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Rotational Dynamics class 12 physics hsc Maharashtra board notes
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54 viewsRotational Dynamics
Rotational Dynamics class 12 physics hsc Maharashtra board notes
Uploaded by
anshulhatwar8207Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 39
|. Rotational Dynamics
* ciyaway motion:
Hoon of an object
is called civculay motion-
n Netty: go> round.
along 4he civcumference of a civcle
€9, pevson moving 3
« Kinematics of civcway motion
Fuyadius vector
B= angular displacement 8
# Angular displacement is a vector 3
quantity only if it is very smal).
> ST. unit of 8 + Yadian Crad)
+ Angular velocity () :
Average Angular velo city = Angular displacement
time
> average value
+ Tostantaneous angwiar velocity = dB
dt
— instantaneous Value.
* angular velocity shows how Fast obecr is moving in
cide.
# ST. unit of wt Tod/s # W is a Vetor quankty
+ Anguiay acelevation Co)
Average ang wor aceleration = Change in angway velocity
Aime
es
x=
{
&
t Trstantancous angular acceleredion
AST UNE OF ff Yad] 52,
\
>.
* ff is a vector quantity
“Right Hand _thurnk vale
El
AL
' h- when W decreased
* 6 w always have Same clirectiony. Direction is given by
night hand thumb wwe .
kg is in the direction of Baw if 1 mmercases
3 ys in opposite divecHen if ‘Ww decreased-
#1
¢ Uniform circWar Holien:
f the Speed of the
Molen (uc).
Fon
particle Femains con stant
Tr ciyculay moto
Ye is called Uniform creway
eg. Notion of particle of a yroroding
uniformly.
=<
# In Uniform Cirelay Molen
= only direction ok Velodty changes ob
eyery 1NStank
~> velo chy 1S always tongentia to its Poth.
> AcelevaHon in VGH. is Centripetal accdevasion
also Called vadial actdevation denoted by
BoB
whith changes
divechan of
Nelo city. > Centripea acceleradion is directed towards the centre a
of the civde-
3 Pagulay velocity (iB) Yemains constant in UCM.
> Magnitude of centripetal Cvadial) acceleration 1S constant 19 U.GM.
+ Uniform ‘Circulay MoHon is a perioclic motion.
T period of evolution of UCM.
T= 2ar
Vv
Tn dyeway motien
a 2a
yw
OOM.
T= 2 : ’
a ST.unit of Period + second (S)
Frequency (9) of vyevol tion is given
by
oT. unit of frequency + hertz CH2)
« other units of Frequency
\eps =! Ht cps = cyclers per second
z ioure,
\vps 2EH2 = \ cps eypm = Yevoludiens per secand
\vpm =) Tes CHeD s¥ps = Yevolusions per second
= 60 7PM
iags che) 607%P % ¥ps, PS and Hz all are
Same.
«Note: In cvaay moten 4
pere Y7 Posidien vector
TE Vis tadius vector then in Magnitude [V=YW}.., (: F718 ) - pon Uniform Civeuday moon, v
+ circular mokon in which speed is
not constant is called Non-Uniform civeulay oy
motion.
eg. motion OF pariicles & Pan immediately
Switched ON oY OFF.
* In non-uniform civeway motion
> divecion as well as Velocity both Changed.
7 \docity is tangential
> Centripetal (Yadial) aceelerahion is yesponsible br changing
divection of velo cty (eentyipetad accel exaton a)
= Tangential acceleration (44) which is dither in the divedion
oY opposite to the diveckon of Velocity.
Fanguuial accderation changes the mognitude of Velocity,
formu s
> Magnitude of certviperal (yeeligh) aceleyation G. or @ is
not constant -
NOTE: Roth Uniform and non-uniform ciraday MoHony are
Accelevatien accelerated motier\. ean
Tn UCM. there 1s accelevakon due to Change in dnecien
at wos]
+ centripdal accderaion: a= Why Qt wy
>
Ba Tangential acceleration : az¥a | ge dv
dt
=
+ TE A= constant then Linemaxical equesions for circulay motion
can be used.
Ws wt ht
srtsere es NEUtat
= W,t+ Lat™
B= Utt boat seutttlate
r= wet 208 too For lineay
Vos u4 2ac moter
(WB Eanes satan + Dynamics oF dyculay motien
PROD URS ers eee
“K Centyipetad Force :
Force acting on Particle in ciyeway motion along the
yadius divected towards the centye Which is yesponsible for
centripetal acceleration is Called combviperad force .
> centripetal force Cin Magnitude)
E> ma,
oye muty 9 --e- (a, =utr) —
eoemve =e
¥ Ca. E )
Fep = mwv A (q,-wv)
To Vector form ,
Pe-muwt¥ (-Ve sign Shows that Yadius vedor Y
a and cenmvipetal force fp ave iN opposite
divectons)
> Tris a veal Force
> TH produces centyipetal (¥adial) actelevatien .which iS
Yebponsible for change in divecHon of velocity.
* centrifuga) Force !
centrifugal force iS a non-read
pseudo force acting on a body in
yotaling frame of veference ov ie :
Frame of yefesence in circwlar motion
Cron- inertial frame) along the radius
divected Qway from the centre. Tt is given by
75 >_ =>
ie Be muty Bond ¥ are in the same
a Magnitude direction .
fg = muty = muy = may (m-smass of body) > Te is a non-real pseudo force
= Te is not imaginary force . A force Measuring instrument
can vecord it-
e Vehicle on a CuYVed horizonta) Civ tulay 4Yack (road)
considey a Vehide of mass ‘m moving on cys ved
horizontal Hack of yadius Y- Forces acting on the Vehide
aye as Follows
iy Weight mg vertically downwards N
ii) Norma) yeackon ‘N’ Vertically
Upwarels.
iii) Stakic frichon between vood tyre. © Friction
Weight mg is balanced by normal yeaction N
Fricton & acs as Centvipeted Dvew
uh)
a N=mg —@
f= my2
wt _@
Frickon has Upper limit hence Speed also has upper limit
For maximum frichen $s =UN —® (as Pee
maxim Safely Speed Ve Veseip —@) Of Steuic
pur O kD in @® fadion)
7 er = Ving
3 Y
Y
Fg = thay
XY
6 Vinax = AY + Well of death
consider 4 vehicle of mass‘ m mou
in horizontal civcles OF yadius
in a cylindyical wall:
Fores cicting on the Vehicle.
co
f
mi
1) weight mg vertically downwards Ke a
i) Fricken vertically upwards
iii) Normal veacken N towards the centre.
Frickion P balancey the Weight mg
‘NW’ atts as centripetcd force
Fest §-mg —O
N= mv? —@
. oo nel ov capa :
Static friction ‘f’ le» than, its Maximum Value Prag
BSF
max
P Stake Prickon between tyres OF vehicle and yoad provides
centripetal force while taking a turn on horizontal Yoad-
> But there is limit to Friction Perce and also its Value is
pot constame since vodd js not uniform.
> Hence ib is NOt advisable to depend on Friction. Hence
curved yoads 4% \oanked -
Ganking of voad ' athe process oF tilting of cuyfaces of curved
horizontal with Some angte B- is called
roads with the
banking of yoad-
Ragle_of banking > The 0
cuwed yoad is tilted Ww
s Called ang
of banking [most sag
NI
ngle through which surface of
Yh the horizonict in the proces) of
le of banking (Banking angle).
ec Speed Coptimum Speed)
banicing of Yood 4
“RN COS Nos
© Expression for angle
considey o vehicle of Yass
‘pg moving ena Curved
onked yoad ot ange O- sind
with Speed Vv.
of circle in whith Veh
™
idle is moving .
lor Y= Tadivs
forces acing on jhe Vehicle cre.
iy weight mg downward $-
ji) Novmas ‘reaction N_ perpendicular to Yoad surPace,
neve fricHonal force 1s ignored -
Novmal veacHen 'N" is yesolved into wo components
pDaNicasD vertically upwards whith balances mg
ii) NSINBD hoviagntatty which ads OS centriperel force
*, Neose = ing —-0)
Nsine = mye @
¥ Divide © by ®
« Asing = ANE
Rose
mg
-. tane= ve —@®
8
olan vey
his is expression for angle of banking.
also from @
dono = V7
¥g
yrs Ygtano
vthis 18 the most Safe Spee
which Vehicle can be saFely
ever without Friction -
* Banked road : lower speed Vioit (Vin) +
: aes N Neos
considey Q vehicle of mass im’ :
moving on a banked road at ange
les
@ with speed V. gonacter than
most Safe Speed Vig ton 6
yo
d oy opHmum speed with
driven on curved banked Yoad
tang |
Nwin?O — # TE AG=O | Vpn Vaghand
*Banked Yoad : Upper Speed limit (may)
Nena
Consider a Vehide of mass m
Moving on a curved \banked
oad at Gngle @ with # speed
Vo grecuer than most Safe.
Speed ygtano
fs Neos
NsiNO
Ve Tgtan6 bsp
ms * om
Forces aging on the vehicle
an.
Neos®
Fsin8 +mg
i) weight mg versically, down wares
ji) Norma reaction N perpendicular to Youd surface .
ifi) static Fricien ‘ye along the Toad surface downwards.
ty can be vesolued into +wo components -
iy Noose - verticeulyeorupwords
fi) NsiN® — Horizontal compo nef
£9 can be vesolved into wo components -
1) $sing - Vertically downwards
ii) Foose - Horizontal) component
ncose balances (Fsine+ mg)
(Nsine+t Fcosp) acts as centripetal force Neose = #5196 + mg — oO
Nsinet Fcose = mY*__@
Y
Rem ©
Neose -Fsine = mg —@)
guide © bg ®
“ONSingt F Cos yave
NSMOy TT > oy
meose- FING Wg
sine + Feos® Ve
Neose-Psing § -¥g
Foy maximum, ‘speed V=Umax Pridiém is Maximum
€ F* Finax = SN
a @ becermes
Aising 4 Men cose = sy
Roose ~MsM sind YG
pwiAGEBBs pivide rwmeratoy © denominaby in RHs- by CSB
-g0n0+ He = Vr
1 Uy tan xg
1 8 (ene)
NOTES se Ustang =! Then Ving =
je. Ms = OCB | Vina = 0
Hogimurn vol of Ms is 4
For (UongZ! CoLB=! = ‘
(a or OF 4S? For BUS Yat
# For MeO, Vmax? «| Tgtane Conical pendubum * x
A pendulum in which string moves along the surface of
a yighk civculay cone of Vertical axis and the poitt Objed Called 3
bob performs Uniform horizontad circular motion. is called
conical pendulum. ke
Tene period ond Frequency ot a
Conteod pend ulin
Considey motion of a Coniccd pencdrlum J, Tose
Whose bob has mass mm. LengHn of the
Siving is L A Ty is Hnsion in the
c
String. © is Semi-vevHcal angle of conc.
her Y= Yadius of civele [caso mg
0) = ANguiar Velo Oy of bob
T= Period of yevolutien sine
N= frequency of vevolutien . mg,
Forces acting on the bob are.
ip rg Vertically down wards
¥) Tension Te aleng the string
‘qv can be vesolued into 4wo components .
i) To COS -Vertically upwards which balances the weight mg,
Ti) T,SINO- Hovizontoy component ackog as centripeted Povce_
. Tecose = mg —H
T, SiN® = muy —@)
@-0
o Asine — hwy
Yoso ~g
— ae
== N=o
“eG @ becomes
0 = mg- May
Y
AV ae =
res
Ni = a4
| Neva = V15, * Moment of inertia as an analogous quantity for mass
* Gepression for rotakionas Kinetic sony
Considey 2 rigid body yorasing With e
a comtant angular Velocity ‘Ww’ abouk
an axis gerpendicway to plane oF
Paper.
Lap the massed OF partide be
mM, M2)... My ond their perpendicwar
distances from axis be %,%)--%w
reespecHucly
Each particle perform Uniform Civcwar Notion
with speed VEYW
<< Rotatenal Kindic energy
2 2
Ee Amyr+ im + vee Li Vy
L L
2 Jen, crt 4m) at Ly (yu)
L, et
=) mvew™ Lm t~ +5 mtn w
21 (angre eens * ma) &
2
aM +MY
[ee ae a ~
Te Tey
yeti of the
Tie called moment of
the given axis.
body about
Rotation) KE. — Ege fiu*
avansiotiona) Kk: | E,= 5 MV"
= T (moment of inertia) place the same vole 1n Ytakonal moon
a3 Played by mmass) in Aanslatisnal motion. Homent of inertia of a body is defined as the Sum of the
Produds of each particies Mass and square of itt distance
Brom the axis oF votation. — formula: T= Sm,%~
sT.unit ¢ kg m>
wimensionn, CI] = CMT)
# Moment of inertia of an obeG depends upon
Mass of body Cindividual masses of particles)
2) distvilpution of mass About the axis of YotaHen.
3) orientation of axis:
4) shape & size of bodies with same masr and axis oF rotaten,
* Homent of ineYtia of a ring about an axis Passing
throug ‘its Ceftre and per pendiculay to its planu.
consider a uniform Ting GF mass e— 15S
M and yadius R votaling about its
own axis.
Consider @ malt mass element ‘dm of
ying. Tts muement SF inerHQ dee
eae d= dmr™
Momunt 6 inevHa of ring abour its Own axis
a
i=(ar
eo
u
*
{ame
-
“
R™ Sar
RH
MRE * Homenk of inertia of a Uniform disc ebe ut an axis Passing. 2
Mhrough its Centre and perpendicular to its plane
dx PZ22Z2Z2ZZZ)
Am
dA= 27xdx
7
Consider a unifoym disc of mass M and Yadius R Yotating
Abouk an axis passing through its cere & Perpendicwar +o
its plane. Ler & be the surtace density « o> mass |
Area
Considey a ring 04 mass dm and 4thideness dx ata disgance
% Porm the cettre of disc. Foy this ring Ca Part of disc)
o = Mass
area,
eral
da
dm=odA
dared}
Now , momeRgsearert for his ying about the given axis
dare dmyr
Moment of inerHia of dise
RK
t= lar
oO
(dAsarea of the ‘ving )
Rg
= Samar
° gz
“Ts fg cenndn) x
0
g
= 6-276 J xPdo
0
canpxtyt
4 Jo
= y
= conf ke
oon [Bo]
Ww
Cfor entire 713) * Radius of Gyrasien Ck) ore
Radius of qyvasien of a body abour
an axis of yotakon is defined cx the )
distance between the axis of yotalon
and a poitr at whith the Whole mass ot
the body is Supposed to be concentrated wot
So as to possess the same moment |_."
of ineytig as that Ok the body. R
T= Mk*
a aH Rel
a, M
= vadius of gyration.
ger. unit of radius oF gyvavon > metre Cm)
x Radius of gyvoHen tells us abouk the distribusien of mass
about the axis oF Yotatien.
4 Hence vodius of gyvaton depends on distributien oF mass
about the axis of yotaHon.
% Larger the value of k , forthey is the distribution af
re aa aa (or hallow cylinder)
ass aNe) Yadius , ying has the,
& firong any Objecr of Same m
i Maximum moment OF inertia,
Javqest Yadius of gyvaHen an “Theorem of garallel ons -
Condilien : We Need +W0
Oxeds pavalles 40 each other
With one of them passing
through centre of mass
of the duce:
Stakement ¢
Tt stafes thas” The moment
of ine Ha (1,) of an object about
any axis js the sum of its rnoment of inerti
an axis paraiicl to the given axis and passing rvough
of mass and product of the mass of the object 204 The
square. of Abe distance perween the }wo OX CMh*)
Te Toth”
a CT) abour
he cent
Pook :-
Consider & body oF Mass H, Two parallel Axis parse? throug,
Ar O and core of mass C having moment oF nevi &
Poi
tance ber weed them.
Io and Te vyeapeckively- h is dhe dis
ant am ak a distance Y, and Ve
considey & mass oem
pendiculay +o ON
Bem both the axe® srenpecively. DN is Per
TL= fam 1
E ye
T= fam yy
From the Fight
opt = ON? + NDT
opt = [oct eny"+ ND™
= 0+ 200 (ON) +CNT+ND™
op* = 0c + 2 &e) (eH) + CDM
ra hts 2he+ Te multiply by dm
vodmyr= dmbhi+ dm-zhe + dmy™
Takegyase on both sides
= ht fam + 2h farm +I, —O
Ty
fam =M
Sam% = 0 (Gy definition of centre of mass)
“eg @ \oecomed
Ty = htm 40+ qe
* Theorem of perpendicular aris
Condiien: only applicable fov
laminay Cplanay) bodies, There
are three mutually per pendiculay
and concunutt Ayer, TWo OF them
in the plane of body and third
axed perpendicular 4o the body.
Stouement :-
Se co .
T+ states that, “The moment of inertia CT,) of o laminar
object abowr an axis (Z) perpendicular to its plane is the Sum
of its moment of inertia about two mutually perpendicular
axes (xcand y) in its plane, a the three axes being con Cue
Te= Tatty ProoF: Consider a laminay Object of mass M. Three concument
musualty perpendicular axed % YA 2 have ymomens of jnevna
Tx, y Tz Yespectively. x and y axed are in the plone oF
body and Z-axis is Perpendicular 4o the body .
Consider a rnoss element im aka a pevpendicwar
distance ¥ Prom zaxis ,% and y From yk % axed
sweapectively
From athe figure.
op = oNt4N pr fp cpurhageyes Fheovem
op= ¥
ON=HP=Y
Nex
_ eg@ becomes
ats ya ae
muttply by am
dmy = damny™ + dm x*
Tnkegrasing we gtk
Samy = Jamy> + fama — 3®
Now Jam ye T2 , (amy? ek, Samoet= Jy
“9 @® becomes
§ [ees] *Bnguiay_mo mentum
~
° for a particle with linear momentun Pe my , angular
2
momentum (7) is defined as Vector product of ¥and P.
F is posion vector from the axis of yotation.
pemv
[. Angular momentum is
calauakd abou 07)
> 33
Angwar momentum abouk O = L= xP
Tn magnitude —@ L= FPsing
Q> smaller angle between Yo and p
ST. unit of angwar momentum ¢ Kqm?ss! oy kg m*/s
Dimension: ELI= Cm st-']
° Expression ‘ov anguiay momentum in terms of moment
of TnerHq
er Angaar momen A a rotating body
consider a rigid body rotating
about an axis with Constet angwar
Nelo uty Ww.
Tt consis GF N partes at
a perpendicwar distance Y), My Th
frem the axis oF votatien moving
AN circles With speeds Wy Va... Vy ‘vespectively
They haye Masses Mp Mr, «++ Mn vespechyely.
Anguiay momentum of body is the sum E
angulay mpmentum of each part de.
Leliabtentn
=7PSING +%,P, SiNgy'+--+ FP Singo" —.... CF and P arc
= TP tat + FP ea
b= Koy tte +t YaMnVn, LEHI OVW) + BRM CHW) 4. EY My HW) Vers)
= mytwtmrwt + MV w
Le (my amy tt May)
aera) (wher T= my ttn MAY yh
T=moment of inertia )
‘2 is analogous to ‘p* in vespecive motiens.
« Torque
peu a particle experiencing force F Jorque is defined
os) rogue OF position Veoy Brom axis of rotation F and
force F.
2
Jorque about O
eye
C= VXF
In _-
= ¥FSING
“* Smaller angle berween ¥ and )
[+ Torque is Calowloded cour ol
sx unit of t3 Nm
Dimensiow. C= CML 1777 © Expression of tovque in terms of momentum of inerHa
« Torque ona rotoding boty 5c
consider 4 yigid body rotating >
About an axis with constanr
angway aceleraHon x. Tr
consists OF 1 particles having
massed M, My --1My at a
perPendicway distance ¥,%...%_
From axis exPeriencing JangenHat
fovees FA, Fr.
Parlides have tangesial acelevation 9%, ---4n.
Tangertiak accelertion Q=¥aK
Torque on body
aoe Cane ean
=F singo’ +. FSin90'+ wot TeFysinap® ...(Fand F
=v f\4 Vite +a One Perpendicular)
= Mat Nam gy r-*%MnIe wee CF May
= Hem CH, A)A RMAF FMM Cn K)
= my yeae TMP OC + ADK
= fringes me ot Moyo) of
(where Te MyP+MYy +. FMAH_E
alaucdeslsck
r= Zmre )
Woke? T= Tq
i 33
Fema
Morque is analogous ty fovec. * Conservahon of angular _momensum -
+ Principle of conservation of angular momentum States thar
in the absence of external unbalanted torque
angular momentum of the system ~Gosbadgs is conserved.
rf Tact =0 then “Le constank
_Explanasion :
= °
2 TF hy70 9 Al =o ie. ve Constant
at
TE external Jorque Eye=0 | L= constant .
This is Principle of conservation of angular mamedum. * Exameles of ConserVakon of angulay momentum
+ Baller dance
+ acrobat 19 civCUs
+ ice Skoking
* diving in Q Swimming Pool
In ali thebe cages consevucuion of angwar momentum Can
Yr Bow be seen.
4) Baller danceys :-
Anguiay momentum L=Iw =constantr Tt Gy =O
When baller dancers jake rounds of smaller yadii ,theiy
moment of inertia decreases aS they come closer
Systern’s
, Le Tw= comsank as FT deckoucy
do centre. SiNCe Texy = 0
up increases e+ anguay volo dty incrtares
* Uphen, dancers move away 40 tke rounds oF ouker circles
hey ovsastrerth they legs anc ATMS 4o sECrarse momen
of weexcinerHa Which decreased angwor velocity.
2) DWing iN Swimnn 00
+ om the diving board, divers Stretch their body +o
ineeaye meme OF InevHa. Tmmediaidy ater leaving
board ,they Fold they body 40 Yeduce mremenk of inevtiq
whids wersses thelr angular velo city (due to Conseryation
of angquiay memenkus) -
ater they Strech their body to %
ineyHa A deatase angular VdoGty
in waren -
© Ushile enmering w
jnercae memenk OF
go thar hey have Smooth emg *folling moen
consider an obfcr oF moment
of inertia I vette volling- uniformly.
las y= Lineay Speed Of centre Of Mass.
R= Yadius
W = angwoy vdocity
Verw —@
Me mass of the body Rolling moken = Translahiond) +
Ke vodius of gyvaken Rotakonal moti en
T=mk> —@
: oHen,
Tota Kinekic energy _ TransloHonal + awe Pccue
of volling = Kinetic energy i
E= et
- ~ + tTwr
ZMv 2
L
: rivet) ae) a-from © and ©
=i yve+ LHR
2 a Re
e-gwr [* a]
4 Static frickon is
N= ke Cov volling)
e
R
€9,eRing TeMR™ oe), Fe Wel
ov hollow cylinder R
episc @ THLHR” nF) , Ie eed
goal eyinter PH gD
: fe hee ye eee cy
«solidsphere > 7 ater Sica,
Cdpsrerm? T= 20k ned, Be 2
3 4 a Ge eo
& Rolling of yod 1s Same ad volling of solid cylinder
E. tk A clik: .
3) KEranstation © KEeotction * Keg =! ‘ ‘(e)
eq. For o hollow sphee KY = 2
ee
“KEnanstaion * KE-poration? KEsora = | ae 2 $
ie. 60% k-Ervanstation
4O°K KE. eotodion and
betveeen (ran
onal riotion:
gous qua
Translational motion Rotational motion T
. Symbol -relati
nae Symbol/ Quantity 'ymbo Inter-relation,
expression expression if possible
Linear - Angular - ~
displacement ‘ displacement 8 oF
Linear velocity eee Angular velocity ao V=OxF
dt dt
Linear Angular yg
acceleration acceleration ae
Rotational inertia
Inertia or mass m or moment of Lo |t=fPdm=S my?
inertia
Linear = os ‘Angular ze
momentum ama momentum fas
Force Torque
Work Ww Work
Power pa! fw Power P
dt.
Expressions for moment of inertias for some symmetric cbject
z ? Expression of y
Object fd moment of inertia Figure
Perpendicwar +o p
plane passing
Thin ring or Horvugh come I=MR cre
hollow cylinder ar
Ccentvah axis)
Thin ring Diameter I Sr’ A
| PevPenai Culay to Pa
Annular ring or plane passing 1
thick walled TsoM(34n c
hollow eylinder [WYUGh centre 2it(eis')
Ceentvo) axis) fev pendiowlor to
plane pa 55ing
Uniform dise or
solid cylinder [*hYOUgh Centve
Ccentral axis)
Uniform dise Diameter 1
Diameter
Thin walled
hollow sphere | (central axis y
Diametey
. 2
Solid sphere (control axis) [SMR
Diamdey
Uniform symmetric . I= Zu
spherical shell (Cem axis ) 3." (.
o., Perpendicular to be
Thin uniform rod or | aad eng paula —2—
rectangular plate thovgh oan 2 ee
— Perpendicular to
Thin uniform rod or | emgage tel Me
rectangular plate paced 3
Perpendicular to
Uniform plate rr
orrectangular [PIPE PASSING