfy these conditions. When viewed

geometrically, this is any point inside a square of side 10. Draw the

square with corner points , , and

• The sum of these numbers less than 6 can be expressed as

, 0 and . draw the line and identify the

triangular region representing , in side the square.

• Required probability =
Q : 1. Find the probability

Note :- You can draw the regions directly by giving input commands.

0<x<10&&0<y<10 gives the rectangular region and

x+y<6&&x>0&&y>0 gives the triangular region.

Ans :

Area of rectangle =

Area of triangle =

Required probability = =

Q : 2. If two numbers, whose values are between −6 and 6 are picked

randomly. What is the probability that the sum of their squares is

less than 25 ?

In put command : -6<x<6&&-6<y<6 and

x^2+y^2<25

Ans :

Area of rectangle =

Area of circle =

Required probability =

Q : 3. Suppose that two numbers whose values are between 0 and 10

are picked randomly. What is the probability that the product of
these numbers is less than 25 ?
Polygon tool : Regular polygon

Clique (0,0) and (10,0) then take number of vertices as 4

xy<25

In put command : 25/x

Intersect tool : Curve and the line DC

Draw perpendicular line through E (2.5, 10)

In put : 10*x(E)

Area = 25

In put command : Integrate <function, star point, end point>

Area = 34.66

Total Area = 59.66

Required Probability = =

Procedure :

• Here also the sample space is the square represented by 0 < x < 10

and 0 < y < 10. Draw this square (ABCD) using Polygon tool.

• Product of numbers is less than 25 can be expressed as xy < 25. We

can write it as

• Let us draw the curve using the input command f(x)=25/x

• The area under this curve and inside the square is the desired

space and hence

Required probability =

• Plot the point of intersection with the top edge of the square.

• The area under this curve inside the square consists of two parts as

shown in the figure. A rectangular area and the area between the

curve and the axis.

• Width of the rectangular region is the coordinate of . So the

area of the rectangular region is obtained by giving the input

command

• To get the area under the curve we can use definite integrals. That

is by using the command I

Q : Evaluate the required probability.

Ans :

Area of rectangle =

Area of small rectangle = 10 x 2.5 = 25

Area by integration = 34.66

Required probability = =

Q : 4. Let us have an extension to above problem.

Suppose that two numbers whose values are between 0 and 10 are

picked randomly. What is the probability that their sum is greater

than 5 and the product is less than 25 ?

Ans :

Area of sample space =

Area of small rectangle = 10 x 2.5 = 25

Area by integration = 34.66

Area of the small triangle = 1/2 x 5. 5 = 25/2

Area of the favourable region = 59.66 – 12.5 = 47.16

Required probability = 47.16/100 = 0.4716

Activity 43.2 : Conditional Probability

Q : 1. In the figure there is a rectangle and a circle inside a square. A

point is marked inside the square

1. What is the probability that the point will be inside the rectangle

Rectangle breadth = 4 , length = 8

Area = 4. 8 = 32

Probability = =

2. What is the probability that the point will be inside the circle.

Area of the circle = = =

 Probability =

3. If it is known that the point is inside the circle, what is the

conditional probability that it is inside the rectangle ?

Common area = 2*11.04 = 22.08

Area of the circle =

Probability =

4. If it is known that the point is inside the rectangle, what is the

conditional probability that it is inside the circle ?

Common area = 2*11.04 = 22.08

Area of the rectangle = 4*8 = 32

Probability =

Procedure :
• Let us name the events as

E : The point is inside the rectangle.

F : The point is inside the circle.

So we are asked to find P (E|F ).

We know that P (E|F ) =

 We can find it in terms of the area of the regions.

• P (E|F ) =

• Equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 = 9. We can find the common area

using definite integrals.

• Area of the common region above the x axis is given by the input

command Integral(sqrt(9-x^2),-2,2)

Q : Find the area of the common region, area of the circle and hence

find P (E|F )

Ans :
Area of the common region = 22.08

Area of the circle = =

P (E|F ) =

Probability =

Q : Find the conditional probability that the point is inside the circle,

if it is known that it is inside the rectangle.

Ans :
 Area of the common region = 22.08

Area of the rectangle = 4.8 = 32

P (F|E ) =

Probability =

Q : 2. Two numbers, between −5 and 5 are picked randomly. If it is

known that their sum is less than 5 what is the probability that

the sum of their squares is less than 25

F : Sum < 5

E : Sum of squares < 25

Polygon tool :

Regular polygon tool : Clique (-5, -5) and (5, -5), then number of

vertices 4.

Sum is less than 5

In put : x + y < 5

Area = 25 + 25 + 25 + 12.5 = 87.5

 P (F) =

Sum of squares is less than 25

In put : x^2 + y^2 < 25

Common Area = * *

P (E|F ) = =

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