Lab 2 (1)

Lab 2
Parts for This Lab
For parts (or, types of parts, like resistors) that you have already used in Lab 1,
you should be able to pick the parts out from the circuit diagram and find them
in your part kit. This section will discuss parts you have not worked with yet.
These are:
• A raw potato (no kidding!)
• Copper and tin (galvanized) nails
• Red Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), NPN, 2N3904
The potato is NOT supplied in the parts kit, and should be purchased from a
grocery store. It provides the electrolyte for a peculiar form of battery. The
copper and tin (galvanized) nails, form the electrodes of the battery. You could
buy these from a home improvement store, but for your convenience they are
supplied in the parts kit.
Figure 1 - Types of diodes. The three on the right are Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs). The one on the left is a power diode. To the right is the diode circuit
symbol, with A and K on the anode and cathode.
Light Emitting Diodes or LEDs (Figure 1) are the colored plastic bullet-shaped
parts with two parallel leads sticking out the back of the bullet.
Figure 1 - Types of transistors. The left hand lower one is the one in the lab kit.
The large square ones and the large metal cans are power transistors. An NPN
transistor circuit symbol, with Collector, Base and Emitter marked C, B and E
respectively, is on the right side of the figure.
The transistor is the small black plastic part with three leads coming out. The
case is shaped like a cylinder with one side shaved flat. If you look closely you
can find its model number, 2N3904, printed on the flat side.
Procedure 4 (25 points) Experiment Design
Circuit Diagram:
Step of the Procedure
1. Connect the LED in series with a resistor (R) on a breadboard.

2. The anode of the LED connects to the positive terminal of the power
supply, and the cathode connects to one terminal of the resistor.
3. The other terminal of the resistor connects to the negative terminal of the
power supply.
4. Set the power supply to a low voltage and ensure the LED is in on.
5. Gradually increase the power supply voltage in small increments, use the
multimeter to measure V(LED) and I(LED).
Calculate the resistance Rth
VLED
Rth =
ILED
Lab 3
Parts for This Lab
The only new part used in this lab is the

Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch.
Single Pole means that
there is only one moving switch arm.

Double Throw means that the arm can
connect to two different nodes. Figure 1
shows the circuit symbol for an SPDT
switch.
The switch is a black rectangular slide switch with three prongs. The prongs fit
into breadboard holes. When the slide knob is at one end of the switch, the
center prong is connected to the prong at that end, and the prong at the other
end is unconnected (an open circuit).
Procedure 1
1.a
-When the switch is in the down position (2), the capacitor is connected in
parallel with the 20 kΩ resistor. This forms a simple RC circuit.
-A "long time" for this circuit is approximately 100 s (5 time constants), as this is
the time required for the capacitor to reach 99.3% of its final value.
-Therefore, the value of the capacitor voltage Vc when the switch is in the down
position (2) for a long time is
Vc = 9 (V).
1.b
When the switch is in the up position (1), the capacitor is disconnected from the
circuit. Therefore, the voltage across the capacitor will remain the same as it was
when the switch was in the down position (2).
Vc measured: 8.939 V.
1.c
Tim 15 165 180

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
e 0
0.89 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Vc 6 3.7 2.3
6 5 1 9 8 5 7 1 8 5
Graph
Ideal time constant
τ = RC = 20 seconds.
Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:
V(t) = V0 e T ⇒ t(de) ≈ 24.43s

−t
% Error = |Tde−Tid
Tid |
=¿ |(24.43 s - 20 s) / 20 s| × 100% = 22.15%
1.d
Tim 150 16 180

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
e 5
3.5 5.5 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.9 9.9
Vc 8.1 6.8 7.7 8.1 8.4
8 4 8 4 1 6 2
Ideal time constant
τ = RC = 20 seconds.
Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:
V(t) = V0 (1-e T ) ⇒ t(de) ≈ 19.34s

−t
% Error = |Tde−Tid
Tid |
=¿ |(19.34s - 20 s) / 20 s| × 100% = 3.3%

Lab 2 (1)

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Lab 2

Parts for This Lab

• A raw potato (no kidding!)

• Copper and tin (galvanized) nails

• Red Light Emitting Diode (LED)

• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), NPN, 2N3904

Procedure 4 (25 points) Experiment Design

Step of the Procedure

1. Connect the LED in series with a resistor (R) on a breadboard.

Calculate the resistance Rth

Parts for This Lab

The only new part used in this lab is the

there is only one moving switch arm.

Tim 15 165 180

Ideal time constant

Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:

V(t) = V0 e T ⇒ t(de) ≈ 24.43s

Tim 150 16 180

Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:

V(t) = V0 (1-e T ) ⇒ t(de) ≈ 19.34s

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