Exam 3 Review

Samuel Young

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What is your exam on?

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Exam Materials
7: Balanced equations, gram to gram conversions, stoichiometry with gases,
limiting reactants, yields: theoretical, actual, percent

9: First law of thermodynamics, quantifying heat and work, measuring dE for

chemical reactions, enthalpy, measuring dH, determining enthalpies of reaction
from bond energies, determining enthalpies of reaction from standard enthalpies
of formation

10: Pressure in a gas, gas laws, ideal gas law, standard molar volume, standard
temperature and pressure, partial pressures, gas volume stoichiometry, root mean
square speed, kinetic molecular theory, effusion and diffusion, real gasses

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Equations
Sheet

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Balancing chemical equations
Balancing chemical equations ensures that the number of atoms of each element is the
same on both sides of the equation, reflecting the law of conservation of mass.

To balance an equation, adjust the coefficients (numbers placed before molecules)

without changing the chemical formulas. This process ensures that matter is neither
created nor destroyed in the reaction.

Unbalanced equation:
H2+O2→H2O

Balanced equation:
2H2+O2→2H2O
Problems: Balance the following
1: H2+O2 → H2O

2: CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

3: Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 +Fe

4: KClO3 → KCl + O2

5: N2 + H2 → NH3
Solutions
1: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

2: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 +2H2O

3: 2 Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 +2Fe

4: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

5: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Gram to gram conversions
Gram-to-gram conversions in chemistry involve converting the mass of one substance
in a chemical reaction to the mass of another substance, using the balanced chemical
equation. Here's the process:

1. Convert grams to moles: Use the molar mass of the substance (from the periodic
table) to convert the given mass into moles. moles=mass (g)molar mass (g/mol)
2. Use the mole ratio: From the balanced chemical equation, find the ratio between
the moles of the given substance and the moles of the desired substance.
3. Convert moles back to grams: Finally, convert the moles of the desired
substance back into grams using its molar mass. mass (g)=moles×molar mass
(g/mol)
Practice
Problem 1:
How many grams of water (H₂O) are produced when 8 grams of hydrogen gas (H₂) reacts with excess
oxygen (O₂)?

Problem 2:
If 50 grams of methane (CH₄) is burned, how many grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂) are produced?

Problem 3:
How many grams of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) are formed when 15 grams of aluminum (Al) reacts with
iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃)?

Problem 4:
If 25 grams of potassium chlorate (KClO₃) decomposes, how many grams of oxygen (O₂) are produced?

Problem 5:
How many grams of ammonia (NH₃) are produced when 28 grams of nitrogen gas (N₂) reacts with
hydrogen gas (H₂)?
Solutions

1: 71.33 grams H2O

2: 137.49 grams CO2
3: 28.34 grams of Al2O3
4: 9.79 grams of O2
5: 34.06 grams of NH3
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
using the relationships from a balanced chemical equation.

It helps determine the quantities of substances needed or produced, based on

mole ratios between reactants and products.

Stoichiometry ensures that the law of conservation of mass is followed, allowing

accurate predictions of amounts in chemical reactions.
Problems

1: The number of moles and the mass (in grams) of chlorine, Cl2, required
to react with 10.0 g of sodium metal, Na, to produce sodium chloride,
NaCl.
2Na+Cl2→2NaCl

2: The number of moles and the mass (in kg) of carbon dioxide formed by
the combustion of 20.0 kg of carbon in an excess of diatomic oxygen.
C+O2→CO2
Solutions
1: 2Na+Cl2→2NaCl 0.217 mol Cl2 15.43 g Cl2

2: C+O2→CO2 1666.67 mol CO2 73.3 kg CO2

Limiting reactants
In a chemical reaction, the limiting reactant is the substance that is completely
used up first, stopping the reaction because there's no more of it to react.

The other reactants, present in excess, are left over.

Problems
Combustion of Propane: In a combustion reaction, 5 moles of propane (C3H8) react with
20 moles of oxygen (O2). The balanced equation is: C3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2O
Which reactant is limiting, and how many moles of CO2 are produced?

Reaction of Iron and Sulfur:

In the reaction Fe+S→FeS, 10 grams of iron (Fe) and 5 grams of sulfur (S) are combined.
Determine the limiting reactant and calculate the mass of iron(II) sulfide (FeS) produced.

Formation of Water:
Given 4 moles of hydrogen gas (H2) and 3 moles of oxygen gas (O2), the reaction
2H2+O2→2H2O2 takes place. Identify the limiting reactant and calculate how many moles of
water (H2O) are formed.
Solutions
1:O2 limiting, 12 moles of CO2 produced

2: S, 87.92 g/mol x 0.15g moles= 13.71 grams

3: H2, 4 moles H2O

Yields: Theoretical
Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that could be formed in a
chemical reaction based on the limiting reactant, assuming perfect conditions with
no losses.

It is calculated using stoichiometry from the balanced equation, representing an

ideal amount that is rarely achieved in practice.
Yields: Actual
Actual yield is the measured amount of a product obtained from a chemical
reaction, typically determined through experimental data.

It often differs from the theoretical yield, which is the maximum possible amount of
product calculated based on stoichiometry, due to factors like incomplete
reactions, side reactions, or losses during processing.
Yields: Percent
Percent yield is a measure of the efficiency of a chemical reaction, comparing the
actual yield (the amount of product actually obtained from the reaction) to the
theoretical yield (the maximum amount of product that could be formed, based on
stoichiometry). It’s calculated with this formula:

A percent yield of 100% means the reaction was perfectly efficient, while a lower
yield indicates some loss or incomplete reaction.
First law of thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one
form to another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot
be created nor destroyed, under any circumstances.

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Endo and exothermic
● Exothermic reactions release energy, often as heat, to the surroundings.
This makes the surroundings warmer. Common examples are combustion
and many oxidation reactions.
● Endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings, which cools
down the environment around them. Melting ice and photosynthesis are
examples of endothermic processes.

In essence, exothermic reactions give off energy, while endothermic reactions

require energy input to proceed.
Problems

1. Combustion of Wood
2. Dissolving Ammonium Nitrate (Lab?)
3. Photosynthesis in Plants
4. Rusting of Iron
5. Melting Ice
Solutions

1: Exothermic
2: Endothermic
3: Endothermic
4: Exothermic
5: Endothermic
Yes, I did steal this
slide from the
GOAT, Professor
Statler

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Heat versus temperature
● Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances or systems due to
a temperature difference. It’s a form of energy, measured in joules or calories,
and flows from warmer to cooler objects.
● Temperature, on the other hand, is a measure of the average kinetic energy
of particles in a substance. It indicates how hot or cold something is and is
measured in degrees (Celsius, Fahrenheit) or kelvin.

In short, heat is energy in transfer, while temperature measures the intensity of

heat within a substance.
Heat flow
The equation q=mcΔT describes the heat flow (q) in a substance when it undergoes a
change in temperature. Here's a breakdown of the terms:

● q: The amount of heat energy absorbed or released by the substance (measured in

joules or calories).
● m: The mass of the substance (measured in grams or kilograms).
● c: The specific heat capacity of the substance (measured in joules per gram per degree
Celsius (J/g⋅°C) or calories per gram per degree Celsius (cal/g⋅°C) . This value
indicates how much heat is required to raise the temperature of one gram of the
substance by one degree Celsius.
● ΔT: The change in temperature (final temperature - initial temperature), measured in
degrees Celsius (°C). It can be positive (when the substance is heated) or negative
(when it is cooled).
Problems

1: A 250 g sample of water is heated from 15 °C to 75 °C. Calculate the

amount of heat energy absorbed by the water. (The specific heat capacity
of water is 4.18 J/g⋅°C)
2: A 500 g sample of cooking oil has a specific heat capacity of 2.0 J/g⋅°C.
If the oil is cooled from 120 °C to 80 °C, how much heat is released?
Solutions
1: The water absorbs 62,700 J

2: The oil releases 40,000 J

Determining enthalpies of reaction from bond energies
To determine the enthalpy of a reaction (ΔHreaction) from bond energies, you can use the
following approach:

1. Sum of Bond Energies of Reactants: Calculate the total bond energy for all bonds
broken in the reactants. Breaking bonds requires energy input, so this part is
endothermic.
2. Sum of Bond Energies of Products: Calculate the total bond energy for all bonds
formed in the products. Forming bonds releases energy, so this part is exothermic.
3. Calculate ΔHreaction Use the formula:
ΔHreaction=(Total Bond Energy of Bonds Broken)−(Total Bond Energy of Bonds
Formed)

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ΔHreaction=(Total Bond Energy of Bonds Broken)−(Total Bond Energy of
Bonds Formed)
1: H2+Cl2→2HCl
● H-H bond energy = 436 kJ/mol
● Cl-Cl bond energy = 243 kJ/mol
● H-Cl bond energy = 431 kJ/mol
2: CH4+Cl2→CH3Cl+HCl
● C-H bond energy = 413 kJ/mol
● Cl-Cl bond energy = 243 kJ/mol
● C-Cl bond energy = 338 kJ/mol
● H-Cl bond energy = 431 kJ/mol
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Solutions

1: −183 kJ/mol (exothermic)

2:−113 kJ/mol (exothermic)

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Determining enthalpies of reaction from standard enthalpies
of formation
Steps for success:
1: Identify the Standard Enthalpies of Formation: Find ΔHf∘ values for each reactant and
product. These values represent the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound forms
from its elements in their standard states.

2: Apply the Formula:

ΔHreaction=∑ΔHf∘(products)−∑ΔHf∘(reactants)

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Problems: ΔHreaction=∑ΔHf∘(products)−∑ΔHf∘(reactants)
1: N2+3H2→2NH3
● ΔHf∘ of N2 = 0 kJ/mol
● ΔHf∘ of H2 = 0 kJ/mol
● ΔHf∘ of NH3 = -46 kJ/mol
2: C2H4+3O2→2CO2+2H2O
● ΔHf∘ of C2H4 = 52 kJ/mol
● ΔHf∘of O2 = 0 kJ/mol
● ΔHf∘ of CO2 = -393 kJ/mol
● ΔHf∘ of H2O = -241 kJ/mol

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Solutions

1: −92 kJ (exothermic)
2: −1320 kJ (exothermic)

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Thermal energy transfer
When two substances of different temperature
are combined, thermal energy flows as heat
from the hotter substance to the cooler one.

If we assume that the two substances are

thermally isolated from everything else, then
the heat lost by one substance exactly equals
the heat gained by the other.

Qsystem= -Qsurrounding
Pressure in a gas
Pressure in a gas is the force exerted by gas molecules as they collide with the
walls of their container.

It results from the rapid, random motion of these molecules, with higher
temperature or a smaller container increasing the number and force of collisions,
thus raising the pressure.

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Individual gas laws

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Ideal gas law
The Ideal Gas Law is an equation that describes the relationship between pressure, volume,
temperature, and the number of moles of a gas. It’s given by: PV=nRT

● P is the pressure of the gas,

● V is the volume,
● n is the number of moles,
● R is the ideal gas constant (0.08206 (L atm)/ mol K), and
● T is the temperature in Kelvin.

The law assumes that the gas particles do not interact with each other (no intermolecular forces)
and that the particles occupy negligible space. This model works well for gases at high
temperatures and low pressures, where these assumptions hold closely, making it useful for
calculating and predicting gas behavior under various conditions.

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Problems PV=nRT R= 0.08206
1:A sample of nitrogen gas occupies 5.0 L at a pressure of 2.0 atm and a
temperature of 300 K. How many moles of nitrogen gas are present?

2: A 0.5 mole sample of oxygen gas is at a pressure of 1.5 atm and a temperature
of 350 K. What volume does the gas occupy?

3: A gas sample has a volume of 10.0 L and contains 1.2 moles of gas at a
temperature of 400 K. What is the pressure of the gas in atm?

4: At what temperature will 0.25 moles of helium gas occupy 8.0 L at a pressure of
1.2 atm?

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Solutions
1: n= 0.406 moles

2: V= 9.57 L

3: P= 3.94 atm

4: T= 467.95 K

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Standard Temperature and Pressure
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is a set of conditions commonly
used as a reference point in gas calculations and experiments. The standard
conditions are defined as:

● Temperature: 0 C (or 273.15 K)

● Pressure: 1 atm (or 101.325 kPa)

At STP, the behavior of gases can be accurately predicted using the Ideal Gas
Law, and it allows for consistent comparisons of gas volumes and reactions. For
example, at STP, one mole of an ideal gas occupies approximately 22.4 L

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Standard molar volume
The standard molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of an
ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP). STP is defined using our
standard temperature and pressure.

Lets try to calculate our standard molar volume by using PV=nRT (R= 0.08206)

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Partial pressures
Partial pressure refers to the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture
of gases. According to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, the total pressure of a
gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:

Ptotal=P1+P2+P3+…+Pn

Each gas in the mixture behaves as if it occupies the entire volume alone, exerting
its own pressure regardless of the presence of other gases.

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Problems
1:A 10.0 L container holds a mixture of nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂) gases at a temperature of
300 K. The container has 0.3 moles of N₂ and 0.1 moles of O₂.
Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure in the container. (Assume ideal
gas behavior, and use R=0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)

2: A container holds a mixture of three gases: oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and carbon dioxide
(CO2). The total pressure in the container is 2.0 atm. If the partial pressures of oxygen and
nitrogen are 0.6 atm and 1.1 atm, respectively, what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

3: A 10.0 L container at 298 K contains 0.5 moles of hydrogen gas (H2) and 0.2 moles of helium
gas (He). Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the partial pressures of hydrogen and helium in
the container, as well as the total pressure.

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Solutions

1: PN2: 0.7389atm PO2: 0.2463atm Total: 0.9852atm

2: 0.3atm
3: H2 = 1.22atm, He = 0.49atm, Ptotal= 1.7atm

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Root mean square speed
The root mean square (rms) speed is a
measure of the average speed of gas particles
and reflects the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules. It’s calculated using the formula:
SQRT(3RT/M)

● R is the gas constant, 8.314

● T is the temperature in Kelvin, and
● M is the molar mass of the gas in
kilograms per mole.

In essence, the rms speed provides a way to

quantify the motion of gas molecules, which
increases with temperature and decreases with
increasing molar mass.

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 Problems
1: Calculate the root mean square speed of
oxygen gas (O₂) molecules at 300K . The molar
mass of O₂ is 32.00 g/mol(convert to kg for
calculations).
2: Find the temperature at which nitrogen gas
(N₂) molecules have an rms speed of 500 m/s
The molar mass of N₂ is 28.02 g/mol
3: Helium is a very light gas with a molar mass of
4.00 g/mol Calculate the rms speed of helium
atoms at 273 K

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Solutions

1:483.56m/s
2: 280K
3: 1304.72m/s

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Kinetic molecular theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a model that explains the behavior of gases based on the idea
that gas particles are in constant, random motion. It helps to understand the properties of gases by
making several key assumptions:

1. Particle Motion
2. Negligible Volume
3. No Intermolecular Forces
4. Elastic Collisions
5. Temperature and Kinetic Energy.

KMT helps explain gas laws (like Boyle’s and Charles’s laws) and phenomena such as pressure
and temperature effects on gas behavior.

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Effusion and diffusion
Diffusion is the process by which gas molecules
spread out and mix with other gases. This occurs
because of the random motion of gas particles and
leads to the molecules moving from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration until
they are evenly distributed.

Effusion is the process by which gas molecules

escape through a tiny hole into a vacuum or less
pressurized space. Effusion happens through a
small opening, and the rate of effusion is influenced
by the mass of the gas molecules (lighter gases
effuse faster).

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Rank in terms of diffusion/ effusion

1: He (4 g/mol)
2: H2 (2 g/mol
3: NH3 (17 g/mol)
4: Xe (131 g/mol)
5: O3 (48 g/mol)

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Solutions

2,1,3,5,4

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Density!

In gases, density d is defined as the mass per unit

volume. For an ideal gas, we can calculate density
using the formula:
d= PM/RT
P is the pressure of the gas,
M is the molar mass of the gas,
R is the gas constant, 0.08206 and
T is the temperature in Kelvin.

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Problems
1: Oxygen gas (O2) has a molar mass of 32.00 g/mol. If the gas is at a pressure of
2.00 atm and a temperature of 298 K, calculate its density.

2: An unknown gas has a density of 2.45 g/L at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a
temperature of 300 K. Determine the molar mass of the gas.

3:A gas sample with a molar mass of 44.00 g/mol has a density of 1.96 g/L at a
pressure of 1.50 atm. Calculate the temperature of the gas in Kelvin.

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Solutions

1: 2.61 g/L
2: 60.14 g/mol
3: 412 K

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Real gasses
The faster gasses travel, the less intermolecular forces play a role.

Additionally, the more IMFs gasses participate in the less ideally they behave!

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Thanks for coming!

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