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1.Rotational Dynamics notes

By KBP ISLAMPUR

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1.Rotational Dynamics notes

By KBP ISLAMPUR

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atharvdj007
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1. Rotational Dynamics Cisclas_ Motron ¢ Motion of an object along the of cise 18 called cixcwax motion. _ €g.1) Motion of the eavth around the cu WMotion of the moor around the ft) Motion of planets around . the SY) Motion of an object. tied at the sbing @ whirled in a circle. Charactesisties of Civewar Motion ¢ sit is an accelerated motion. Wat is ia pestedic motion. Kinematics of Civewlas Motions, jo Angular displacement S@ — Are = §s radius o db is a vector quantity, dts s.T- anit is wadian. Ab is ‘dimensionless quantity. fngulay velocity = Angular displacement time — + iovee lime esOlumaell i aldo oo 8b dt allt fs a _vedwr quantity dts s-Twit is wad/s 1s dimensions ave [mur] Angular _accelesation = Change in angwar velocity zi time a= lim $0 or = dw Sto $t dt fis a vector quantity. - Scanned with CamScanner end angular acceleration are analogous te linear be s-T- unit is rad/s? _ Lis dimensions ave (meus tT) The quantites angular displacement , angular velocity displacement 5 linear velocity ¢ \inear accelezatlon lineaw - motion. wy) The divecHon of angular displacement , angulas velocity and+ anquias eaccelerat'on can be deter mined by ‘the. ight hand rule. [ference of the _ al ff) s.r. unit =N (aa — YW) Dimensions = [rate TJ = SN) There are two ways of writing force eqn fer a ¢ Resultant force = — rows? ox mht +. Cread farce) = Scanned with CamScanner | Applications of vers a) Vehicle along a _hovizental _Cirewlar Track ¢ Por a ear moving on a _Hovizontal clvcwax tracy > of radius wv, plane of figuee ts a vertical Plane ~ J pexpendiculaey te track. : : S fosces acting? on the cay _ave- 7) [i's weight (mg) vertically downwards _ Pi) Normal areaction CN) vertleally upwards — that balance the weight cmg) 7 a iii) Powce of static friction (fs) bet” Toad # tyres “This is ctatte friction (fa) because it prevents the vehide from outward slipping oF skidding, This is the weswWlant force which _is centripetal aA Fig. Vehicle on a horizontal wad |(While working inthe frame of vefewence attached b the vehicle it balances’ the centrifiigal force. N= mg ——@ Gq = mvt ze Lo] al Dividing @ by © on fs — v2 LN %9 : va Lg RS fe at «Mma = V9 Scanned with CamScanner [fff \ Well Cov wall) of Deaths = This is vevtica) cylindaical wall of vadius ‘x’ inside hich a vehicle ig dviven. in horizontal civcleg This__con be seen while performing stunts - [The fesces acting on the vehicle are — ) Norma) reaction (N) acting hevizetdly towards | the cenke 7 fi) Weight (mq) acting vertically downwards tii) Force of static friction CFs) acting vertically upwards bet? walls ¢ tyres Jt has tb prevent the downwar slipping - Sts magnitude is equal te mg in upward divection, fitof jf J] Fig. Well oF: death Nzmv2 i ¢ mg =fs wv, Force of static. friction C25) Is always tess than o& equa) “ys N- ‘ : fs < UeN mg < He/my> aay we 5 < (Asv2)- Vx 7 v7 > ©9 Us : Venin =! ¥”9 Hs Scanned with CamScanner ©)! Vehicle on a Banked Road & | Banking of -vroadsg The: arrangement of keeping the puke edge of the woad durface inclined with the hesizonta) js called “ banking of voads a Neoso made by the - inclined | fe Angle: oF banking: The ‘angle a a called angie woad Curface with the horizontal ___is of banking. u No NCose | So Nang ee ieee ad fig. vehicle on a banked vo: _| Fig. shows the vert'cal__ sectfon. of vehicle on curved | ood of wadius ‘x’ banted at an angle 6 voith the | hosizontal: Consides, the vehicle to be a point ¢ ‘gnering Foiction nl & non _consesvative forces like aie’ resistance - | There ave two forces acting on “a __vehicleg— _| a) weight Crmg) vertically dotenwards _ b) Noxmal reaction (NM) pedpendiculay to surface ‘of soad. | N_ wsesolve intwo two components :- 1) Nsing - hevizontal component being _ vesultant . must be the necessary CP. farce fi) Neoso - verte component balances weight _ (mg) — »_N ding = mv? , _ force ™g p Dividing eq? O by @, tang = v2 > ©. —— Scanned with CamScanner Vy [a) Most safe “speed - _ foo pastteular veod of adius Ce) ¢ angle of a banking (6) ase fixed from pespendicwar tothe. N esolve ‘inte two components _ Neos 8 fg Nsing Tn practice, vehicle never travel exactly with this Speed. Fox speeds other than this» the components cE fosce of stale. fiichion bet” wands ¢ tures hele —_ surface of soad us upto a certain limit. For speed V, < A rgtane Scanned with CamScanner mq = fssine + Neosg ———(G) —_—— A mvi2z= Nsing- fs cos ——a © ww” Fs sing+ Neos - t ul Putting Fs = UsN _—— a Paes Nsing — Hs Neos | a - ensing -Ncose, povi? Nsine | Dividtn by > v2. Nsino-- Fs cose A Lsnsing RE —| Z ae {ane=4s} [+s tane | Fos Us % tang ymin =0 _ This is true for ough susface _| For speeds va > rgtane = In this case » the ~ dixection of force fis is along the inclination of the read as. Shown in Fig. below ANN CoSS. a Nn + Si _| to-cert on —_Nsinro Sf fs cos __ aI a KE ae ee © ; Fig: Banked: toad supper speed limit: From fig. mg = Neose ~ & sing ——(2 aa a + mie = Nsing +° i —| : 1 ing +f. cos ——) —_ Dividing @ by ©, “| tang+uy » _ (=e tang Scanned with CamScanner a ee - [estan —~ee | eee ~~ | Conical Pendulum ¢ - —~—] Comic) Pendulum is _a simple pendulum which _ era [puch motion that bob describes a horizontal civcte —t g string desevibes Q cone. ibs construction is similas — to an ordinary pendulum. Instead of swinging back | — ¢ forth , the bob of a. conical pendulum moves at a I constant speed in _a_cixcle with the _ string tracing _ out a cone: - ” ti x ' 1o of} aut 7 - f 34 sNews i | pr ‘ _! Te 7 To sin Tosin. moo’ as mg ; mg __4 Fig (a) In an inestial frame _||fig(o).In a:non-inevtial frame — fibove fig. shows the vertical wech'on of _a@ conical 4 pendulum having bob of _mass_m string of _Jength cue 4 al dn given position 8, the ovees acting on the bob are ~ | _-4 ao) It's weight mg. verticals downwards a — b) The force To- along string This To sesolyed into two _cemponents 1) To coso — balances the weight mg 7 al IT. sing - becomes the vetu/tant’ force whieh is the cP force. To sing =. mrw* @ To cote. = mq Scanned with CamScanner Dividing eq” @ by @, wr= 9sine FCs 9 ws [acne __@ { Fcos 8 But, T= 27 wo From eg? @, T=: 97 [ Teose fi 1 gsine _ | i] vol Bom ~ fig. (4) i] ss Losing T= anf L cos — Frequency (nm) = 7 A 7 eeeen se eeeee n= 9 ard Lose @ Vertict Civewlay Motton (ver) a A__hody vevolves in a vestical cixdle such that | its: motion at. aifferent — points — js different , then the | motion of the body 8 __ sad ty be Verhice circulut motion. aor Ex.) voller coasters al a) water buckets on a sting 3) can traveling on hilly rodde. Two types of: vert are obsesved in practice _ o) A contolled vem such as a giant wheel not o| totally controlled only by gsavity 5) vert controlled only by gravity During the motion, ‘these is _ inter conversion _of ¢ gravitational P+ E- , Scanned with CamScanner 0) veavity & | jnt_mass undergsia vertical Cased ¢ Mass Hed to a strin circwlay motion Wider Fig. vestcal cinwdar "Suction . Fig. shows a bob tied to a massless ¢ inextensible sting i+ is whirled along vestical civcle__so_that_beb pesform — VCM: let, m_ be -the mass of an object @ + be: the radius of. .vertica)- ‘civcle: lek, Van be the , velocity: of an which is minimum: Vg-be the velocity of an which is maximum. The forces acing on _ object + point A 3 Centripetal force = mvp_? = oe object at highest __point object at lowest point Ve~ be the velocity at point c. _ at point AR are - _ WD) Tension Th _acHng indownward direction - i) kleig nt rng acting verticdly downward. _ Weight + Tension mg + Ta — Scanned with CamScanner z Th = ma mg Now, the forces acting at point 8 are- 9) Tension Tg_acting _verHeally upwards sL4P) Weight mg acting © vertically downwards . At point 8% mye? = Ta- mg o , _Ta= 8, mg QO - ¥ : a) Linear velocity at . highest point A$ At point A ‘stung becomes __ slack Th =0 £9" O becomes myva> =mg vv Va 19g Scanned with CamScanner b) Linear velocity at lowest point B oon As an object moves orn _ point Ado ee these is dectease in PE. while KE. incteases accosding to Jaro of consesvation of _encagy. “Ct Edeta = TE )ot B _ _ CWE +E Vata = Che +R at thot mvp + mgh, = Lrmv,g + mghg | a = z Pulling va =Jav hyp = ar f hg=o a = = \ mas) + 2 mgr = 1 mv, +o - > 2 a vu 4 ogre = 1 m1 7 xo 4b ome a ©)| Linear velocity at midpoint c: Accomling to law of consewvation of eneegy _ CTE Jat g@ = CTE Dab e CGE +P Eat 8 = ChE +p-E Jat ecg 2. = J my? +mgh Ei LmVe + _mgh», > ~ E Putting Ve = Joy hg = 0 p he=® — ; . J Scanned with CamScanner 1 Consider a bob Hed to massless £ ~igid _ eed £ whirled aong__a__ vertical circle ti) The basic difference between the vod the sting is that the sting needs _ LL some tension at oll the points including the Uppesmost point . _ iti) Thus, a cestain minimum Speed is necessary atthe _uppesmost point in the cate of Lstiing In the cote of o ~od r such oa condition ks not _necessa ry 7 W) Thu, zeeo Speed is possible ot the Up pee most point ie. Va =o ' ¢ Linear velocity at Jowest point : Accosding to low of consesvation of eneagy | (TED, = CEN, . a a \mvea2+O = 0 + mg (ar) a VRO = 4g " Ve = 144% L Similarly swelocity at horizontal position is min —_| velocity = forg_ i Also, Tg- Th = 6mg oe —___-_ Scanned with CamScanner ¥~e| Sphere of Deaths _ 9 isis _o popular show ino cimus. Jt the wall of death, buf in this ack vertically as well as horizontally . 1$_similag ty widers can loop | During this, ttwo~ wheeler wider undergo mounds a hollow sphere. Starting with small horizontal circle they eventually —peafoxm wevolubons along verh: cixdel 3 This_ver is same as that of the point mais ted to the string, except that the force dae to fension| i Tis seplaced by the nosmal reacton force NN. 4)] The _ linear speed is more for _Jarger ciscles but angulat Speed Cfrequency ) is more for ymaller Cw | starting os stopping) 7 circles Cwhile | Vehicle at the top of Convex _over-briclge ¢ aN -C Tt > | ‘a mgt | “\ convex over bridge [ _ | ot Fig: vehicle on a conver over bridge Fig. shows a vehicle ot ‘the top of a conver over- bridge. | 2| During its mation , forces actng on _the vehicle_ave- a) Wetght Cmgq) in downward direchon b) Normal reaction ~yce_ (CN) in -upward _dlirechon [The resultant of these _two must __prowde tthe’ necessary centripeto! force. mg -N = mv er As speed is Increased, N goes 00 - deceeasing- Thus Pe ra 2 maintaining contact N=o , mg = ~ — aleg. — Scanned with CamScanner Moments of Inertia as an ahalogous quantity fy mass 3 In expression of ‘Nnear momentum . force ¢ Es Mass » ig a common team. In order to have theis rotation” analogues we need a replacement for_mass. Te know > this let ug derive an _exprecsion for sotattona) k Ge ws fl (TN A) Eqn '® is andegous | to teanslationa)_ a ke. = fmv* * _ 2 __t a Thus, I'S defined to be the moment of Inertia Yn. 2 _ Leremisy — ti 4 Also, I cob be -jexpressed fm terms of _ integuation —F r= Ck dm 4 z 4 eS *| Moment of Inesta — of “a uniform’ ing & US Consides a unifoom ting of mass 11 @ sadius R wotating about an axis passing through centee oF | alving 2 _pespendicwlax tr the plane of the ing. M.t: of uniform ring rotating about an ari passing through point O is r={R%dm __ T Zs 2 T= pg a Scanned with CamScanner _ | qh BS SN i oN 7 | ; ; — Figs t1T.0f a sing —.) © |Moment of nesta of A uniform discs a ——~ Consider a. teniform disc of mass § radius R n[otating aboub ox axis which ic perperdicdae 4p its plane € passing through its copie, Surface density («) = Moss = M_- 7 area TR As i+ is a uniform — drcwar object, it can be considered +t be consisting of a nambee of concentele wings of sadii increasing » from zee te R: one of such wing ef mass dm is shown by shaded portion. a | Elemental sing (ax FI Z - Fig. MI. of 0 disc let w 2 dy be the: wading: & width ef the ving ——_|hrea_ of. this ting A= one.de = Sg = Mase = dm Orla onda pdm 2s xr.dy ; Se, Scanned with CamScanner Pe Reka | + + By def? of moment of inerhia (with 7 ‘mit obe) o = wr. Im be de : re 3S “ss R 2 — T = ae fyodx Sa Tome (4th a Ca Jo T= ave [ai| 10] M4 J Es amx My et ; | wR? 4 = T= mre? | 2 Radius of Guyration 2 The sadiue of gyration of a body about a given axis oF sotation’ is defined as the distance] between the aris of -wotation 2 a point at which the whole mace of the body can be supposed to bel conentrated So ag to possess the same moment of jnestia as that of the -body ors meh : fe. pee Lf ra) fl “kK e/L- CE +m : Soe] —*/ The distance: Kis called om eee radius of qyvation- S-T- unit of radius of a gyration is =m = [met] a Dimensions” of Ls Fig. radius of gyration —— Scanned with CamScanner ares + Theovem of fawallel be Stolements _ The moment of inerHa CIo) ef a rigid bed abot any axic is equal to the sum of = [8 itis moment of inertia CTo) about an axis parallel to the given aris » Passing through the centee of mass ¢ » ff) the product oF the mass of the object PF the square of the distance between the | two axes Cmh2) , Ip = Ic+ hr _ Proofs m A dyte__ 1 5¢ (oo ZA =a . a ! 4 | : Fig. Theovern ‘of parqhe| axes Consider, the wigid body of mags MM _attating 4 about an axis “passing through _‘o'. Let ‘ci be the centre of magi of the body. To be the Mt of the body about an aris passing through © 4 Te be the m3: oF the body about parallel oS passing through ¢ , oc =h be the distance bet” two paralle) axes: —| _ Consider, a particle of “mass. dm at point pe of f cp - Draw. | pexpend war pa tp oc Scanned with CamScanner nt cadet |r ee — > | (oe)? = (o@s*+ Cea)™ aes oe (py*= Coct c@)*+ Cpa)” La. @p*s Wort+ 206: c@ +cat (pa a = (0c)? + 2 0¢-cq + Ccpy> on aa —— — As Cea)? + (P@) = Copp Multplying by dm ¢ integrating we get, SCop*dm = Joo? dmt {roc cadm-+ § Cer) 2dm _| By def? : _] Io=Cop)7dm 9 putting oc=h, - Ic = ( cc)? dm fdm = Me= total mass Eqn © becomes To = tth>+ 2h (¢qadmt Te Te = Te + Mh* vias (cqdm=o Hence the prook © | Theosen- of Pexpendiculas axes $ Statement % x The moment of inertla of a plane lamina about an axis _pespendiculas to ite plane is equal to the sum of its moment of inevtias about two mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina ¢ intersecting at _the poiri al here the perpendiatar axes cats the lamina: Iz = Ix+ Iy Proof 2 let, ox ¢@ oy be the to mutually pespendiculae axeg in the plane of the Jamina- let 10% bee __| the axss. passing through their point of _inte&=_] section ‘0’ @ pexpendialat to their plane. let, Sxo Sys 9 dz be the moment of inestlas - oF the _ lamina about , ox, of $.0% axes wespectively. Scanned with CamScanner OH Consider G&__ particle of mass dm situated at point Pp with co-ordinates Cx ,y> ~Join oP Draw prt te x-axis 2 PN Lt tw Y-axis Lets PN = ome ~ 29 pm=on=y /. QE him | - SI x Fig. heovem of _ pespendicular _ axes f Feom fig , Cop)? = Com)? + Cpr? A FS oer + y? a Multiplying by dm ¢ integsating Wwe get» - fxtdm = foetdm + fy? dm @ | Hence, the proof. By def? of moment of inertia about x, Yer | Axe. Ie = Sy*dr Tq S 2% 'dm Tz= fx2dm Eqn @_ becomes, 2 T2= Tet Jy rT Angular momentum ox moment The quantity angular momentum Vinear momentum. oF MNreqe rome! IS analogous +? Jf P is the instantaneous linear momentum of ® particle eandestakin . i 2G __civewar moti ; ; momentum ie giv, often 2 Hts angulat . “= Given by J ta rxP ~ Scanned with CamScanner | —+ _{ Moment of inestias [Comiinl res [pate t= wpsing i where © iS the smaller angle bet FP ¢ > Expression for angular rmomentam in terms of _ Fig. Expression for angular momentum Consider a _sigid body wotating with a uniform _ angular velocity Cw) about a fixed axis passing le [Vem with “same angulat. velocity w.. through point 0: i Suppose “thet, the body consists of 1 pasticles of masses M1 5™M2,Mso---Mn situated at distances Bry ¥2,7Q, --- Mh Saspectively from aris of sotation: Ke the body - rotates 5 all. “the... pashicles _perfirm Consider, St particle of mass mis Its linear momentum iS Pp= mV) = mew Anqular momentum of first particle is VY srw Lis Ppt = MiMwery Chee. by = min? Similarly , for 204 pattie angular momentum is Lo = mat w Scanned with CamScanner For 32d _pastidle it_is ——— bg = mgoo wo and so on. Li Total angular momentum (L) of rotating L=bj+ly+ba+--- +h ; Lom ator mm, SOF Tip OF Frnt Lefmr2 +more +t Mot?) W = ? Emin} J Le [w whee, T= Lrmjy* = moment of _ineeHa Expression for torque in, teams oF moment of ineetias Consider, a sigid body wotating about a Fixed agls . = A aE : Passing through point _o with wnifoym _angwat___ once Cakyerries “6 = oe Fig. Expression | for torque ‘ | | Suppose that’. the body consists of: p-paahiles E Masses Mm Mo jm... My Situated at distances — Sisto, T9110: my sespectively from the axie of sotation « = let_ fi ofa) f3, 1. fn be jhe forces exacting on xf Paxtcleg. | f Consider, fisst partie of mags im, - The _I'neat QccN of thie pashde ig iE HHT Scanned with CamScanner 1 osce a chin on 1st article is 4 | fiz may fe Fle WH) Hie | Torque T= fio _ =m, we ian Similarly torque acting on and particle Tez mera : Foe 34 particle Tale. Masso £ SO_on- “Tota tesque acting on body ig, CHT Tp ttgt +: +, THM A+ Mos K +Magte-at.-- + mprien Te (meet mare 4 tpt?) & THE ma bee re Tein aes 2 aaeT) where, T= J msi = moment of _ inerta ye! athe. velabhon T= Ia is andogous toy f= ma fre a | Conservation of angulae momentum 3 the _teanvlationa) motion. Tloment of _inettia “CD) is analogous tp _ mass which is its physical significance. Statement : LF no exterfa) _fysque acks on a body ther angulat momentum of the body remains constant Proofs Angulae mornentum. of system is_giver by, Te xp Ditferentiaking wir £. time we gets Scanned with CamScanner Le > d dCs ¢p) = dt = dt Vo PsP, arp - dt dt dt | Bu} we know that, dv =v € dpe Ad at We Py Pt Pxm dt aUxPtmx (Pr but, VxVeco @ PxP=Tt a. AC: ta, i dt | That if Pro dt eo dt Le constant je angular momentum is: consesved, D Bablet dancers 2) Diving in a swimming § pool 8) Acwobat in a efreus 4) Ice skating @ | Rolling Motions Owe quite often = seen ty perform — rollin motion as’ well” as sotatonal — meten Hi)[Tota) ke of solling body is ng - Total Ie. £- = Translational ‘RE +. Rotational _(-€ Scanned with CamScanner 4 —f | Examples of conservation -- of angbldy more _-+4 Di The objects like CYlinden, sphewe , cwheel &! motto ii) When body solls_ it has beth tranclahonal 1 lineas acceleration P speed while puse _volling down an __inclined _planez Considee, a sigid object of mass mM 2 «adius R solling down 09 an __jnclined plane _ without slipping. lek, © be the angle bet? inclined plane cp horizontal surface. ae ' Fig. Rolling aleng a plane As the object _stasts _solling down , ths gravitatonal PE. convested int? fb E- (CE = PE a Kr\- bh _ {fw (445) ry yf 2b [re \ Rt] Linear distance travelled is, al g=ih sing _ By 37d kinematical eg = Scanned with CamScanner - ve-yur= 2a otf ais _linear acer | : along *e plan [Putting s=h ,uzo 2 v=[2gh | sing 2 - fiat) We get, I Rey | nef 2 + : rel (| 4k2\ — XO pe) - a= Qsino __ = | (+k? \ - - Re - a Fos pure sliding without _feretion the ‘ace? _ iS gsing @ final velocity is Jagh __| Thus, duwing puxe rolling , the factoe C2) hs effective fer both the expression ee Scanned with CamScanner

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