152 Introduction to Convective Heat Transfer Analysis

Nu

FIGURE3.31
1 �----�---- Predicted variation of mean Nusselt number for a
1 10 100 square cylinder with Reynolds number for Pr=
Re 0.7.

3.10
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Some of the commonly used methods for obtaining solutions to problems involving
laminar external flows have been discussed in this chapter. Many such problems can
be treated with adequate accuracy using the boundary layer equations and similar­
ity; integral and numerical methods of solving these equations have been discussed.
A brief discussion of the solution of the full governing equations has also been pre­
sented.

PROBLEMS

3.1. Air flows at a velocity of 9 mis over a wide flat plate that has a length of 6 cm in the
flow direction. The air ahead of the plate has a temperature of I O"C while the surface
of the plate is kept at 70°C. Using the similarity solution results given in this chapter,
plot the variation of local heat transfer rate in W/m2 along the plate and the velocity
and tempenlture profiles in the boundary layer on the plate at a distance of 4 cm from
the leading edge of the plate. Also calculate the mean heat transfer rate from the plate.

3.2. Air at a temperature of 20°C flows at a velocity of 1 mis over a surface which can be
modeled as a wide 30-mm long flat plate. The entire surface of this plate is kept at a
temperature of 6D°C. Plot a graph showing how the local heat transfer rate in W/m2 and
the boundary layer thickness in mm varies along the plate. Also plot the temperature
profile at the trailing edge of the plate. Assume two-dimensional flow.

3.3. Air at a temperature of 40°C flows at a velocity of 5 mis over a surface which can
be modeled as a wide 100-mm long flat plate. The entire surface of this plate is kept
at a temperature of Q°C. Plot a graph showing how the local heat transfer rate varies
along the plate. Also plot the temperature profile in the boundary layer on the plate at
a distance of 60 mm from the leading edge of the plate.

3.4. Air at 300 K � 1 atm flows at a velocity of 2 mis along a flat plate which has a length
of 0.2 m. The plalle is kept at a temperature of 330 K. Plot the variations of the velocity
and thermal boundary layer thicknesses along the plate.
 CHAPTER 3: Some Solutions for External Laminar Forced Convection 153

3.5. Glycetin at a temperature of 30°C flows over a 30-cm long flat plate at a velocity of
l mlsj The surface of the plate is kept at a temperature of 2D°C. Find the mean heat
transfer rate per unit area to the plate.

3.6. Air flows at a velocity of 6 mis over a wide flat plate that has a lenr.th of 2 cm in the flow
direction. There is a uniform heat flux of 3 kW/m2 at the surface of the plate. Using the
similarity solution results, plot the variation of local temperature along the plate. The
air ahead of the plate has a temperature of lD°C.

3. 7. Air flows at a velocity of 8 mis over a wide flat plate that has a length of 10 er, in the
flow direction. The air ahead of the plate has a temperature of lD°C while the surface
of the plate is equal to [10 + 50(x/10)] °C, x being the distance measured along the plate
in cm. Using the similarity solution results, plot the variation of local heat transfer rate
in W/m2 along the plate.

3.8. Air flows at a velocity of 4 mis over a wide flat. plate that has a length of 20 cm
in the flow direction. The temperature of the surface of the plate is given by [30 +
30(xJ20)0.7 ]°C, x being the distance measured along the plate in cm. The air ahead
of the plate has a temperature of 2D°C. Using the similarity solution results, plot the
variation of local heat transfer rate in W/m2 along the plate.

3.9. Air flows at a velocity of 2 mis normal to the axis of a circular cylinder with a diameter
of 2.5 cm. The surface of the cylinder is kept at a uniform surface temperature of 50°C
and the temperature in the air stream ahead of the cylinder is lD°C. Assuming that
the flow is two-dimensional, find the beat transfer rate in the vicinity of the stagnation
point.

3.10. Consider two-dimensional air flow normal to a plane surface. If the initial air tem­
perature is 20° C, the surface temperature 8D°C, and the air velocity in the freestream
ahead of the plate is l mis, plot the variation of heat transfer rate in the vicinity of the
stagnation point.

3.11. Consider laminar forced convective flow over a flat plate at whose surface the heat
transfer rate per unit area. q., is constant. Assuming a Prandtl number of 1, use the in­
tegral equation method to derive an expression for the variation of surface temperature.
Assume two-dimensional flow.

3.12. Air with a temperature of - lD°C flows steadily at a velocity of 8 mis parallel to a flat
plate that is 6 cm long in the flow direction. The first 2 cm of the surface of the plate
is adiabatic and the remainder of the plate surface is kept at a temperature of 50°C.
Assuming two-dimensional flow and using the integral equation result for a plate with
an unheated leading edge section, plot the variation of the heat flux along the heated
portion of the plate.

3.13. Air at 5°C and 70 kPa flows over a flat plate at 6 mis. A heater strip 2.5 cm long is
placed on the plate at a distance of 5 cm from the leading edge. Calculate the heat lost
from the strip per unit depth of plate for a heater surface temperature of 65°C. Use the
appropriate integral equation result

3.14. Air flows parallel to the surface of a flat plate which is unheated (adiabatic) up to a
distance of x0 from the leading edge. Downstream of this point, there is a uniform heat
154 Introduction to Convective Heat Transfer Analysis

flux at the surface of the plate. Assuming steady, two-dimensional, constant prripcny
flow. use the integral method to find the surface temperature along the heated pohion
of the plate. Show that if xo = 0, the local wall temperature is proportional to .t>-f.

3.15. Consider the two-dimensional laminar boundary flow of air over a wide 15-cm long flat
plate whose surface temperature varies linearly fro'll 20°C at the leading edge to 40°C
at the trailing edge. This plate is placed in an airs,ream with a velocity of 2 mis and
a temperature of 10°C. Numerically determine how the surface heat flux varies along
this plate.

3.16. Air flpws at a velocity of 3 mis over a wide flat plate that has a length of 30 cm in the
flow filrection. The air ahead of the plate has a temperature of I 0°C while the surface
temperature of the plate is given by:
x < S cm: Tw = 40"C
5cm<x<25cm: T., = 60°C
25cm<x<30cm: T., = 40"C
By numerically solving the two-dimensional laminar boundary layer equations, deter­
mine bow the local heat transfer rate in W/m2 varies along the plate.

3.17. Numerically determine the heat transfer rate variation with two-dimensional laminar
boundary layer air flow over a flat plate with a uniform heat flux at the surface. Compare
the numerical results with those given by the similarity solution.

3.18. Liquid films are used for cooling in a number of industrial situations. Consider the
following simple case:
Assuming the flow remains laminar and has a boundary layer-like characteristic,
write down the governing equations together with the boundary and initial conditions.
If they coordinate is replaced by the stream function derived by:

Y = f' atf,
Jo u
show that the x-momentum equation becomes:

u�: +vu;�= v(::�r

and write down the boundary conditions in this case. Discuss how you could numeri­
cally solve these equations using the finite difference method.

"oti
Uniform Velocity
Temp. To

FIGVREP3.17