work and energy [68 marks]

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9. [Maximum mark: 1]
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B
10. [Maximum mark: 1]
[1]

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11. [Maximum mark: 14]

(a) [1]

Markscheme

v = ≪√2gh = ≫ √2 × 9. 81 × 28 OR 23.4 «m s−1» ✔

Starting point can be suvat equations or conservation of energy.

Answer must be seen to at least 3 s.f. or correct substitution shown.
Allow 23.7 for use of g = 10

(b)
(b.i) [2]

Markscheme

−2
kg m s
[k] = m
N
2
s
−2
= m
2
s
−2
✔

[k] = kgm
−1
✔

kg m s −2 OR m2 s −2 seen for MP1

(b.ii) [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1
Resistance/drag force/friction increases with speed ✔
 Until it becomes equal to the weight ✔
Net force/acceleration is then zero «and so speed is constant» ✔

ALTERNATE 2
Resistance force increases with speed ✔
Until GPE lost no longer converted to KE ✔
But to thermal energy/work done against resistive force ✔

(c)
(c.i) [1]

Markscheme

28 «m» ✔

Accept range 25 to 31 «m» for those who counted squares

Do not allow displacement or distance travelled. A value is required.

(c.ii) [2]

Markscheme

Alternate 1

mg = kv
2 with v = 9.5 m s−1 ✔

−3
mg
k= « v
2
= 2.7×10

9.5
2
×9.81
=»2.9 × 10−4 ✔

Alternate 2

Determination of acceleration from gradient of a tangent at any point other than t = 0 ✔

Use of mg − kv2 = ma to find k ✔

For example:
Gradient at t = 1 s is 3.9 «m s−2» and speed is 7.4 «m s−1»
−3
mg−ma 2.7×10 ×(9.81 − 3.9)
k=« v
2
= 7.4
2
=»2.9 × 10−4
 Allow 3.0 × 10−4 for use of g = 10.
Allow ECF for MP2 from incorrect read off from graph.
Ignore any units on k.

Do not award MP1 for simply calculating the gradient and equating it to k. For MP1 there needs to be a recognition that the gradient is
the acceleration.
Range for Alternate 2
(2.5 to 3.3) × 10−4

(c.iii) [1]

Markscheme

Any curve starting at a non zero value approaching/reaching zero ✔

Ignore wrong curvature/gradient of curve.

Curve must intersect axis at t = 0

(c.iv) [3]

Markscheme

Energy dissipated is

= 2.7 × 10−3 (9.81 × 28 − × 9.52) »=0.620 «J» ✔

1 1
«mgh − 2
mv t
2
2

Correct reading of time 3.6 «s» ✔

0.620
Power = 3.6
= 0.17 «W» ✔
 Allow ECF from MP2 to MP3 [3]
Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii)

(d) [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1

Δp = «2.7 × 10−3 × (7.8 + 9.5) =» 0.0467 «N s» ✔

Δp
«1.1 = so T = =» 0.042 «s» ✔
0.0467

Δt 1.1

ALTERNATE 2

a=« F

m
=» 1.1

2.7 × 10
−5
= 407 «m s −2» ✔

T = « 9.5407
+ 7.8
=» 0.042 «s» ✔

Watch for ECF from incorrect value of v in cii).

Award [1] for t = 0.076 «s » using an impact speed of 23 m s −1.

12. [Maximum mark: 1]

[1]

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 A

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[1]

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21. [Maximum mark: 1]

[1]

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22. [Maximum mark: 8]

(a) [1]

Markscheme

g OR 9.81 «m s−2» OR acceleration of gravity/due to free fall ✓

 Accept 10 «m s−2».

Ignore sign.

Do not accept bald “gravity”.

Accept answer that indicates tangent of the graph at time t=0.

(b) [3]

Markscheme

Identification of air resistance/drag force «acting upwards» ✓

«that» increases with speed ✓

«until» weight and air resistance cancel out

OR

net force/acceleration becomes zero ✓

A statement as “air resistance increases with speed” scores MP1 and MP2.

(c.i) [3]

Markscheme

«loss in» GPE = 3.4 × 10−5 × 9.81 × 21 «= 7.0 × 10−3» «J»

OR

«gain in» KE = 0.5 × 3.4 × 10−5 × 9.02 «= 1.4 × 10−3» «J» ✓

energy transferred to air «=7.0 × 10−3 − 1.4 × 10−3» = 5.6 × 10−3» «J» ✓

any calculated answer to 2 sf ✓

 Allow [1] through the use of kinematics assuming constant acceleration.

Allow ECF from MP1.

(c.ii) [1]

Markscheme

«gravitational» potential energy «of the raindrop» into thermal/internal energy «of the air» ✓

Accept heat for thermal energy.

Accept into kinetic energy of air particles.

Ignore sound energy.

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[1]

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B
35. [Maximum mark: 10]
(a(i)) [1]

Markscheme

zero ✓

(a(ii)) [2]

Markscheme

Blades exert a downward force on the air ✓

air exerts an equal and opposite force on the blades «by Newton’s third law»
OR
air exerts a reaction force on the blades «by Newton’s third law» ✓

Downward direction required for MP1.

(a(iii)) [3]

Markscheme

«lift force/change of momentum in one second» = 1. 7v ✓

1. 7v = (0. 95 + 0. 45) × 9. 81 ✓

v = 8. 1 « ms
−1
» AND answer expressed to 2 sf only ✓

Allow 8. 2 from g = 10 ms
−2
.

(a(iv)) [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1
 power
1 Δm 1
«=
2
»
2
rate of energy transf er to the air = v = × 1. 7 × 8. 1
2 Δt 2

= 56 «W» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2

8.1
Power « = Force × v ave » = (0. 95 + 0. 45) × 9. 81 ×
2
✓

= 56 «W» ✓

(b) [2]

Markscheme

vertical force = lift force – weight OR = 0. 45 × 9. 81 OR = 4. 4 «N» ✓

acceleration = 0.45×9.81

0.95
= 4. 6 « ms
−2
»✓

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