JUNE 2024

MODULE 1: READING AND WRITING

Question 1

Wireless headphones and other small electronic devices sometimes use batteries that can't be
taken out and swapped for new ones. Environmental policy researcher Jessika Richter warns that
once these internal batteries stop working, the devices become__________ and are typically
thrown away, creating harmful waste.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. useless
B. valuable
C. familiar
D. attractive

Question 2

It is hardly an exaggeration to characterize modern Hawaiian literature as having ___________

the traditional stories of the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people. In a variety of ways,
Samuel Kamakau, Kristiana Kahakauwila, and other acclaimed writers have drawn on these
stories to craft a rich portrait of the Hawaiian Islands and their people.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. brooded on
B. supplanted
C. anticipated
D. derived from

Question 3

The following text is from Charles Chesnutt's 1905 novel The Colonel's Dream. Mr. French and
Mr. Kirby work together.

Mr. French, the senior partner, who sat opposite Kirby, was an older man - a safe guess would
have placed him somewhere in the debatable ground between forty and fifty; of a good height, as
could be seen even from the seated figure, the upper part of which was held erect with the
unconscious ease which one associates with military training.

As used in the text, what does the word "placed" most nearly mean?

A. Estimated
B. Contracted
C. Adapted
D. Arranged

Question 4

The Dhaka Stock Exchange in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is a dedicated exchange for investing in
companies operating in Bangladesh, ensuring those companies receive certain regulatory
oversight. Knowing this can _____________ potential investors' worries about bureaucratic
minutiae and thereby allow them to instead focus on identifying sound business opportunities.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. amplify
B. designate
C. convey
D. assuage

Question 5

Shedding light on the thermal biology of fungi, research by Radamés Cordero et al. indicates that
certain mushrooms (including Marasmius capillaris and species from the genus Russula) can
achieve a hypothermic state through evaporative cooling. Effects of this thermoregulation were
not limited to the fungi's fruiting bodies and root-like hyphae: temperature reductions were
observed in the air immediately surrounding the mushrooms. Though slight, the reductions
inspired an air-cooling device; using approximately 400 grams of mushrooms, the team's
prototype lowered the air temperature in a controlled environment by 10°C in forty minutes.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
 A. It presents a tangential finding about thermoregulation in certain fungal species that the
experiment described later in the text was designed to explain.
B. It provides empirical evidence to bolster the claim made earlier in the text that certain
fungal species maintain a hypothermic state.
C. It identifies an unexpected observation that motivated the study of evaporative cooling in
fungi that is discussed earlier in the text.
D. It establishes a finding central to the text's discussion of a practical application resulting
from the team's study of fungal thermal biology.

Question 6

Animals use many objects as tools to achieve goals more easily. Such goals include grooming,
finding food, and protecting themselves. For a long time, people thought tool use was unique to
primates. Elephants and other animals, though, have busted the myth that tool use requires hands.
Inventively, elephants use branches to scratch themselves. Woodpecker finches also get creative.
They use cactus spines to pry insects from hiding places.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To establish that tool use doesn't indicate intelligence

B. To compare tool use in humans with tool use in woodpecker finches
C. To question the belief that birds are intelligent
D. To argue that a variety of animals use tools

Question 7

Founded in Denver in 1991, the Museo de Las Americas is dedicated to art from Latin America,
including the art of Indigenous peoples. Since its founding, it has acquired more than 4,800
objects for its permanent collection. More recently founded US-based institutions devoted to
Latino cultures include the Latino Cultural Center. Located in Dallas, it focuses on Latino
cultures and art in the United States.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It explains how one cultural institution was founded, then explains its plans to expand
further.
 B. It describes a trend among cultural institutions in the United States, then identifies an
institution that rejects that trend.
C. It defines a certain type of cultural institution, then argues that this type of institution
decisively influences society.
D. It discusses one cultural institution, then discusses a more recently founded cultural
institution.

Question 8

The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. The text describes a
gathering of young artists and intellectuals.

One person after another rose, and, as with an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his
conception of art a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some reason which
he could not grasp, his strokes had gone awry. As they sat down they turned almost invariably to
the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued what they had just said in public.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portions in the text as a whole?

A. To reveal individuals' uncertainty about the meaning of a particular artwork

B. To emphasize the extent of individuals' struggles to articulate thoughts on art
C. To highlight the physical effort involved in individuals' construction of large-scale works
of art
D. To draw attention to individuals' discontent with the group's conversation about art

Question 9

In 2016 Marta S. Pimentel and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification
has a strong effect on the behavior of Sparus aurata, a species of fish. However, Pimentel and
colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only 12 fish. In a 2022 review of various
scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D.
Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the
potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated
effects.

What does the text most directly suggest about Pimentel and colleagues' conclusion?
 A. It was based on the same mean sample size used in many earlier studies of fish species.
B. It likely has broad implications for other species of fish besides Sparus aurata.
C. It may overstate the effect of ocean acidification on the behavior of Sparus aurata.
D. It has been largely invalidated by results obtained from similar studies.

Question 10

Immanuel Wallerstein and other historians of capitalism rarely discuss domestic capitalism in
Africa before the period of European colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism as external to
and imposed on Africa. Crislayne Alfagali and other Africanist scholars have shown, however,
that in parts of Africa, wage labor competition, the manufacture of surplus goods for monetized
sale, and other features of capitalism predated colonization. One reason for this discrepancy is
that historians of capitalism tend to focus on longitudinal economic data drawn from archival
records, which do not exist for much of precolonial Africa.

Which statement about Alfagali and other Africanist scholars is best supported by information
in the text?

A. They likely make use of different types of evidence than historians of capitalism typically
rely on.
B. They likely differ from historians of capitalism in the methods they use to derive
longitudinal economic data from archival records.
C. They likely have a different view about which activities should be considered capitalist in
nature than historians of capitalism do.
D. They likely view capitalism as having been more beneficial for Africa than historians of
capitalism do.

Question 11
Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants
growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one
plant as a "target species" and a nearby plant as a "neighboring species." The researchers then
calculated a positive or negative value to show how the neighboring species affected pollinator
visits to the target species. One example of a neighboring species with a negative effect value is
the ____________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A. Elands sourfig.
B. creeping thistle.
C. wild radish.
D. leafy spurge.

Question 12
A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long
ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds
that el Castillo was built 1,100 to 1,400 years ago and is ________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A. 49 meters tall.
B. 17 meters tall.
C. 40 meters tall.
D. 67 meters tall.

Question 13

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov,
originally written in Russian. In the play, Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have come
to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the professor's
daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov portrays the professor as being unable to adjust to
living at the country estate, as is evident when _____________

Which quotation from a translation of Uncle Vanya most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. Vanya says to himself, "I was proud of [Professor Serebrakoff] and of his learning: I
received all his words and writings as inspired and now? Now he has retired, and what is
the total of his life? A blank!"
B. Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena, "Ever since I have been old I have been hateful to
myself, and I am sure, hateful to you all as well."
C. Professor Serebrakoff says, "I am a book-worm and a scholar, and am unfamiliar with
practical affairs. I cannot, I find, dispense with the help of well-informed people."
D. Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena, "I am used to my library and the lecture hall and to
the esteem and admiration of my colleagues. Now I suddenly find myself plunged into
this wilderness [the estate], condemned to see the same stupid people from morning till
night and listen to their futile conversations.

Question 14
New Zealand has classified the rainbow lorikeet as an invasive species that could harm some of
the country's native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have
pointed out that Earth's climate is changing in ways that challenge such classifications. Climate
changes may force animals from their current ranges. Climate changes may also create good
habitats in areas where a species couldn't live previously. These observations suggest that
__________________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. New Zealand was previously home to some rainbow lorikeets but they were outcompeted
by invading species.
B. even if Earth's climate doesn't change in the way scientists predict, the rainbow lorikeet
will likely establish itself in New Zealand.
C. labels like the one that New Zealand has applied to the rainbow lorikeet reflect
environmental conditions that may not persist.
D. it's useful at present for New Zealand to distinguish between invasive and native species
in some instances but not in the case of the rainbow lorikeet.

Question 15

Gottfried Schlaug et al. established that musical training is associated with physical alterations in
the brain. Noting that such alterations may affect how sonic stimuli engender a hedonic response
(a feeling of satisfaction and pleasure), Antonia Olivia Dolan et al. recently had musicians and
nonmusicians listen to recordings Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love," Jose Gonzalez's
"Heartbeats," and others and adjust the volume to the most pleasurable level for each recording.
Although musicians and nonmusicians were clinically comparable in terms of their ability to
detect sounds, musicians preferred to hear the recordings at a higher volume than nonmusicians
did, leading Dolan et al. to conclude that ___________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. previous research may have overstated the effects of the physical differences between
musicians' brains and nonmusicians' brains.
B. physical aspects of musicians' brains may suppress the hedonic response to music at
volumes that provoke the hedonic response in nonmusicians.
 C. characteristics of musicians' brain anatomy that are not shared with nonmusicians result
in musicians experiencing the hedonic response due to characteristics of music other than
its volume.
D. musical training may alter musicians' brains such that they have a reduced ability to
detect sounds that are unlikely to incite the hedonic response.

Question 16

A painting by 19th-century artist Katsushika Hokusai, _________

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. deeper thematic meaning is conveyed to viewers of The Great Wave off Kanagawa
through visual allegory.
B. The Great Wave off Kanagawa's deeper thematic meaning is conveyed to viewers
through visual allegory.
C. visual allegory allows The Great Wave off Kanagawa to convey its deeper thematic
meaning to viewers.
D. The Great Wave off Kanagawa employs visual allegory to convey its deeper thematic
meaning to viewers.

Question 18

Researchers Tammy Kernodle and Christina Zanfagna have lent their expertise on Black history
and music to an important new ____________ Timeline of African American Music, a digital
resource that traces the development of individual musical genres (such as swing and bebop)
while also revealing the connections between them.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. initiative the
B. initiative: the
C. initiative. The
D. initiative; the

Question 19
Published in 1945, Gwendolyn Brooks's poem "Queen of the Blues" demonstrates Brooks's
penchant for crafting short, compressed lines infused with bursts of vivid imagery and _______
the syncopated rhythms of the blues into her work.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. incorporated
B. incorporating
C. to incorporate
D. incorporate

Question 20

As comet C/1911 N1 (Kiess) orbits the Sun, it is trailed by a stream of rocky particles. When
Earth passes through this meteoroid stream each year, typically between August 28 and
September 5, the 66-kilometer-per-second collision between these meteoroids and atmospheric
gases___________ streaks of light in the sky - the Aurigid meteor shower.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Produces
B. are producing
C. produce
D. have produced

Question 21

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2018
(15745), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid Yuliya. In 2022 NASA intentionally crashed
a probe into just such an object, successfully altering its orbit. ________, these results are no
guarantee that Yuliya and other primary objects would be similarly affected.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Accordingly,
B. Granted,
C. Likewise,
 D. Moreover,

Question 22

Bill Belew's talent for intricately and expertly detailed costume design was on full display with
the Blue Rain jumpsuit, created for musical icon Elvis Presley to wear onstage. ___________ the
suit's blue rhinestones showcased Belew's careful attention to detail.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Next,
B. In particular,,
C. Soon,
D. Nevertheless,

Question 23

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● A merchant ship is any ship hired to carry cargo or passengers.

● A ship's carrying capacity is also known as its deadweight tonnage (DWT).

● In 2021, there were a total of 392 merchant ships registered in Saudi Arabia.

● The combined DWT of these ships was 13.7 million tons.

The student wants to specify the number of merchant ships in Saudi Arabia in 2021. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In total, Saudi Arabia's merchant ships had a carrying capacity, or deadweight tonnage, of
13.7 million tons in 2021.
B. Combined, Saudi Arabia's merchant ships had a deadweight tonnage of 13.7 million tons
in 2021.
C. The carrying capacity of a merchant ship is also known as deadweight tonnage.
D. There were a total of 392 merchant ships- ships hired to carry cargo or passengers-
registered in Saudi Arabia in 2021.
Question 24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The French Republican calendar was used in France from 1793 to 1805.

● Each calendar week had ten days, two of which were called quintidi and decadi.

● Each quintidi was given a unique name in honor of an animal.

● Each decadi was given a unique name in honor of an agricultural tool.

● Bélier, a quintidi in the month of Thermidor, was named after the ram.

● Crible, a decadi in the month of Nivôse, was named after the sieve.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between quintidi and decadi. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. One quintidi during the month of Thermidor was named after an animal, the ram.
B. Each quintidi in the calendar honored an animal, such as the ram, whereas each decadi
honored an agricultural tool, such as the sieve.
C. There were ten days in each week of the French Republican calendar, and two of these
days were called quintidi and decadi.
D. Each decadi was named after an agricultural tool; for example, a decadi during the month
of Nivôse was named after the sieve.

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Kepler's first law of planetary motion states that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is an

ellipse.

● The law also states that, in an elliptical orbit, the object being orbited is one of the

ellipse's foci.
 ● Kepler's laws of planetary motion also apply to natural satellites (e.g... moons).

● Umbriel is a moon of Uranus that orbits the planet in 4.14 Earth days on average.

● Umbriel's orbit is elliptical.

The student wants to provide an explanation and example of Kepler's first law of planetary
motion. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

A. Umbriel's orbit of Uranus is elliptical, demonstrating Kepler's first law of planetary

motion, which describes the elliptical orbits of planets but applies to moons as well.
B. Kepler's first law of planetary motion states that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is an
ellipse; for example, planetary satellites orbit their planets in an elliptical fashion.
C. Kepler's first law of planetary motion, which describes the orbits of Uranus and other
planets in the solar system, states that the object being orbited is one of the ellipse's foci.
D. Uranus's moon Umbriel completes an orbit in 4.14 Earth days on average, a clear
example of Kepler's first law of planetary motion, which describes the elliptical orbit of
planets.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The black-footed ferret is a mammal species.

● Up until 1981, it was believed to be extinct.

● That year, a live black-footed ferret was identified in the wild in the United States.

● The black-footed ferret is considered a Lazarus species.

● "Lazarus species" is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be

extinct.
The student wants to define the term "Lazarus species" and provide an example of one.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these
goals?

A. The term "Lazarus species" describes a living species of organism. such as the black-
footed ferret, that was once believed to be extinct.
B. Sometimes, a species once believed to be extinct is later found living in the wild.
C. The black-footed ferret, a species of mammal, was identified in the wild in 1981.
D. One example of a Lazarus species is the black-footed ferret, a mammal species that was
identified in the wild in the United States in 1981.

Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.

● He is one of the first composers to synthesize Western classical music with elements

from various Native musical traditions.

● Ballard's Pan Indian Rhythms (1970) for percussion is written in a classical form.

● It incorporates Ute notched sticks, a traditional Native instrument.

The student wants to provide an example of the way in which Ballard's compositions blend
Western classical music with elements of Native musical traditions. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Ballard, who wrote Pan Indian Rhythms for percussion, is recognized as one of the first
composers to blend elements of various Native American musical traditions with Western
classical music.
B. Blending elements of various Native musical traditions and Western classical music,
Ballard composed Pan Indian Rhythms for percussion in 1970.
C. Ballard blended elements of various Native musical traditions with Western classical
music in many of his works, including Pan Indian Rhythms (1970).
 D. Ballard's composition Pan Indian Rhythms is written in a classical form and incorporates
Ute notched sticks.

MODULE 2: READING AND WRITING

Question 1

Some cities track pedestrian activity to map their sidewalks, but this method often _________
sidewalks few pedestrians use, resulting in incomplete maps. Maryam Hosseini and her team
found that a computer program trained to identify sidewalks in aerial images of Boston could
also accurately identify sidewalks in aerial images of Philadelphia and even distinguished
between concrete and granite.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. neglects
B. oversees
C. approves
D. detects

Question 2
The tendency to group authors together into distinct literary movements often encourages literary
scholars to ___________ subtleties in an author's style. Those studying the works of William
Ellery Channing, for instance, may inadvertently overlook nuances in his work by focusing only
on the most obvious ways in which his style corresponds to transcendentalism.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. discount
B. scrutinize
C. magnify
D. denounce

Question 3

In the 2010s, the price of vintage She-Ra action figures rose dramatically, which had the
counterintuitive effect of __________ demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase
old action figures thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the toys could
be resold later at a profit.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. exploiting
B. engendering
C. appraising
D. monetizing

Question 4

With a shell that measured 1.7 meters, the extinct mollusk Parapuzosia seppenradensis is the
largest ammonite in the fossil record. Ever since fossilized remains of this species were
discovered in 1895, scientists have been perplexed by its size. After examining 154 ammonite
fossils including some of P. seppenradensis from Montana and Parapuzosia leptophylla (a
smaller ammonite species) from England, paleontologist Christina Ifrim, Andrew S. Gale, and
colleagues concluded that P. seppenradensis may have evolved from P. leptophylla and
gradually increased in size as larger ammonites were better able to escape being preyed on by
mosasaurs.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It states a long-standing scientific assumption and then shows how recent research has
overturned that assumption.
B. It describes a scientific mystery and then discusses a research team’s attempt to solve that
mystery.
C. It compares fossils found in Montana and England and then points out which of those
fossils provides more information.
D. It notes the discovery of a new ammonite species and then remarks on the importance of
that discovery.

Question 5

In Egypt, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by more
than 90 percent between 2000 and 2015; such shifts are typically explained by appeal to the
energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income
(specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Alemu Mekonnen and
Gunnar Köhlin's study of fuel use in Ethiopia shows how reductive this model is, however:
although income of course constrained fuel choice, several circumstances, including the local
availability of different fuel sources, influenced decisions.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It anticipates a potential objection to the description of a model that the text provides.
B. It admits the superficial plausibility of an assumption that the text presents as lacking any
empirical support.
C. It acknowledges the role played by a factor whose importance the text suggests has been
overstated.
D. It concedes that a finding may not appear to support the main view that the text advances.

Question 6

Text 1

Isaac Asimov, author of Robots and Empire and I, Robot, is highly regarded despite his mediocre
writing style. His prose is workmanlike; his characters are flat and discuss ideas rather than
emotions. That his work is enjoyable despite this is a testament to his prodigious imagination-
even if people read his books only for the ideas, they will have plenty to consider.

Text 2

Asimov is critiqued for his style, but it is wrong to fault a writer for failing to do what he never
intended to do. For example, although most of his novel Foundation consists of people
discussing science and politics and we find out little about his characters' lives, Asimov wanted
to convey the vast sweep of human history over centuries, and one of his points is that at such a
timescale, individuals don't matter. Thus his lack of characterization is central to his thematic
aims.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the description of
Asimov's characters in the underlined portion of Text 1?

A. The flatness of Asimov's characters is a feature of Robots and Empire and I, Robot but
not of Foundation.
B. Asimov's characterizations would have been more believable if his writing had discussed
fewer ideas.
C. Asimov's characterizations would have been richer if he had possessed a deeper
understanding of history.
D. The flatness of Asimov's characters should not necessarily be considered a flaw in his
writing.

Question 7

Joel Brown and colleagues showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the
Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus), a finding explicable in terms of benefits and costs:
greater lunar intensity may not enable the mice to increase foraging success enough to offset the
higher chance of detection by predatory owls or hawks. Though many other nocturnal mammals
respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to Arizona pocket mice, Azara's night monkeys
(Aotus azarae) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a
different balance of reward and risk.
Based on the text, why do Azara's night monkeys respond to high lunar intensity differently
than Arizona pocket mice do?

A. In such conditions, the chance of detection by predators declines for Azara's night
monkeys but rises for Arizona pocket mice.
B. Although the risks of activity in such conditions are greater for Azara's night monkeys
than they are for Arizona pocket mice, the rewards are also greater for Azara's night
monkeys.
C. In such conditions, the costs of activity are lower relative to the benefits of activity for
Azara's night monkeys than they are for Arizona pocket mice.
D. Due to their heavy reliance on visual foraging, Azara's night monkeys experience a
reduction in their foraging success in such conditions, whereas Arizona pocket mice
experience no change in their foraging success.

Question 9

Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl Hernández-Pérez, and colleagues investigated the language
detection abilities of eighteen dogs. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Grog (a
border collie), Alma (a mixed breed), and other dogs while the animals listened to three
recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third
made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn't
resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both.
The team concluded that differences in dogs' anatomical features may affect their ability to
distinguish speech from nonspeech.

Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the team's conclusion?

A. The pattern of brain activity that long-headed dogs showed when hearing the scrambled
recording was different from the pattern of brain activity that short-headed dogs showed
when hearing the language they were accustomed to.
B. Compared with shorter-headed dogs, longer-headed dogs showed a greater difference in
brain activity when hearing either Spanish or Hungarian than when hearing the scrambled
recording.
 C. Compared with shorter-headed dogs, longer-headed dogs showed a greater difference in
brain activity when hearing the language they were accustomed to than when hearing the
other language.
D. Long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing Spanish tended to show more brain activity
when hearing Spanish than long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing Hungarian showed
when hearing Hungarian.

Question 11

Scholars cite Mr. President, the 1946 novel by Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias, as a
foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic
plot devices- often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of Indigenous and colonial societies in
the Americas- are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the
modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including
Olga Tokarczuk, whose 1996 novel Primeval and Other Times resembles classic magical realist
novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore - namely, that of Poland.

Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in the
underlined portion of the text?

A. "The logic of the realistic plot of Primeval and Other Times is repeatedly and
productively disrupted by the presence of imagery and situations drawn from Polish
folklore."
B. "Although Polish folklore clearly informs the style and occasionally antirealistic plot of
Primeval and Other Times, the novel also shows the inarguable influence of the magical
realist tradition of Latin America."
C. "Like many works in the Latin American magical realist tradition, Primeval and Other
Times is indebted to antirealistic elements in the folkloric tradition of Poland."
D. "While Primeval and Other Times alternates between realistic and antirealistic modes of
representation, details suggesting the influence of Polish folklore nevertheless occur
throughout the novel."

Question 12
All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and corrosion- inhibiting chromium.
However, ferritic stainless steel, often used for induction cookers, contains a higher percentage
of chromium (at least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel and a higher concentration of
iron, which is responsible for its magnetic properties. Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic
stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure resulting from the addition of nickel
to the alloy. Austenitic stainless steel has two subtypes: the 300 series, often used for storage
containers, and the 200 series, which has less nickel and more manganese than the 300 series and
is used for indoor architecture. Thus, stainless steel used to manufacture storage containers will
have _____________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. similar magnetic properties to stainless steel used to manufacture induction cookers.

B. a concentration of manganese greater than 10.5%, while stainless steel used to
manufacture indoor architecture will not.
C. a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, while stainless steel used to manufacture
induction cookers will not.
D. a lower percentage of nickel in its composition than stainless steel used to manufacture
induction cookers will.

Question 13

As complex life cycle parasites, Lecithaster sp. and Capillaria parophrysi require multiple host
species throughout their development. Extrapolating from parasite counts on Pacific herring and
seven other fish species collected from Puget Sound from 1880 to 2019, Chelsea Wood et al.
found that the abundance of three-host. parasites, such as Lecithaster sp., negatively correlated
with rising average annual sea temperatures; the abundance of two-host parasites, such as C.
parophrysi, was largely stable. Noting that fish and other marine vertebrates are especially
vulnerable to climate change, Wood et al. observed that all three-host parasites in the study
depend on at least two vertebrate species, while all two- host parasites depend on only one,
suggesting that ______________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

 A. although Lecithaster sp. and C. parophrysi both require Pacific herring as a host, C.
parophrysi was more adversely affected by warming- driven changes in the Pacific
herring population than Lecithaster sp. was.
B. population size and density of the eight fish species examined in the study were likely
largely unaffected by rising sea temperatures.
C. warming-induced population changes among Puget Sound vertebrates may have
suppressed some parasite populations, but there were no changes among the eight studied
host species that affected two-host parasite abundance.
D. a parasite's sensitivity to warming temperatures is negatively correlated with the number
of unique vertebrate species it depends on throughout its life cycle.

Question 14

When Belgium joined Interpol- the International Criminal Police ________ in 1923, the Belgian
Federal Police gained access to the combined resources of law enforcement agencies from
around the globe.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Organization-
B. Organization,
C. Organization
D. Organization:

Question 15

Released in 1996, the AMD K5 microchip contained a single CPU, or core, to execute
commands. The invention of the dual-core chip in the early 2000s led to a seismic shift in
processing power. Since then, the average processing power of microchips- whose cores can
number in the dozens, hundreds, or even thousands- __________ drastically.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. has improved
B. have improved
C. have been improving
 D. are improving

Question 16

Should Italy cut taxes? As of 2017, Italy's top tax rate (55%) was lower than the highest point on
the country's Laffer curve, placing Italy below the threshold for a tax cut. A theoretical
relationship between tax rates and revenues, ___________in 1974.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Arthur Laffer, an economist, famously made a sketch of the curve on a napkin

B. economist Arthur Laffer famously sketched the curve on a napkin
C. the curve was famously sketched on a napkin by economist Arthur Laffer
D. a napkin was famously used by economist Arthur Laffer to sketch the curve on

Question 17

In 2018, Slovak photographer Mária Svarbová exhibited her work for audiences across the
_______ vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry to evoke a Socialist-
era aesthetic, her photos captivated viewers from South Korea to Portugal.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. world utilizing
B. world and utilizing
C. world, utilizing
D. world. Utilizing

Question 18

The mycorrhizal association between alder trees and Paxillus panuoides, a fungus commonly
referred to as oyster roll-rim, is well___________ sharing nutrients via fungal hyphae and the
host tree's roots, the organisms form a kind of social system more commonly associated with
animals than plants: a community.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. documented
B. documented:
C. documented;
D. documented,

Question 19

Proto-Indo-European- a protolanguage, or ancestral language of a family of descendant

(daughter) languages-is said to be the common ancestor of all Indo- European languages. This is
a hypothetical_______________ Proto-Indo-European is only postulated, its characteristics
being inferred from the linguistic properties of its 448 daughters.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. designation however
B. designation. However,
C. designation; however,
D. designation, however;

Question 20

The World Cup of men's soccer, one of the biggest sporting events on the planet, brought 32
national teams from six continents to the host country, Brazil, in 2014. The event, which is held
every four years, has expanded greatly since it was played in Italy in 1934. __________ the
World Cup included only 16 teams, most from Europe and the Americas.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. On the other hand,

B. As a result,
C. Then,
D. Similarly,

Question 21
In his 2016 poem "Orphan," Blas Falconer explores Teresita Fernández's sculpture Nocturnal
(Horizon Line), a work that features horizontal bands of granite. __________ Falconer
participates in a tradition dating back to Homer's Iliad: that of ekphrasis, poetry that engages with
visual art.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In addition,
B. In doing so,
C. That said,
D. Conversely,

Question 22

Most solar eclipses from long ago have been forgotten, but not all. _______________ scholars
still discuss an eclipse that occurred on May 17, 2231 BCE. That's because it was the fifth-
longest total eclipse before the Dark Ages 7 minutes, 21 seconds long.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Next,
B. Regardless,
C. For example,
D. In summary,

Question 23

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Sue is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Field Museum of Natural

History.

● The Field Museum of Natural History is located in Chicago, Illinois. Sue is a member of

the genus Tyrannosaurus.

 ● Thomas is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Natural History

Museum of Los Angeles County.

● The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County is located in Los Angeles,

California.

● Thomas is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two specimens. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The dinosaur fossil specimens Sue and Thomas are both members of the genus
Tyrannosaurus.
B. While Sue is housed at the Field Museum of Natural History, Thomas is housed at the
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
C. The Field Museum of Natural History, where Sue is housed, in Chicago, Illinois.
D. Thomas is the nickname of a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Natural
History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles, California.

Question 24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Author H.P. Lovecraft wrote a number of horror stories.

● Designer Richard Launius created a board game based on these stories.

● The game is called Arkham Horror.

● It was released in 2005.

The student wants to indicate when the board game was released. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The board game Arkham Horror was designed by Richard Launius.

B. The board game Arkham Horror was released in 2005.
 C. The board game Arkham Horror is based on horror stories.
D. The board game Arkham Horror is based on the writing of H.P. Lovecraft.

Question 25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● In a 2010 study, Clark and Tilman found that the presence of plant litter had a negative

effect on seedling emergence.

● The study was conducted in a grassland setting in the United States.

● In a 2002 study, Stammel et al. found that the presence of plant litter had a negative

effect on seedling emergence.

● The study was conducted in a grassland setting in Germany.

● Seedling emergence is when a seedling sprouts above ground and begins photosynthesis.

The student wants to make a generalization about research on plant litter. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Studies have found that the presence of plant litter can have a negative effect on seedling
emergence.
B. Clark and Tilman found that plant litter in a grassland setting in the United States had a
negative effect on seedling emergence
C. In studies by both Clark and Tilman (2010) and Stammel et al. (2002), a negative effect
was found.
D. Seedling emergence, which is when a seedling sprouts above ground and begins
photosynthesis, has been the focus of past research.

Question 26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 ● Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who produced more than two thousand

drawings and paintings.

● Most of his works were completed in New York City in the 1980s.

● His work Untitled (Pollo Frito) was completed in 1982.

● The work is composed of acrylic, oil, and enamel on canvas and measures 60 inches by

120.5 inches.

● Untitled (Pollo Frito) was purchased by a private collection for $25.7 million in a 2018

auction.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the
scope of Basquiat’s work?

A. Untitled (Pollo Frito) is just one of more than two thousand drawings and paintings
completed by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat.
B. Though artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed most of his two thousand plus drawings in
the 1980s, his work Untitled (Pollo Frito) is composed of acrylic, oil, and enamel on
canvas.
C. Decades after artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed his 1982 work Untitled (Pollo
Frito), a private collection purchased it for $25.7 million.
D. At a 2018 auction, artist Jean-Michel Basquiat's Untitled (Pollo Frito), composed of
acrylic, oil, and enamel on canvas, sold for $25.7 million.

Question 27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● The Zim Smith Mid-County Trail is located in New York.

● It is one of more than 2,000 disused railroad corridors in the US that have been converted

into public trails since the 1960s.

 ● Such trails are known as rail trails.

● The Union Pacific Railroad Trail in Nevada is parallel to an active railway, the Union

Pacific Railroad.

● It is one of approximately 400 trails in the US that share a right- of- way with an active

rail line.

● Such trails are known as rails-with-trails

The student wants to make a generalization about rails-with-trails. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In the US, trails have been constructed from disused railroad corridors as well as on
property parallel to active rail lines.
B. In the US, trails that share a right-of-way with an active rail line are less common than
some other types of railway trails.
C. The Union Pacific Railroad Trail in Nevada is one of approximately 400 US trails that
share a right-of-way with an active rail line.
D. Since the 1960s, thousands of public trails in the US have been created from disused
railroad corridors.