UNIT ONE

MAKING A DIFFERENCE.

1) READING-COMPREHENSION.

Read the text and answer the questions in English.

Questions:
1. Is Francis Black still working in Yellow
Stone? Why do you know?

2. What does he do at the park?

3. Are there more people working on this

project with Francis?

4. Why have humans always feared wolves?

5. What was the consequence of removing

the wolves from the park?

EXAM VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY EXTENSION: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE BLOG. WOLVES TO THE RESCUE.

Some difficult words about this text:

Beaver: Otter: Duck: Trout: Wolf: Elk:

Tasks:
1) Read and listen to the text in class.
2) Solve possible problems: ask in class.
3) Answer the questions with a partner or on your own.
4) Study vocabulary for your exams: you may get the most suitable language from this text to be
able to talk/write about the topic.

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 MY LIST OF WORDS – VOCABULARY TO REMEMBER:
AND TRY TO USE
- Wolf / wolves: - -
- To the rescue: - -

WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 1: WRITING ABOUT NATURE: Write a brief paragraph about a place that you know or can
imagine.
Ex. Have you ever been to Os Ancares, O Courel Mountains or any other similar places?
Describe a place and your feelings about it.

Ex. “I really love nature. Whenever I have the opportunity, I go walking in the mountains, along a river, round a lake …”

EXAM VOCABULARY

Useful language:
USEFUL VOCABULARY:
. Os Ancares/O Caurel is in ...
. It has ... (huge mountains, wild animals/plants like ... ) and ...
. There are (rivers, fields, trees ...) and ...
. The park is home to animals, such as ...
The shade: . _____ live/grow there ...
an area that is cool because it is not in the sun.

A dam:
a wall across a river to stop the water flowing.

The wild:
an area not controlled by people.

A pack:
a group of wild animals that live and hunt together.

A bank:
the land along the sides of a river.

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 2) VIDEO/LISTENING ACTIVITY.
CULTURE VIDEO: MARWELL WILDLIFE:

VIDEO/LISTENING ACTIVITY
A/ WATCH THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT ITS FIRST PART:
1. Where is the zoo?
- in Hampshire
- in Scotland
- in the USA
2. When did it open?
- in 1978
- in 1962
- in 1972
3. What type of animals do they keep in the park?
- the children´s favourite animals
- animals in danger of extinction
- all types of animals
4. What animals do people want to see?
- giraffes, tigers, monkeys, rhinos, the snow leopard, the Somali wild duck and the ring-tailed coati
- giraffes, tigers, monkeys, rhinos, the snow leopard, the Somali wild ass and the ring-tailed coati
- giraffes, lions, monkeys, rhinos, the snow leopard, the Somali wild ass and the ring-tailed pig
5. Are there scimitar-horned oryxes in the wild nowadays?
- Yes, there are some
- No, there aren´t
- They don´t talk about this in the text

B/ LISTEN AGAIN AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH ABOUT THE VIDEO:

Today, most Amur leopards live in zoos (1) ____________ (2) ____________ (3) ____________ and they first came to Marwell
Wildlife (4) ______________ (5) ____________ (NUMBER). There are nine species of tiger but, (6) ______________ (7)
______________ (8) ______________ – The Caspian, Bali and Javan –
(9) ____________ (10) ___________, and (11) ____________ (12) ____________ (13) ____________ the South China tiger
for over (14) ______-________ (WORDS) (15) ______________. These are Amur tigers and live in
(16) ______________ (17) ______________ (18) ______________ to Amur leopards. There are around (NUMBER):
____________________ (19) _____________ (20) ______________ (21) ______________
(22) ______________ (23) ______________.

WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 2.
WRITE A COMMENT OR AN OPINION ABOUT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:
A. What do you think about animals living in zoos? Why?
B. Choose an animal from the video and describe it.

Examples:
A. In my opinion, animals should/shouldn´t live in zoos because …
B. I´d like to talk about ___________________, because …

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 GRAMMAR
3) GRAMMAR

1) USING THE ARTICLE CORRECTLY IN ENGLISH:

1. Read the sentences. Complete the rules with the words in the box.

2. Complete the sentences with “the, a, an” or “x” if there´s no article needed and explain WHY.

3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article (a, an, or the).
1. I saw ____ cat on ____ roof.
2. She wants to be ____ astronaut when she grows up.
3. Could you please pass me ____ salt?
4. He bought ____ new car last week.
5. ____ sun is shining brightly today.
6. My brother is ____ engineer.
7. She is going to ____ hospital to visit her friend.
8. I have ____ appointment with ____ doctor tomorrow.
9. They live in ____ old house near ____ river.
10. ____ apple a day keeps ____ doctor away.

MY NOTES:

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 4. Choose the correct article (a, an, or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. She has _____ apple.

2. Can I borrow _____ pen?
3. He is _____ teacher.
4. I have _____ dog.
5. Let's go to _____ beach.
6. He is staying at _____ hotel.
7. She is wearing _____ beautiful dress.
8. He wants to become _____ actor.
9. They are going to _____ party tonight.
10. I need to buy _____ new phone.

5. Translate into English. Explain WHY you use an article or not.

1. La libertad es un derecho fundamental.

2. El arte contemporáneo desafía las convenciones establecidas.

3. Me gustaría visitar la antigua ciudad de Machu Picchu.

4. La globalización ha transformado la economía mundial.

5. Los científicos están investigando la cura para el cáncer.

6. La música clásica tiene un impacto emocional profundo en las personas.

7. El liderazgo eficaz requiere habilidades de comunicación sólidas.

8. La educación de calidad es clave para el desarrollo de una sociedad.

9. El cambio climático es un desafío global que debemos abordar urgentemente.

10. La inteligencia artificial está cambiando diversos sectores industriales.

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 CONTENTS:
2) PRESENT TENSES: a. The present tense: SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, PERFECT.
b. USE, FORM and TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES.
PRESENT SIMPLE
A.- USE B.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES
- To express habits or routine 1.- Frequency Adverbs: in the middle of the sentence
Example: I usually take a nap from three to four in the afternoon. Aff: (Subject + ADVERB + verb).
She often chats on social media. Int: (Aux. verb + subject + ADVERB + verb + ?)
- To express facts that are scientific or always true Neg: (Subject + aux. verb. + not + ADVERB + verb)
Example: Water boils at 100º C.
always normally
I´m an only child. hardly ever
sometimes generally
- To express a future, timetabled event seldom
usually occasionally
Example: The bus leaves at seven thirty. never
often rarely
My favourite TV show starts at eleven.
- To express a thought, feelings or expectations: *STATIVE VERBS.
Example: Do you want to post this photo? 2.- Adverbial Phrases: at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Do you understand now? Yes, I do.
- every day, month, week …
(* “every” is a singular word)
C.- BASIC SPELLING RULES - on Mondays (Tuesdays, …)
- once, twice, three times, … a week, a month
- at … (7,30am, 3 o´clock …), etc.

*HOW OFTEN …”
How often do they visit the market?
They usually go to the market on Tuesdays and Fridays.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
B.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES
A.- USE - Now/right now, at the moment
- To express actions that are in progress/happening now - At present, *this year, *today, *these days, *this evening.
Example: I am reading an interesting novel at this moment. (*also with the Present Perfect)
She is uploading some pictures right now. - “tonight, “tomorrow, “next Sunday. (“with a future meaning)
- To express temporary situations
Example:
I usually live with my parents, but now I am living with my aunt and uncle, because I am looking for a job.
She isn´t doing Communication Projects these year, but it´s true that she used to.
Everybody is talking about the president these days.
- To express definite plans for the future (you have thought about it before).
Example: I am visiting my friends in Paris next weekend.
Are you going to the cinema tomorrow?
- To express annoyance or complaint about a situation.

**WATCH OUT!:
- The Present Continuous … can only express future actions (plans – see the going to future tense in unit 3) when there is a
future time reference in the context, for example: “next summer, tomorrow ...”
- We can NEVER use the present continuous for PREDICTIONS!
Ex.
A friend: "Do you have any plans for the weekend?"
You: "Oh, yes! I´m celebrating my birthday party".
It refers to a planned action. It means that you have thought about it before.

- Stative /´steitiv/ verbs are non-action verbs such as love, hate, know, understand, want, remember, forget ... These are mainly
verbs that don´t usually take CONTINUOUS FORMS.

C.- BASIC SPELLING RULES

+ING FORM:

*exceptions:
- be: being
- see/agree: seeing, agreeing

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 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

A.- USE
. To talk about something that started in the past and continues in the present.
Example: I have been an English teacher for some years.
. To talk about life experiences when we don´t say when they happened.
Example: I have visited many foreign countries.
. To talk about something that happened in the past and has a result in the present.
Example: I´ve lost my watch and can´t find it anywhere.
- To talk about an action that has JUST happened (so it´s very recent).

*WATCH OUT! A.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES

. I have studied a lot. 1.- SINCE: to refer to a specific time in the past.
. I studied a lot yesterday. . Since … 1999, Monday, last year, September, yesterday…

2.- FOR: to refer to periods of time that explain how long they take.
. For … two years, a week, three months …

3.- Just, never, ever, already, yet, still …

Examples:
. I have just arrived
. Have you ever seen a lion?
. I have never seen a lion
. I have already finished
. I haven´t finished, yet = I still haven´t finished
. Have you finished, yet?

4.- In my life time, recently, lately, this week/month/year, in recent years...

5.- HOW LONG …? To ask about a period of time.

Examples: How long have you been waiting for your colleagues?
How long have you had this smartphone?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USE:
An action that started in the past and continues in the present.
An action whose results are still visible or important for the speaker.

CONTRAST: PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous are very similar, but sometimes there can be a small difference
1. The simple form emphasises how much or how many (quantity of something); also how many times or how
often an action happens
Example: I have told you about my secrets so many times.
She has drunk tree cups of coffee this morning.
He has eaten at least two sandwiches for lunch today.
1. The present perfect is used with STATIVE VERBS. In this sense the continuous form IS NOT POSSIBLE.
2. It focuses on the fact that the action is COMPLETED, whereas/but the continuous form emphasises HOW
LONG AN ACTION CONTINUES: THE PERIOD OF TIME THAT IT TAKES.

*WATCH OUT!:
Present Continuous
Now
THE PRESENT:
Time references MAKE a difference

Present Simple
Frequency, habit, routine Present Perfect
Connection PAST – PRESENT

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 *WATCH OUT!

STATIVE VERBS
1. They are often verbs connected with thinking and opinions.

Know, agree, recognize, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, mean, remember, think.

- She doesn’t know what to do. NOT She isn’t knowing what to do
- Do you agree with me?
- I don’t recognize it, do you?
2. Other stative verbs are connected with feelings and emotions.

Like, hate, dislike, love, prefer. want, wish.

- I like this song. Who sings it? NOT I’m liking this song
+ - What do you want to do now?
- I hate my new boss!
- 3. Verbs that describe senses.

‘See’, ‘hear’, ‘taste’, ‘smell’, ‘feel’

- It smells of smoke in here. NOT It’s smelling of smoke in here

- I don’t see anything. It’s too dark.
4. Stative verbs describe ideas that are not actions.
**Some verbs can work as active or stative, depending on the context.
 He smells of fish (STATIVE) / He’s smelling the fish (ACTION)
The second sentence is an action – not a state. The man wants to know if the fish is OK to eat.
 I think (=I believe/understand/= have an opinion / STATIVE) we should go to
Croatia for our holiday this year.
 Sorry, what did you say? I was thinking (= have in mind) about my holiday.
 You look beautiful tonight (= you are/STATIVE)
 What are you looking at? (ACTION)

GRAMMAR PRACTICE: YOU SHOULD BE CONFIDENT ABOUT CHANGING A SENTENCE INTO

ALL THE TENSES AND FORMS.
PRESENT PERFECT:
PRESENT SIMPLE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS: SIMPLE:
AFF. She studies French. AFF. AFF.

INT. The first sentence is an opinion

INT.but the second sentence is an action. INT.

NEG. NEG. NEG.

CONTINUOUS:
AFF.

INT.

NEG.

IF YOU STILL MAKE MISTAKES ... DO SOME MORE PRACTICE:

**(You can give it to your teacher for checking).
 We eat fruit.
 He writes letters.
 She goes to school.
 They play games.

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 EXTRA PRACTICE: (IF NECESSARY)

PRESENT SIMPLE: PRESENT CONTINUOUS: PRESENT PERFECT:

AFF. We eat fruit. AFF. SIMPLE:
INT. AFF.
INT. NEG. INT.
NEG.
NEG.
CONTINUOUS:
AFF.
INT.
NEG.

A. SOME BASIC EXERCISES: THE PRESENT SIMPLE:

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the present simple:
a) The sun ________ (rise) in the east.
b) She ________ (play) the piano every afternoon.
c) We ________ (study) English at school.

2. Write sentences using the present simple to express future events:

a) Our flight ________ (leave) at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
b) The concert ________ (start) at 7 p.m. next week.
c) I ________ (meet) my friends for dinner every evening.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present simple:

a) The Earth ________ (revolve) around the sun.

b) Cats ________ (meow) when they want attention.
c) My brother ________ (work) as a chef in a restaurant.

4. Create negative sentences using the present simple:

a) She ________ (not like) coffee.
b) They ________ (not live) in the city.
c) We ________ (not have) any pets.

5. Rearrange the words to form present simple questions:

a) you / like / Do / ice cream?
b) she / Where / live / does?
c) your parents / Do / work / from home?

6. Use the present simple to describe ONE of these habitual actions:

a) Write a paragraph about your morning routine.
b) Describe what you usually do on weekends.
c) Explain your daily exercise routine.

7. Use the present simple to express general truths or facts:

a) The sun ________ (set) in the west.
b) The Earth ________ (rotate) on its axis.
c) Sound ________ (travel) faster than light.

B. SOME BASIC EXERCISES: THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

1. Rewrite the following sentences using the present continuous tense:
a) She reads a book every night:
b) They play soccer on Saturdays:
c) I eat dinner at 7 p.m:

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the present continuous:
a) Sorry, I can't talk right now. I ________ (have) a meeting.
b) Look! The children ________ (play) in the park.
c) Why is he wearing a suit? He ________ (attend) a job interview.

3. Write sentences using the present continuous to talk about temporary situations or actions happening now:
a) I ________ (stay) at my friend's house this week.
b) The company ________ (implement) a new software system.
c) She ________ (learn) to play the guitar this summer.
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4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present continuous:
a) The climate ________ (change) rapidly due to global warming.
b) He ________ (work) on a project for his engineering class.
c) We ________ (wait) for the bus at the moment.

5. Create negative sentences using the present continuous:

a) They ________ (not study) for the exam right now.
b) She ________ (not wear) a jacket in this hot weather.
c) We ________ (not watch) TV at the moment.

6. Rearrange the words to form present continuous questions:

a) are / doing / What / you?
b) is / going / Where / she?
c) Are / playing / they / soccer?

7. Use the present continuous to describe future arrangements:

a) I ________ (meet) my friends for lunch tomorrow.
b) They ________ (travel) to Europe next month.
c) We ________ (attend) a conference next week.

8. Use the present continuous to express annoyance or complaint:

a) He ________ (always interrupt) me when I'm speaking.
b) They ________ (constantly make) noise in the apartment upstairs.

C. SOME BASIC EXERCISES: THE PRESENT PERFECT:

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the present perfect tense:
a) She ___________ (travel) to five different countries.
b) We ___________ (not finish) our homework yet.
c) How many books ___________ you ___________ (read) this year?

2. Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect tense:

a) They visit London every summer:
b) I clean my room yesterday:
c) She goes to the gym last week:

3. Complete the sentences with the correct time expressions for the present perfect tense:
a) I have seen her ___________.
b) He has lived in that house ___________.
c) We have known each other ___________.

4. Rearrange the words to form grammatically correct sentences in the present perfect tense:
a) has / she / finished / project / her / already.
b) I / visited / have / never / that / place.
c) They / just / have / arrived / at / the / airport.

5. Write five questions using the present perfect tense to ask about someone's recent experiences or activities.

1.
2.
3.

6. Read the following sentences and determine if they should be in the present perfect tense or not. Rewrite the
incorrect sentences in the correct tense:
a) They have gone to the party last night.
b) She has already seen that movie.
c) He has been playing tennis for three hours.

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 D. MIXTURE EXERCISES: CHOOSE THE CORRECT TENSE FOR THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN BRACKETS:
1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb form (present simple, present continuous, or present perfect):
a) I ___________ (study) English for five years.
b) She usually ___________ (watch) TV in the evenings.
c) They ___________ (work) on their project at the moment.
d) They ___________ (play) tennis every weekend.
e) He ___________ (work) on this project since Monday.
f) I ___________ (live) in this city for two years.

2. Rewrite the sentences, changing the verb tense as indicated:

a) She reads a book every day. (present continuous)
b) We have lived in this city for ten years. (present simple)
c) They are playing football now. (present perfect)
3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb:
a) I ___________ (visit) my grandparents every summer.
b) He ___________ (learn) Spanish for six months.
c) We ___________ (not finish) our dinner yet.

4. Choose the correct verb tense to complete the sentences:

a) She ___________ (goes / has gone) to the gym every morning.
b) We ___________ (are cooking / have been cooking) dinner since 6 o'clock.
c) They ___________ (don't understand / haven't understood) the instructions yet.

5. Complete the sentences with the appropriate time expressions for each verb tense:
a) I haven´t seen him ___________.
b) She is studying ___________.
c) We go to the movies ___________.

6. Rewrite the sentences using the verb tense provided in parentheses:

a) They play basketball every Sunday. (present continuous)
b) We have waited for the bus for 30 minutes. (present perfect continuous)
c) She reads books regularly. (present perfect)

CHOOSE THE CORRECT TENSE FOR THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:

Present Simple or Present Continuous

1. My cousin _________________ (come) to visit me tomorrow.

2. Peter _________________ (always / remember) my birthday.
3. Birds _________________ (fly) south every winter.
4. George _________________ (always/ tell) lies. Nobody trusts him anymore.
5. We _________________ (not understand) the teacher's explanations. (*STATIVE VERB)
6. We _________________ (move) to a house in the country soon.
7. I _________________ (see) my friend tonight.
8. I _________________ (take) my driving test later today.
9. He _________________ (always / catch) the 8 o'clock bus.
10. Helen _________________ (always/ gossip) about people behind their backs.
11. We _________________ (generally/go) abroad for our holidays, but this year we ARE STAYING (stay) in
this country.
12. He _________________ (always / cheat) in exams and this ANNOYS (annoy) the other pupils.
13. What _________________ (you / do) this evening?
14. They _________________ (leave) for the railway station in a few minutes.

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TRANSLATION – PRESENT PERFECT:
1. Acabo de levantarme: 6. Comiste marisco alguna vez?:

2. Nunca estuve en Madrid: 7. Ya leí el artículo:

3. Todavía no hice los deberes: 8. Vivo en Lugo desde que tenía 9 años:

4. Llevo tres años estudiando inglés: 9. Vivo en Lugo desde abril.

5. Llevo estudiando inglés desde que tenía tres 10. No leo un libro desde el año pasado:
años:

STUDENT´S NOTES: WATCH OUT FOR MISTAKES!!

You can write a list about your mistakes, so that you can improve your English and do better the next time.
MY FAVOURITE LIST OF MISTAKES AND OBSERVATIONS TO REMEMBER:

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

4) VOCABULARY.
It´s so obvious that you´ll need SUITABLE VOCABULARY to talk and write about this topic and to
express your ideas and opinions in English. Look at the words in the boxes and REMEMBER AND USE AS
MANY as possible. I´m sure they´ll help you!!
EXAM VOCABULARY

*EXAM: EXPLAIN / GIVE A SYNONYM IN ENGLISH OR USE IN A CONTEXT:

INTRODUCTION:
Personal qualities: interesting adjectives to describe your personality, so that you can be more precise than just saying
that you´re good or bad, happy or sad …
Try them and your English will sound much better!
 Dedicated: devoted, committed, ready to help.
 Dependable: reliable, that you can trust, solid.
 Enthusiastic: keen, very interested and concerned with something, excited to do things.
 Kind: nice, polite.
 Optimistic: not pessimistic, positive, not negative.
 Outgoing: extrovert, friendly, sociable, that enjoys being around people.
 *Sensible: having common sense, reasonable, practical, responsible.
 *Sensitive: easily affected by external opinions, attitudes or behavior.
 Supportive: (emotionally) helpful, sympathetic, understanding.
 Sympathetic: Supportive, (emotionally) helpful, understanding
 Truthful: reliable, honest, sincere, that tells the truth/does not lie.

INTERESTING VERBS TO TALK ABOUT FEELINGS AND PERSONALITY:

 Feel down: be sad
 Hang out with someone: go out ...
 Keep quiet: don´t talk/say things ...
 Complain: when you don´t agree
 Text someone: send a message
 Pass/fail an exam: be/not be successful

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 THESE ARE VERY IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN YOUR TEACHER´S LIFE. MAKE YOUR GUESSES.

Look at the pictures in the screen.

FRIENDS, COLLEAGUES, FAMILY, ETC … YOU CAN WORK IN PAIRS:
PHOTO 1
 Who is who? Why do you think so?

 Where do you think these people are? Why do you think so?

 Do you think these people are still alive or not? Why

PHOTO 2
 Who is who? Why do you think so?

 Where do you think these people are? Why do you think so?

 Do you think these people are still alive or not? Why

PHOTO 3
 Who is who? Why do you think so?

 Where do you think these people are? Why do you think so?

 Do you think these people are still alive or not? Why?

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 BRIEF WRITING 3. WRITE A BRIEF PARAGRAPH DESCRIBING THE MEMBERS OF YOUR FAMILY,
SPECIALLY LOOKING AT THEIR PERSONALITY. USE AND UNDERLINE THE VOCABULARY IN THE BOX
ABOVE. HOW DO YOU THINK YOU ARE SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT FROM THEM? WHY?

WRITING
MODEL:
“In my family, there are 5 of us: …

LOOK AT THE PHOTOS ON THE WHITEBOARD IN CLASS AND DO THE FOLLOWING

EXERCISES:

3.- 4.-
.

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 WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 4:
E3 and E4. INDIVIDUAL WORK:
Write about 35 words and complete each of these 2 paragraphs. (You can join these ideas together in just one
paragraph, if you prefer):
 “I really agree with LucasB, because that´s what friends are for; they should help you when you really need
them … “

 “I think that … / In my opinion … a good friend is/should be supportive when you feel down, but/and …
because/as/for/since … ”

5) VIDEO TASK.

VIDEO ACTIVITY: YOUR VIEW

1. WATCH THE VIDEO IN THIS UNIT:
What adjectives do these people mention?

DAN: Dependable, truthful, sensible, outgoing, optimistic, kind, enthusiastic, supportive, sympathetic
JANE: Dependable, truthful, sensible, outgoing, optimistic, kind, enthusiastic, supportive, sympathetic
CLAIRE: Dependable, truthful, sensible, outgoing, optimistic, kind, enthusiastic, supportive, sympathetic
ROBERT: Dependable, truthful, sensible, outgoing, optimistic, kind, enthusiastic, supportive, sympathetic

2. Pronunciation: LOOK AT THIS SOUND CHART AND THE EXAMPLES GIVEN.

Listen and classify as many words as you can, according to their pronunciation:

/ǝu/, like in “show” /ai/, like in “time”

*EXAM VOCABULARY: EXPLAIN OR GIVE A SYNONYM IN ENGLISH/USE IN A CONTEXT:

Useful expressions with the verbs MAKE and GET that you must
Now: Replace the underlined words in the
try to use:
sentences with eight of the GET and MAKE
1) Make an effort: try very hard
expressions from the box.
2) Make an impression: make people remember
3) Make a difference to: have an important effect on
4) Make the most of: take advantage of EXAM
VOCABULARY
5) Get involved: participate
6) Get things done: achieve their objectives
7) Get better: improve
8) Get the feeling: have an idea
9) Get permission: obtain approval
10) Get used to: get accustomed to

1. Ex. I get involved in a lot of community projects.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 15
8.
 6) PRONUNCIATION.
1) PHONETIC SYMBOLS.

2) PRONUNCIATION OF –S (3rd person singular / plural of a noun / possessive case)

There are THREE possible ways to pronounce –s in English:

/s/ the last sound is VOICELESS /z/ the last sound is VOICED /iz/ the last sound is SIBILANT
(except SIBILANT SOUNDS) (except SIBILANT SOUNDS)
Examples: Examples: Examples:
Works, puts, writes, etc. Begins, listens, stays, etc. Kisses, fishes, watches, etc.

It´s the same rule for all these cases:

a. 3RD PERSON SINGULAR VERBS: She speaks /spi:ks/ English.
b. SAXON GENITIVE: This is Paul´s /po:lz/ friend.
c. PLURAL OF NOUNS: I have a lot of boxes /boksiz/ in my bedroom. Voiceless sounds: /p,t,k,f,θ/
d. CONTRACTIONS: It´s /its/ my mobile. (except SIBILANT SOUNDS)
Examples:
Nouns: kites, shops, cliffs
Voiced sounds: /b,d,g,v,ð,m,n,ŋ,l/ + all vowel sounds. Verbs: looks, helps, waits, repeats
(except SIBILANT SOUNDS)
Examples:
Nouns: girls, papers, feelings, etc. Sibilant sounds: /s, ∫, t∫, z, dƷ, Ʒ,*ks /
Verbs: fills, believes, enjoys, needs, decides, etc.
Examples:
Nouns: kisses, beaches, bosses, boxes, etc.
Verbs: pushes, fixes, dresses, etc.

DO SOME PRACTICE:
Write the 3rd person singular for the following verbs and classify them according to their pronunciation in English:
Cough, grab, stab, miss, wash, visit, jump, talk, speak, choose /t∫u:z/, fail, leave, eat, make, stand, finish, judge, freeze, go, play,
sing, become, drive, hit, throw, put, run, lose /lu:z/, meet, sit, lend, read, shake, teach, see, swim, sell, give, fly, play, try.

/s/ /z/ /iz/

Coughs Grabs Misses

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 There´s no problem. It´s always the same
PRONUNCIATION OF –ING pronunciation: /iŋ/
Examples:
 Live /liv/ - living /´liviŋ/
 Start /sta:t/ - starting /´sta:tiŋ/
 Study /´stʌdi/ - studying /´stʌdiiŋ/

3) /Λ / or / æ /?: MAKE THE DIFFERENCE:

 /Λ/: spellings “u/o/ou”. Examples: fun, month, brother, son, etc.
CONTRAST
 /æ/: spelling “a”. Example: mad, bag, sand, sad, etc.

E1: Classify these words correctly.

Dam Ducks Banks Hunt Suddenly Pack

E2: Add some more words that you know to the list.
/Λ/, like in “hunt” /æ/, like in “dam”

Your own examples: Your own examples:

4) DO SOME PRACTICE AND NOTICE THE DIFFERENCE:

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 WRITING

7) EXTRA WRITING SECTION:

BRIEF WRITING 3.
a. Think about a time when you made a new friend. Answer these questions to get ideas.

b. Then tell the story of how you met your friend. Use the useful language here, too.

BRIEF WRITING 4.
Talk about things that you have done or have been doing this year. They can be real or imaginary. Use the ideas
below or use your own ideas. You MUST use the expressions in the boxes:
WRITING

Example:

“This year, I have … ”

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 WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 5.
Write an informal e-mail to a friend. Look at the model, the suggested topics and structure for help:

SUGGESTED TOPICS:
- help someone in the community
- pass an exam
- learn something new
- raise money for charity
- visit another country
- win a competition.
USEFUL LANGUAGE:
I´m impressed!
That really is brilliant!
That´s incredible!
That sounds great!

You can follow this structure:

 PARAGRAPH ONE:
Say hello and ask your friend about him/her. Tell
her/him something about you, too. 1. Adjectives, expressions and verbs in the unit.
 PARAGRAPH TWO:
Give more details: about when where, etc.
 PARAGRAPH THREE:
Talk about your feelings and how this experience has 2. Some more useful language:
changed your life in any sense.
 PARAGRAPH FOUR: - I met my friend … (last …,2 years ago …) at the beach …
Say that you have to stop writing and say good-bye. - I was … (swimming, playing tennis …) when … (I heard/saw/realized… )
- At that moment I felt … (enthusiastic, dependable, …) …

Now write your own e-mail:

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