Calculus 1

MTH 101
Lecture # 15
TECHNIQUES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
Zertaisha Nasir
Mathematics Department,
COMSATS university Islamabad, Wah Campus.
 Recorded Video Link

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d0ekWSthenjreNAb7lEKNxfDeSvTouMQ/view?usp=sharing
REVIEW OF LAST LECTURE
• The derivative
• Equation of tangent line using derivative
• Differentiable function
• Points of non differentiability
• Differentiability implies continuity
• One sided derivative.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

• Techniques of differentiation
• Higher order derivatives
OBJECTIVES
• To learn the techniques to find derivatives of different functions more
efficiently.
• To be able to find the higher order derivatives.
 TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT

Example 1:

d (1) d (5) d ( 2)
 0.
 0,  0,
dx dx dx
2. DERIVATIVES OF POWER FUNCTIONS

any real number

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑑
(𝑥) = 1 𝑥1−1 = 𝑥 0 = 1
𝑑𝑥
 d
Example 2: x   2 x  2 x
2 2 1

dx
d
x   5x
5 4

dx
d
dx
 
2
1
2
1
x  x  x 
1

2
1
1
2

2 x
1
1
2

d
x   
7
7 x 7 1
 7 x 8

dx
d
x   8x
8 7

dx
3. DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT TIMES A FUNCTION:
Example 3: d (4 x ) 4d ( x ) 43 x
3 3

  12 x
 
31 2

dx dx

d  12  d  12 
x  x

dx  
 dx  
 12 x11

d   d 1 
    
dx  x  dx  x 
d
  x  1

dx
 x 2
4.DERIVATIVES OF SUMS AND DIFFERENCES:
 Example 4:

d 6 9 d 6
d
2 x  x   2 x   x  9
d
1  2 x   1  2 x 
d d
dx dx dx dx dx dx
 26 x   (9 x )  d
5 91

 0-2
1
2
x
 12 x  9 x
5 10
dx
 1
1

 -2  x
2

 2
1

x
Example 5: Find dy/dx if y  3x  2 x  5x  9.
8 3

Solution: dy d
 3x  2 x  5 x  9
8 3

dx dx
d d d d
 3x   2 x   5 x  9
8 3

dx dx dx dx
 38x   23x   5(1)  0
7 2

 24 x  6 x  5
7 2
Example 6: At what points, if any does the graph of
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4
have a horizontal tangent line?

Solution: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3
= 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3𝑥 2 − 3 Slope of horizontal
line is zero that is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 𝑑𝑥
=0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 −1=0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
5. DERIVATIVE OF A PRODUCT
Example 7: Find dy/dx, if y  4 x  17 x  x 
2 3

dy d
Solution:  4 x  17 x  x 
2 3

dx dx
d d
 4 x  1 7 x  x  7 x  x  4 x  1
2 3 3 2

dx dx
 4 x  121x  1  7 x  x 8 x 
2 2 3

 84 x  4 x  21x  1  56 x  8 x
4 2 2 4 2

 140 x  9 x  1
4 2
6. DERIVATIVE OF A QUOTIENT
 4x 1
Example 8: Find dy/dx if y
x 5 2

 x  54  (4 x  1)2 x
Solution: 2

dy d  4 x  1 
   x  5 2 2

dx dx  x  5  2

4 x  20  8 x  2 x
2 2



x 5
d
2

4 x  1  (4 x  1) x  5
d 2
   x  5 2 2

 dx dx
x 5
2
 2

 4 x  2 x  20
2


 x  5
Derivative of Derivative of 2
2
numerator denominator
HIGHER DERIVATIVES:

f , f , f , f     f
4 n

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then
A general nth order derivative
dy d
y    f  x  𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑛
dx dx 𝑛
= 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d y d d  d
 f  x 
2 2

y     f  x   and

dx dx  dx
2
 dx
2

d y d 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
 f  x 
3 3

y   𝑑𝑥 𝑛
ቤ 𝑥=𝑥0 =𝑓 𝑛
𝑥0
dx dx
3 3
Example 9:
 Example 10: Find y if y  ax  bx  c where a, b, c
4 2

are constants.
Solution:

dy d
y   ax  bx  c
First 4 2

Order
derivative dx dx
d d d
 ax   bx   c 
4 2

dx dx dx

 4ax  2bx
3

d y d
2

 4ax  2bx 
Second order
derivative y  3

dx dx 2
Continue…
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 3
𝑑
𝑦′′ = 2 = (4𝑎𝑥 ) + (2𝑏𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 12ax  2b
2

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑 2
𝑑
𝑦′′′ = 3 = (12𝑎𝑥 ) + (2𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Third order
derivative
= 24𝑎𝑥
 d2y
Example 11: Find where y  6 x 5
 4 x 2

dx 2 x 1
dy d
Solution:  6 x  4 x  5 2

dx dx
 65 x   42 x 
4

 30 x  8 x 4

d y d
2

 30 x  8 x  4

dx dx 2

 120 x  8 3

d2y
 120(1)  8  112
dx 2 x 1
SUMMARY

A general nth order derivative

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Practice Exercise:

 Calculus by Anton, Exercise: 2.3, question no. 1-24,

33-48.

 Calculus by Anton, Exercise: 2.4, question no. 1-24.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PntoQoZ9q4nvoEwmlu4HlDUWu-HEBaYp/view?usp=sharing