ch07 Ism PDF

7
Response of First-Order RL and RC

Circuits
Assessment Problems
AP 7.1 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a short
circuit, effectively eliminating the 2 resistor from the circuit.
First combine the 30 and 6 resistors in parallel:

306 = 5
Use voltage division to nd the voltage drop across the parallel resistors:
5
(120) = 75 V
v=
5+3
Now nd the current using Ohms law:
75
v
i(0 ) = = = 12.5 A
6
6
1
1
[b] w(0) = Li2 (0) = (8 103 )(12.5)2 = 625 mJ
2
2
[c] To nd the time constant, we need to nd the equivalent resistance seen by the
inductor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 2 resistor remains
connected to the inductor. Thus,
L
8 103
=
=
= 4 ms
R
2
[d] i(t) = i(0 )et/ = 12.5et/0.004 = 12.5e250t A,
t0
[e] i(5 ms) = 12.5e250(0.005) = 12.5e1.25 = 3.58 A
71
72
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

So w (5 ms) = 12 Li2 (5 ms) = 12 (8) 103 (3.58)2 = 51.3 mJ
w (dis) = 625 51.3 =573.7 mJ
573.7
% dissipated =
100 = 91.8%
625
AP 7.2 [a] First, use the circuit for t < 0 to nd the initial current in the inductor:
Using current division,

10
(6.4) = 4 A
i(0 ) =
10 + 6
Now use the circuit for t > 0 to nd the equivalent resistance seen by the
inductor, and use this value to nd the time constant:
L
0.32
= 0.1 s
=
Req
3.2
Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to nd the current in the
inductor:
i(t) = i(0 )et/ = 4et/0.1 = 4e10t A, t 0
Use current division to nd the current in the 10 resistor:
4
4
(i) = (4e10t ) = 0.8e10t A, t 0+
io (t) =
4 + 10 + 6
20
Req = 4(6 + 10) = 3.2 ,
..
Finally, use Ohms law to nd the voltage drop across the 10 resistor:
vo (t) = 10io = 10(0.8e10t ) = 8e10t V, t 0+
[b] The initial energy stored in the inductor is
1
1
w(0) = Li2 (0 ) = (0.32)(4)2 = 2.56 J
2
2
Find the energy dissipated in the 4 resistor by integrating the power over all
time:
di
t 0+
v4 (t) = L = 0.32(10)(4e10t ) = 12.8e10t V,
dt
Problems
p4 (t) =
w4 (t) =
2
v4
= 40.96e20t W,
4

0
73
t 0+
40.96e20t dt = 2.048 J
Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the 4
resistor:
2.048
% dissipated =
100 = 80%
2.56
AP 7.3 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like an
open circuit.
Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by nding the voltage drop across
the 50 k resistor. First use current division to nd the current through the
50 k resistor:
80 103
(7.5 103 ) = 4 mA
80 103 + 20 103 + 50 103
Use Ohms law to nd the voltage drop:
v(0 ) = (50 103 )i50k = (50 103 )(0.004) = 200 V
i50k =
[b] To nd the time constant, we need to nd the equivalent resistance seen by the
capacitor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 50 k resistor remains
connected to the capacitor. Thus,
= RC = (50 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 20 ms
[c] v(t) = v(0 )et/ = 200et/0.02 = 200e50t V, t 0
1
1
[d] w(0) = Cv 2 = (0.4 106 )(200)2 = 8 mJ
2
2
1
1 2
[e] w(t) = Cv (t) = (0.4 106 )(200e50t )2 = 8e100t mJ
2
2
The initial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains:
8 103 e100t = 2 103 ,
e100t = 4,
t = (ln 4)/100 = 13.86 ms
AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested voltage, vo ,
is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The circuit for t < 0 is
shown below:
74
Find the current in the loop and use it to nd the initial voltage drops across the
two RC circuits:
15
= 0.2 mA,
v5 (0 ) = 4 V,
i=
v1 (0 ) = 8 V
75,000
There are two time constants in the circuit, one for each RC subcircuit. 5 is
the time constant for the 5 F 20 k subcircuit, and 1 is the time constant for
the 1 F 40 k subcircuit:
5 = (20 103 )(5 106 ) = 100 ms;
1 = (40 103 )(1 106 ) = 40 ms
Therefore,
v5 (t) = v5 (0 )et/5 = 4et/0.1 = 4e10t V, t 0
v1 (t) = v1 (0 )et/1 = 8et/0.04 = 8e25t V, t 0
Finally,
vo (t) = v1 (t) + v5 (t) = [8e25t + 4e10t ] V,
t0
[b] Find the value of the voltage at 60 ms for each subcircuit and use the voltage to
nd the energy at 60 ms:
v5 (60 ms) = 4e10(0.06)
v1 (60 ms) = 8e25(0.06)
= 1.79 V,
= 2.20 V
w1 (60 ms) = 12 Cv12 (60 ms) = 12 (1 106 )(1.79)2
= 1.59 J
w5 (60 ms) = 12 Cv52 (60 ms) = 12 (5 106 )(2.20)2
= 12.05 J
w(60 ms) = 1.59 + 12.05 = 13.64 J
Find the initial energy from the initial voltage:
w(0) = w1 (0) + w2 (0) = 12 (1 106 )(8)2 + 12 (5 106 )(4)2 = 72 J
Now calculate the energy dissipated at 60 ms and compare it to the initial
energy:
wdiss = w(0) w(60 ms) = 72 13.64 = 58.36 J
% dissipated = (58.36 106 /72 106 )(100) = 81.05 %
AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in the
inductor:
Problems
75
i(0 ) = 24/2 = 12 A = i(0+ )

Note that i(0 ) = i(0+ ) because the current in an inductor is continuous.
[b] Use the circuit at t = 0+ , shown below, to calculate the voltage drop across the
inductor at 0+ . Note that this is the same as the voltage drop across the 10
resistor, which has current from two sources 8 A from the current source
and 12 A from the initial current through the inductor.
v(0+ ) = 10(8 + 12) = 200 V

[c] To calculate the time constant we need the equivalent resistance seen by the
inductor for t > 0. Only the 10 resistor is connected to the inductor for
t > 0. Thus,
= L/R = (200 103 /10) = 20 ms
[d] To nd i(t), we need to nd the nal value of the current in the inductor. When
the switch has been in position a for a long time, the circuit reduces to the one
below:
Note that the inductor behaves as a short circuit and all of the current from the
8 A source ows through the short circuit. Thus,
if = 8 A
Now,
i(t) = if + [i(0+ ) if ]et/ = 8 + [12 (8)]et/0.02
= 8 + 20e50t A, t 0
[e] To nd v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an inductor:
v(t) = L
di(t)
= (200 103 )(50)(20e50t ) = 200e50t V,
dt
t 0+
76
AP 7.6 [a]
From Example 7.6,

vo (t) = 60 + 90e100t V
Write a KVL equation at the top node and use it to nd the relationship
between vo and vA :
vA
vA + 75
vA vo
+
+
=0
8000
160,000
40,000
20vA 20vo + vA + 4vA + 300 = 0
25vA = 20vo 300
vA = 0.8vo 12
Use the above equation for vA in terms of vo to nd the expression for vA :
vA (t) = 0.8(60 + 90e100t ) 12 = 60 + 72e100t V,
t 0+
[b] t 0+ , since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a resistor.

AP 7.7 [a] Use the circuit shown below, for t < 0, to calculate the initial voltage drop
across the capacitor:
i=
40 103
(10 103 ) = 3.2 mA
125 103
vc (0 ) = (3.2 103 )(25 103 ) = 80 V
so
vc (0+ ) = 80 V
Now use the next circuit, valid for 0 t 10 ms, to calculate vc (t) for that
interval:
Problems
For
77
0 t 100 ms:
= RC = (25 103 )(1 106 ) = 25 ms

vc (t) = vc (0 )et/ = 80e40t V,
0 t 10 ms
[b] Calculate the starting capacitor voltage in the interval t 10 ms, using the
capacitor voltage from the previous interval:
vc (0.01) = 80e40(0.01) = 53.63 V
Now use the next circuit, valid for t 10 ms, to calculate vc (t) for that interval:
For
t 10 ms :
Req = 25 k100 k = 20 k
= Req C = (20 103 )(1 106 ) = 0.02 s
Therefore vc (t) = vc (0.01+ )e(t0.01)/ = 53.63e50(t0.01) V,
t 0.01 s
[c] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 k resistor, integrate the power
absorbed by the resistor over all time. Use the expression p = v 2 /R to
calculate the power absorbed by the resistor.
w25 k =
0.01
0

[80e40t ]2
[53.63e50(t0.01) ]2
dt +
dt = 2.91 mJ
25,000
25,000
0.01
[d] Repeat the process in part (c), but recognize that the voltage across this resistor
is non-zero only for the second interval:
w100 k =

0.01
[53.63e50(t0.01) ]2
dt = 0.29 mJ
100,000
We can check our answers by calculating the initial energy stored in the
capacitor. All of this energy must eventually be dissipated by the 25 k
resistor and the 100 k resistor.
Check:
wstored = (1/2)(1 106 )(80)2 = 3.2 mJ

wdiss = 2.91 + 0.29 = 3.2 mJ
AP 7.8 [a] Note the 30 resistor should be a 3 resistor; the resistor in parallel with the
8 A current source should be 9 .
Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the
inductor; thus, i(0 ) = 0.
At the instant A is closed, i(0+ ) = 0.
78

For 0 t 1 s,
The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (30.8). The current

leaving the 10 V source is
10
= 3.8 A
2 + (30.8)
The nal current in the inductor, which is equal to the current in the 0.8
resistor is
3
(3.8) = 3 A
i() =
3 + 0.8
The resistance seen by the inductor is calculated to nd the time constant:
0.8 + (23) = 2
2
L
= = 1s
R
2
Therefore,
i = i() + [i(0+ ) i()]et/ = 3 3et A,
0 t 1s
For part (b) we need the value of i(t) at t = 1 s:

i(1) = 3 3e1 = 1.896 A
.
[b] For t > 1 s
Use current division to nd the nal value of the current:

9
(8) = 4.8 A
i=
9+6
The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is used to calculate the time
constant:
2
L
=
= 0.8 s
3(9 + 6) = 2.5
=
R
2.5
Problems
79
Therefore,
i = i() + [i(1+ ) i()]e(t1)/
= 4.8 + 6.696e1.25(t1) A,
t1s
AP 7.9 0 t 32 ms:
32103

1 32103
1
1
vo =
10 dt + 0 =
(10t)
=
(320 103 )
RCf 0
RCf
RCf
0
RCf = (200 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 40 103
so
1
= 25
RCf
vo = 25(320 103 ) = 8 V
t 32 ms:
t

1 t
1
1
vo =
5 dy + 8 =
(5y)
+8 =
5(t 32 103 ) + 8
3
3
RCf 3210
RCf
RCf
3210
RCf = (250 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 50 103
so
1
= 20
RCf
vo = 20(5)(t 32 103 ) + 8 = 100t + 11.2

The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:
15 = 100t + 11.2
..
t = 262 ms
710
AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo Vf ]et/ = 2 + (0 + 2)et/
= (160 103 )(10 109 ) = 103 ;
vp = 2 + 2e625t V;
1/ = 625
vn = vp
Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine vo :

vn vo
vn
+
=0
10,000
40,000
.. vo = 5vn = 5vp = 10 + 10e625t V
10 + 10e625t = 5;
e625t = 1/2;
t = ln 2/625 = 1.11 ms
[b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo Vf ]et/ = 2 + (1 + 2)e625t = 2 + 3e625t V
The analysis for vo is the same as in part (a):
vo = 5vp = 10 + 15e625t V
10 + 15e625t = 5;
e625t = 1/3;
t = ln 3/625 = 1.76 ms
Problems
711
Problems
P 7.1
[a] t < 0
2 k6 k = 1.5k
Find the current from the voltage source by combining the resistors in series
and parallel and using Ohms law:
ig (0 ) =
40
= 20 mA
(1500 + 500)
Find the branch currents using current division:

i1 (0 ) =
2000
(0.02) = 5 mA
8000
i2 (0 ) =
6000
(0.02) = 15 mA
8000
[b] The current in an inductor is continuous. Therefore,

i1 (0+ ) = i1 (0 ) = 5 mA
i2 (0+ ) = i1 (0+ ) = 5 mA
[c] =
(when switch is open)
0.4 103
L
=
= 5 105 s;
R
8 103
i1 (t) = i1 (0+ )et/ = 5e20,000t mA,

[d] i2 (t) = i1 (t)
when
1
= 20,000
t0
t 0+
.. i2 (t) = 5e20,000t mA,
t 0+
[e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching operation
forces i2 (0 ) to equal 15 mA and i2 (0+ ) = 5 mA.
P 7.2
[a] i(0) = 60 V/(10 + 5 ) = 4 A

4
L
=
= 80 ms
[b] =
R
45 + 5
712

[c] i = 4et/0.08 = 4e12.5t A,
t0
v1 = 45i = 180e12.5t V
v2 = L
t 0+
di
= (4)(12.5)(4e12.5t ) = 200e12.5t V
dt
t 0+
[d] pdiss = i2 (45) = 720e25t W

wdiss =
t
0
720e25x dx = 720

e25x t
= 28.8 28.8e25t J
25 0
wdiss (40 ms) = 28.8 28.8e1 = 18.205 J

1
w(0) = (4)(4)2 = 32 J
2
18.205
(100) = 56.89%
% dissipated =
32
P 7.3
[a] io (0 ) = 0
since the switch is open for t < 0.
[b] For t = 0 the circuit is:
120 60 = 40
.. ig =
iL (0 ) =
12
= 0.24 A = 240 mA
10 + 40
120
ig = 160 mA
180
[c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:
120 40 = 30
Problems
.. ig =
713
12
= 0.30 A = 300 mA
10 + 30
120
300 = 225 mA
ia =
160
.. io (0+ ) = 225 160 = 65 mA
[d] iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 160 mA
[e] io () = ia = 225 mA
since the switch short circuits the branch containing the 20
[f] iL () = 0,
resistor and the 100 mH inductor.
L
1
100 103
[g] =
= 5 ms;
= 200
=
R
20
.. iL = 0 + (160 0)e200t = 160e200t mA,

[h] vL (0 ) = 0
t0
since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant
[i] Refer to the circuit at t = 0+ and note:

20(0.16) + vL (0+ ) = 0;
[j] vL () = 0,
.. vL (0+ ) = 3.2 V
since the current in the inductor is a constant at t = .
[k] vL (t) = 0 + (3.2 0)e200t = 3.2e200t V,

[l] io = ia iL = 225 160e200t mA,
P 7.4
t 0+
400e5t
v
=R=
= 40
i
10e5t
1
[b] = = 200 ms
5
L
= 200 103
[c] =
R
[a]
L = (200 103 )(40) = 8 H

1
1
[d] w(0) = L[i(0)]2 = (8)(10)2 = 400 J
2
2
[e] wdiss =
t
0
4000e10x dx = 400 400e10t
0.8w(0) = (0.8)(400) = 320 J

400 400e10t = 320
Solving, t = 160.9 ms.
.. e10t = 5
t 0+
714
P 7.5

[a] iL (0) =
12
= 2A
6
io (0+ ) =
12
2 = 6 2 = 4A
2
io () =
12
= 6A
2
[b] iL = 2et/ ;
L
1
= s
R
4
iL = 2e4t A
io = 6 iL = 6 2e4t A,
t 0+
[c] 6 2e4t = 5
1 = 2e4t
.. t = 173.3 ms
e6t = 2
P 7.6
1
w(0) = (30 103 )(32 ) = 135 mJ
2
1
w(0) = 27 mJ
5
iR = 3et/
pdiss = i2R R = 9Re2t/
wdiss =
t
0
wdiss = 9R
R(9)e2x/ dx

e2x/ to
= 4.5 R(e2to / 1) = 4.5L(1 e2to / )
2/ 0
4.5L = (4.5)(30) 103 = 0.135;

1 e2to / =
e2to / = 1.25;
R=
to = 15 s
1
5
2to R
2to
=
= ln 1.25
L ln 1.25
30 103 ln 1.25
=
= 223.14
2to
30 106
Problems
P 7.7
1
[a] w(0) = LIg2
2
wdiss
to
e2t/ to
(2/ ) 0
0
1
1
= Ig2 R (1 e2to / ) = Ig2 L(1 e2to / )
2
2
= w(0)
wdiss =
Ig2 Re2t/ dt = Ig2 R
1 2
1 2
LIg (1 e2to / ) =
LI
2
2 g
1
1 e2to / = ;
e2to / =
(1 )
..
1
2to
;
= ln
(1 )
R=
R(2to )
= ln[1/(1 )]
L
L ln[1/(1 )]
2to
(30 103 ) ln[1/0.8]

30 106
R = 223.14
[b] R =
P 7.8
[a] t < 0
iL (0 ) =
150
(12) = 10 A
180
t0
1.6 103
= 200 106 ;
8
io = 10e5000t A
t0
1/ = 5000
715
716

1
[b] wdel = (1.6 103 )(10)2 = 80 mJ
2
[c] 0.95wdel = 76 mJ
.. 76 103 =
to
0
8(100e10,000t ) dt
to

3
3 10,000t
3
10,000to
. . 76 10 = 80 10 e
)
= 80 10 (1 e
0
.. e10,000to = 4 103
..
P 7.9
so
to = 552.1 s
552.1 106
to
=
= 2.76
200 106
so
to 2.76
For t < 0+
ig =
48
= 6.5 A
6 + (181.5)
iL (0 ) =
18
(6.5) = 6 A = iL (0+ )
18 + 1.5
For t > 0
iL (t) = iL (0+ )et/ A,

=
t0
0.5
L
=
= 0.0125 s;
R
10 + 12.45 + (5426)
iL (t) = 6e80t A,
io (t) =
1
= 80
t0
54
54
(iL (t)) = (6e80t ) = 4.05e80t V,
80
80
t 0+
Problems
P 7.10
From the solution to Problem 7.9,

i54 =
26
(iL ) = 1.95e80t A
80
P54 = 54(i54 )2 = 205.335e160t W
wdiss =
0.0125
0
205.335e160t dt

205.335 160t 0.0125

e
=

160
0
2
= 1.28(1 e ) = 1.11 J
1
wstored = (0.5)(6)2 = 9 mJ.
2
% diss =
P 7.11
1.11
100 = 12.3%
9
[a] t < 0 :
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) =
i =
70
(11.84) = 11.2 A
70 + 4
70
iT = 0.4375iT
160
vT = 30i + iT
(90)(70)
(90)(70)
= 30(0.4375)iT +
iT = 52.5iT
160
160
vT
= RTh = 52.5
iT
717
718
20 103
L
=
= ..
R
52.5
iL = 11.2e2625t A,
[b] vL = L
1
= 2625
t0
diL
= 20 103 (2625)(11.2e2625t ) = 588e2625t V,
dt
[c]
vL = 30i + 90i = 120i

i =
P 7.12
vL
= 4.9e2625t A
120
t 0+
1
w(0) = (20 103 )(11.2)2 = 1254.4 mJ
2
p30i = 30i iL = 30(4.9e2625t )(11.2e2625t ) = 1646.4e5250t W
w30i =

0
1646.4e
% dissipated =
P 7.13
5250t

e5250t
dt = 1646.4
= 313.6mJ
5250 0
313.6
(100) = 25%
1254.4
t<0
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 4 A
t 0+
Problems
t>0
Find Thvenin resistance seen by inductor
iT = 4vT ;
5 103
L
=
= 20 ms;
R
0.25
io = 4e50t A,
vo = L
P 7.14
vT
1
= RTh = = 0.25
iT
4
1/ = 50
t0
dio
= (5 103 )(200e50t ) = e50t V,
dt
t < 0:
iL (0+ ) = 8 A
t 0+
719
720

t > 0:
Re =
=
(10)(40)
+ 10 = 18
50
1
= 250
L
0.072
= 4 ms;
=
Re
18
.. iL = 8e250t A
.. vo = 10iL 0.072
= 64e250t A
P 7.15
t 0+
1
w(0) = (72 103 )(8)2 = 2304 mJ
2
p40 =
w40 =
642 500t
vo2
=
e
= 102.4e500t W
40
40

%diss =
P 7.16
diL
= 80e250t + 144e250t
dt
102.4e500t dt = 204.8 mJ
204.8
(100) = 8.89%
2304
[a] vo (t) = vo (0+ )et/

.. vo (0+ )e110
.. e110
3 /
3 /
= 0.5vo (0+ )
=2
.. =
1 103
L
=
R
ln 2
.. L =
10 103
= 14.43 mH
ln 2
Problems
[b] vo (0+ ) = 10iL (0+ ) = 10(1/10)30 103 = 30 mV
..
vo = 0.03et/ V,
p10 =
t 0+
vo2
= 9 105 e2t/
10
w10 (1 ms) =
103
0+
9 105 e2t/ dt
= 4.5 105 (1 e2(0.001)/ )

=
1
1000 ln 2
..
w10 (1 ms) = 48.69 nJ
1
1
wL (0) = Li2L (0) = (14.43 103 )(3 103 )2 = 64.92 nJ
2
2
%dissipated in 1 ms =
P 7.17
48.69
(100) = 75%
64.92
[a] t < 0 :
t = 0+ :
33 = iab + 9 + 15,
[b] At
iab = 9 A,
t = :
iab = 165/5 = 33 A,
t=
t = 0+
721
722
[c] i1 (0) = 9,
1 =
i2 (0) = 15,
12.5 103
= 2.5 ms
5
3.75 103
1.25 ms
3
2 =
i1 (t) = 9e400t A,
t0
i2 (t) = 15e800t A,
t0
iab = 33 9e400t 15e800t A,
t 0+
33 9e400t 15e800t = 19
14 = 9e400t + 15e800t
Let
x = e400t
..
x2 = e800t
Substituting,
15x2 + 9x 14 = 0 so
..
P 7.18
t=
x = 0.7116 = e400t
[ln(1/0.7116)]
= 850.6 s
400
[a] t < 0
1 k4 k = 0.8 k
20 k80 k = 16 k
(105 103 )(0.8 103 ) = 84 V
Problems
iL (0 ) =
84
= 5 mA
16,800
t>0
6
L
=
103 = 250 s;
R
24
iL (t) = 5e4000t mA,
1
= 4000
t0
p4k = 25 106 e8000t (4000) = 0.10e8000t W

wdiss =
t
0
0.10e8000x dx = 12.5 106 [1 e8000t ] J
1
w(0) = (6)(25 106 ) = 75 J
2
0.10w(0) = 7.5 J
12.5(1 e8000t ) = 7.5;
t=
.. e8000t = 2.5
ln 2.5
= 114.54 s
8000
[b] wdiss (total) = 75(1 e8000t ) J

wdiss (114.54 s) = 45 J
% = (45/75)(100) = 60%
723
724
P 7.19

[a] t < 0:
t = 0+ :
t > 0:
iR = 2et/ A;
5
L
=
= 666.67 ms
R
7.5
iR = 2e1.5t A
vR = (7.5)(2e1.5t ) = 15e1.5t V
..
1
= 1.5
Problems
v1 = 1.25[(1.5)(2e1.5t )] = 3.75e1.5t V,
vo = v1 vR = 11.25e1.5t V
[b] io =
P 7.20
t 0+
1 t
11.25e1.5x dx + 0 = 1.25 1.25e1.5t A
6 0
t0
[a] From the solution to Problem 7.19,

iR = 2e1.5t A
pR = (2e1.5t )2 (7.5) = 30e3t W
wdiss =

0
30e3t dt

e3t
= 10 J
= 30
3 0
1
1
[b] wtrapped = (10)(1.25)2 + (6)(1.25)2 = 12.5 J
2
2
1
CHECK: w(0) = 2 (1.25)(2)2 + 12 (10)(2)2 = 22.5 J
.. w(0) = wdiss + wtrapped
P 7.21
[a] v1 (0 ) = v1 (0+ ) = 40 V
v2 (0+ ) = 0
Ceq = (1)(4)/5 = 0.8 F
= (25 103 )(0.8 106 ) = 20ms;

i=
40 50t
e
= 1.6e50t mA,
25,000
1
= 50
t 0+
1 t
v1 = 6
1.6 103 e50x dx + 40 = 32e50t + 8 V,
t0
10
0
t
1
1.6 103 e50x dx + 0 = 8e50t + 8 V,
t0
v2 =
4 106 0
725
726

1
[b] w(0) = (106 )(40)2 = 800 J
2
1
1
[c] wtrapped = (106 )(8)2 + (4 106 )(8)2 = 160 J.
2
2
The energy dissipated by the 25 k resistor is equal to the energy dissipated by
the two capacitors; it is easier to calculate the energy dissipated by the
capacitors (nal voltage on the equivalent capacitor is zero):
1
wdiss = (0.8 106 )(40)2 = 640 J.
2
Check: wtrapped + wdiss = 160 + 640 = 800 J;
P 7.22
w(0) = 800 J.
[a] Calculate the initial voltage drop across the capacitor:

v(0) = (2.7 k3.3 k)(40 mA) = (1485)(40 103 ) = 59.4 V
The equivalent resistance seen by the capacitor is
Re = 3 k(2.4 k + 3.6 k) = 3 k6 k = 2 k
= Re C = (2000)(0.5) 106 = 1000 s;
v = v(0)et/ = 59.4e1000t V
io =
1
= 1000
t0
v
= 9.9e1000t mA,
2.4 k + 3.6 k
t 0+
1
[b] w(0) = (0.5 106 )(59.4)2 = 882.09 J
2
i3k
59.4e1000t
= 19.8e1000t mA
=
3000
p3k = [(19.8 103 )e1000t ]2 (3000) = 1.176e2000t

6
e2000x 50010
1.176 1
(e 1) = 371.72 J
w3k (500 s) = 1.176
=

2000 0
2000
%=
P 7.23
371.72
100 = 42.14%
882.09
v
= 4 k
i
1
1
1
[b]
=
= 25;
C=
= 10 F
RC
(25)(4 103 )
1
= 40 ms
[c] =
25
1
[d] w(0) = (10 106 )(48)2 = 11.52 mJ
2
[a] R =
Problems
[e] wdiss (60 ms) =
0.06 2
v
dt =
0.06
0
(48e25t )2
dt
(4 103 )

e50t 0.06
= 0.576
= 5.74 104 + 0.01152 = 10.95 mJ
50 0
P 7.24
[a] t < 0:
i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) =
3V
= 100 mA
30
[b] t > 0:
i1 (0+ ) =
0.2
= 100 mA
2
i2 (0+ ) =
0.2
= 25 mA
8
[c] Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, therefore,

i1 (0 ) = i1 (0+ ) = 100 mA
[d] Switching can cause an instantaneous change in the current in a resistive
branch. In this circuit
i2 (0 ) = 100 mA
[e] vc = 0.2et/ V,
and
t0
i2 (0+ ) = 25 mA
Re = 2||(5 + 3) = 1.6
= 1.6(2 106 ) = 3.2 106 s

vc = 0.2e312,500t V,
t0
vc
= 0.1e312,500t A,
t0
2
vc
= 25e312,500t mA,
[f] i2 =
t 0+
8
i1 =
727
728
P 7.25

[a] t < 0:
Re = 12 k||68 k = 10.2 k
vo (0) =
10,200
(120) = 102 V
10,200 + 1800
t > 0:
1
= 25
= [(10/3) 106 )(12,000) = 40 ms;

vo = 102e25t V,
p=
t0
vo2
= 867 103 e50t W
12,000
wdiss =
12103
0
867 103 e50t dt
= 17.34 103 (1 e50(1210

1
[b] w(0) =
2
3 )
) = 7.82 mJ
10
(102)2 106 = 17.34 mJ
3
0.75w(0) = 13 mJ
to
0
867 103 e50x dx = 13 103
.. 1 e50to = 0.75;
e50to = 4;
so
to = 27.73 ms
Problems
P 7.26
[a]
vT = 20 103 (iT + v ) + 5 103 iT

v = 5 103 iT
vT = 25 103 iT + 20 103 (5 103 iT )
RTh = 25,000 + 100 106
= RTh C = 40 103 = RTh (0.8 106 )
RTh = 50 k = 25,000 + 100 106
=
25,000
= 2.5 104 A/V
100 106
[b] vo (0) = (5 103 )(3600) = 18 V

t > 0:
vo = 18e25t V,
t0
v vo
v
+
+ 2.5 104 v = 0
5000
20,000
t<0
729
730

4v + v vo + 5v = 0
vo
= 1.8e25t V,
10
.. v =
P 7.27
t 0+
[a]
pds = (16.2e25t )(450 106 e25t ) = 7290 106 e50t W

wds =

0
pds dt = 145.8 J.
.. dependent source is delivering 145.8 J

[b] w5k =

0
w20k =
3 25t 2
(5000)(0.36 10 e

0
) dt = 648 10
P 7.28
t<0

0
e50t dt = 12.96 J

(16.2e25t )2
dt = 13,122 106
e50t dt = 262.44 J
20,000
0
1
wc (0) = (0.8 106 )(18)2 = 129.6 J
2

wdiss = 12.96 + 262.44 = 275.4 J

wdev = 145.8 + 129.6 = 275.4 J.
Problems
t>0
..
vT = 5io 15io = 20io = 20iT
vo = 15e25,000t V,
P 7.29
vT
= 20
iT
1
= 25,000
= RC = 40 s;
io =
RTh =
t0
vo
= 0.75e25,000t A,
20
t 0+
[a] The equivalent circuit for t > 0:
= 2 ms;
1/ = 500
vo = 10e500t V,
t0
io = e500t mA,
t 0+
500t
i24k = e
16
= 0.4e500t mA,
40
t 0+
p24k = (0.16 106 e1000t )(24,000) = 3.84e1000t mW

w24k =

0
3.84 103 e1000t dt = 3.84 106 (0 1) = 3.84 J
731
732

1
1
w(0) = (0.25 106 )(40)2 + (1 106 )(50)2 = 1.45 mJ
2
2
% diss (24 k) =
3.84 106
100 = 0.26%
1.45 103
[b] p400 = 400(1 103 e500t )2 = 0.4 103 e1000t

w400 =

0
p400 dt = 0.40 J
% diss (400) =
i16k = e500t
0.4 106
100 = 0.03%
1.45 103
24
= 0.6e500t mA,
40
t 0+
p16k = (0.6 103 e500t )2 (16,000) = 5.76 103 e1000t W

w16k =

0
5.76 103 e1000t dt = 5.76 J
% diss (16k) = 0.4%

[c]
wdiss = 3.84 + 5.76 + 0.4 = 10 J
wtrapped = w(0)
% trapped =
wdiss = 1.45 103 10 106 = 1.44 mJ
1.44
100 = 99.31%
1.45
Check: 0.26 + 0.03 + 0.4 + 99.31 = 100%

P 7.30
[a] Ce =
(2 + 1)6
= 2 F
2+1+6
vo (0) = 5 + 30 = 25 V
= (2 106 )(250 103 ) = 0.5 s;
vo = 25e2t V,
t > 0+
1
=2
Problems
733
1
1
[b] wo = (3 106 )(30)2 + (6 106 )(5)2 = 1425 J
2
2
1
wdiss = (2 106 )(25)2 = 625 J
2
% diss =
[c] io =
1425 625
100 = 56.14%
1425
vo
= 100e2t A
3
250 10
t
t
1
6 2x
100 10 e
dx 5 = 16.67 e2x dx 5
v1 =
6
6 10
0
0

e2x t
= 16.67
5 = 8.33e2t 13.33 V
t0
2 0
[d] v1 + v2 = vo
v2 = vo v1 = 25e2t 8.33e2t + 13.33 = 16.67e2t + 13.33 V
t0
1
1
[e] wtrapped = (6 106 )(13.33)2 + (3 106 )(13.33)2 = 800 J
2
2
wdiss + wtrapped = 625 + 800 = 1425 J
P 7.31
(check)
[a] At t = 0 the voltage on each capacitor will be 150 V(5 30), positive at the
upper terminal. Hence at t 0+ we have
.. isd (0+ ) = 5 +
150 150
+
= 1055 A
0.2
0.5
At t = , both capacitors will have completely discharged.

.. isd () = 5 A
[b] isd (t) = 5 + i1 (t) + i2 (t)
1 = 0.2(106 ) = 0.2 s
2 = 0.5(100 106 ) = 50 s
734

.. i1 (t) = 750e510 t A,
6
i2 (t) = 300e20,000t A,
t 0+
t0
.. isd = 5 + 750e510 t + 300e20,000t mA,

6
P 7.32
t 0+
[a] t < 0:
io (0 ) =
6000
(40 m) = 24 mA
6000 + 4000
vo (0 ) = (3000)(24 m) = 72 V
i2 (0 ) = 40 24 = 16 mA
v2 (0 ) = (6000)(16 m) = 96 V
t>0
= RC = (1000)(0.2 106 ) = 200 s;
io (t) =
[b]
24
et/ = 24e5000t mA,
1 103
1
= 5000
t 0+
Problems
t
1
24 103 e5000x dx + 72
6
0.6 10
0

e5000x t
(40,000)
+72
5000 0
8e5000t + 8 + 72
[8e5000t + 80] V,
t0
vo =
=
=
vo =
[c] wtrapped = (1/2)(0.3 106 )(80)2 + (1/2)(0.6 106 )(80)2

wtrapped = 2880 J.
Check:
1
wdiss = (0.2 106 )(24)2 = 57.6 J
2
1
1
w(0) = (0.3 106 )(96)2 + (0.6 106 )(72)2 = 2937.6 J.
2
2
wtrapped + wdiss = w(0)
2880 + 57.6 = 2937.6
P 7.33
OK.
[a] t < 0
iL (0 ) = 5 A
t>0
iL () =
=
40 80
= 2 A
4 + 16
4 103
L
=
= 200 s;
R
4 + 16
1
= 5000
735
736

iL = iL () + [iL (0+ ) iL ()]et/
= 2 + (5 + 2)e5000t = 2 3e5000t A,
t0
vo = 16iL + 80 = 16(2 3e5000t ) + 80 = 48 48e5000t V,

[b] vL = L
diL
= 4 103 (5000)[3e5000t ] = 60e5000t V,
dt
t 0+
t 0+
vL (0+ ) = 60 V
From part (a)
Check:
vo (0+ ) = 0 V
at t = 0+ the circuit is:
vL (0+ ) = 40 + (5 A)(4 ) = 60 V,
P 7.34
[a] t < 0
KVL equation at the top node:

vo
vo
vo
+
+
50 =
8
40 10
Multiply by 40 and solve:
2000 = (5 + 1 + 4)vo ;
.. io (0 ) =
t>0
vo = 200 V
vo
= 200/10 = 20 A
10
vo (0+ ) = 80 (16 )(5 A) = 0 V
Problems
Use voltage division to nd the Thvenin voltage:
40
(800) = 200 V
40 + 120
Remove the voltage source and make series and parallel combinations of
resistors to nd the equivalent resistance:
VTh = vo =
RTh = 10 + 12040 = 10 + 30 = 40
The simplied circuit is:
40 103
L
=
= 1 ms;
R
40
200
= 5A
io () =
40
1
= 1000
.. io = io () + [io (0+ ) io ()]et/

= 5 + (20 5)e1000t = 5 + 15e1000t A,
[b] vo
vo
P 7.35
t0
dio
dt
10(5 + 15e1000t ) + 0.04(1000)(15e1000t )
50 + 150e1000t 600e1000t
50 450e1000t V,
10io + L
t 0+
After making a Thvenin equivalent we have
For t < 0, the 15 resistor is bypassed:

io (0 ) = io (0+ ) = 50/5 = 10 A
737
738

=
16 103
L
=
= 8 104 ;
R
5 + 15
i() =
1
= 1250
V
50
=
= 2.5 A
Req
5 + 15
io = io () + [io (0+ ) io ()]et/ = 2.5 + (10 2.5)e1250t = 2.5 + 7.5e1250t A, t 0

vo = L
P 7.36
dio
= 16 103 (1250)(7.5e1250t ) = 150e1250t V,
dt
[a] vo (0+ ) = Ig R2 ;
t 0+
L
R1 + R2
vo () = 0
vo (t) = Ig R2 e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t V,
[b] vo = (10)(15)e
(5+15)
t
0.016
t 0+
= 150e1250t V,
t 0+
[c] vo (0+ ) , and the duration of vo (t) zero

L
=
[d] vsw = R2 io ;
R1 + R2
io (0+ ) = Ig ;
Therefore
Therefore
[e] |vsw (0+ )| ;
io () = Ig
R1
R1 + R2
io (t) =
Ig R1
R1 +R2
io (t) =
R1 Ig
(R1 +R2 )
vsw =
+ Ig
+
R1 Ig
(1+R1 /R2 )
Ig R1
R1 +R2
e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t
R2 Ig
e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t
(R1 +R2 )
R2 Ig
e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t ,
(1+R1 /R2 )
t 0+
duration 0
P 7.37
Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across the
inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [e] of Problem 7.36)
causing the switch to arc over. At the same time, the large voltage across L damages
the meter movement.
P 7.38
[a] From Eqs. (7.35) and (7.42)

Vs
Vs (R/L)t
i=
e
+ Io
R
R
v = (Vs Io R)e(R/L)t
..
Vs
= 4;
R
Io
Vs
=4
R
Problems
R
= 40
L
Vs Io R = 80;
.. Io = 4 +
Vs
= 8A
R
Now since Vs = 4R we have

4R 8R = 80;
Vs = 80 V;
R = 20
L=
[b] i = 4 + 4e40t ;
R
= 0.5 H
40
i2 = 16 + 32e40t + 16e80t
1
1
w = Li2 = (0.5)[16 + 32e40t + 16e80t ] = 4 + 8e40t + 4e80t
2
2
.. 4 + 8e40t + 4e80t = 9 or
e80t + 2e40t 1.25 = 0
Let x = e40t :
x2 + 2x 1.25 = 0;
Solving,
x = 0.5;
x = 2.5
But x 0 for all t. Thus,

e40t = 0.5;
P 7.39
e40t = 2;
t = 25 ln 2 = 17.33 ms
For t < 0
vx
vx 480
0.8v +
=0
15
21
v =
vx 480
21
vx 480
vx 480
vx
0.8
+
15
21
21
vs 480
vx
+ 0.2
=
= 21vx + 3(vx 480) = 0
15
21
739
740

..
24vx = 1440 so
io (0 ) =
vx = 60 V
vx
=4A
15
t>0
Find Thvenin equivalent with respect to a, b
VTh 320
VTh 320
0.8
=0
5
5
vT
vT = (iT + 0.8v )(5) = iT + 0.8
5
VTh = 320 V
(5)
Problems
vT = 5iT + 0.8vT
.. 0.2vT = 5iT
vT
= RTh = 25
iT
io () = 320/40 = 8 A
=
80 103
= 2 ms;
40
1/ = 500
io = 8 + (4 8)e500t = 8 4e500t A,
P 7.40
t > 0;
t0
calculate vo (0+ )
va vo (0+ )
va
+
= 20 103
15
5
.. va = 0.75vo (0+ ) + 75 103
15 103 +
vo (0+ ) va vo (0+ )
+
9i + 50 103 = 0
5
8
13vo (0+ ) 8va 360i = 2600 103

i =
vo (0+ )
9i + 50 103
8
.. i =
vo (0+ )
+ 5 103
80
.. 360i = 4.5vo (0+ ) + 1800 103
741
742

8va = 6vo (0+ ) + 600 103
.. 13vo (0+ ) 6vo (0+ ) 600 103 4.5vo (0+ )
1800 103 = 2600 103
2.5vo (0+ ) = 200 103 ;
vo (0+ ) = 80 mV
vo () = 0
Find the Thvenin resistance seen by the 4 mH inductor:
iT =
vT
vT
+
9i
20
8
i =
vT
9i
8
iT =
vT
10vT
9vT
+
20
80
80
.. 10i =
vT
;
8
i =
vT
80
1
1
iT
1
5
+
=
=
=
S
vT
20 80
80
16
.. RTh = 16
=
4 103
= 0.25 ms;
16
1/ = 4000
.. vo = 0 + (80 0)e4000t = 80e4000t mV,
t 0+
Problems
P 7.41
[a]
1t
v
Vs
+
v dx =
R L 0
R
v
1 dv
+ =0
R dt L
dv R
+ v=0
dt
L
[b]
dv
R
= v
dt
L
dv
R
dt = v dt
dt
L
dv
R
= dt
v
L
..
v(t)
v(0+ )
dy
R t
dx
=
y
L 0+
v(t)

ln y

v(0+ )
=

R
t
L
v(t)
R
=
t
ln
+
v(0 )
L
(R/L)t
v(t) = v(0 )e
+
t>0
1
40
Vs
Io R = Vs Io R
v(0 ) =
R
.. v(t) = (Vs Io R)e(R/L)t

P 7.42
743
744

io = 5e40t A,
t0
vo = 40io = 200e40t V,
200e40t = 100;
.. t =
P 7.43
t > 0+
e40t = 2
1
ln 2 = 17.33 ms
40
1
1
[a] wdiss = Le i2 (0) = (1)(5)2 = 12.5 J
2
2
1 t
(200)e40x dx 5
[b] i3H =
3 0
= 1.67(1 e40t ) 5 = 1.67e40t 3.33 A
i1.5H =
1 t
(200)e40x dx + 0
1.5 0
= 3.33e40t + 3.33 A
1
wtrapped = (4.5)(3.33)2 = 25 J
2
1
[c] w(0) = (3)(5)2 = 37.5 J
2
P 7.44
[a] t < 0
t>0
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 25 mA;
24 103
= 0.2 ms;
120
1
= 5000
iL () = 50 mA
iL = 50 + (25 + 50)e5000t = 50 + 75e5000t mA,
vo = 120[75 103 e5000t ] = 9e5000t V,
t 0+
t0
Problems
t
1
[b] i1 =
9e5000x dx + 10 103 = (30e5000t 20) mA,
3
60 10
0
t
1
9e5000x dx + 15 103 = (45e5000t 30) mA,
[c] i2 =
40 103 0
P 7.45
t0
t0
[a] Let v be the voltage drop across the parallel branches, positive at the top node,
then
v
1 t
1 t
Ig +
+
v dx +
v dx = 0
R g L1 0
L2 0

1
1 t
v
+
+
v dx = Ig
Rg
L1 L2 0
v
1 t
+
v dx = Ig
R g Le 0
v
1 dv
+
=0
Rg dt Le
dv Rg
+
v=0
dt
Le
Therefore v = Ig Rg et/ ;
= Le /Rg
Thus

1 t
Ig Rg ex/ t Ig Le
i1 =
Ig Rg ex/ dx =
=
(1 et/ )
L1 0
L1 (1/ ) 0
L1
i1 =
Ig L2
(1 et/ ) and
L 1 + L2
[b] i1 () =
P 7.46
745
L2
Ig ;
L1 + L2
i2 =
i2 () =
Ig L1
(1 et/ )
L1 + L2
L1
Ig
L1 + L2
For t < 0,
i80mH (0) = 50 V/10 = 5 A
For t > 0, after making a Thvenin equivalent we have
Vs
Vs t/
+ Io
i=
e
R
R
746

R
8
1
=
=
= 80
L
100 103
Io = 5 A;
If =
80
Vs
=
= 10 A
R
8
i = 10 + (5 + 10)e80t = 10 + 15e80t A,
vo = 0.08
P 7.47
t0
di
= 0.08(1200e80t ) = 96e80t V,
dt
For t < 0
Simplify the circuit:

80/10,000 = 8 mA,
10 k40 k24 k = 6 k
8 mA 3 mA = 5 mA
5 mA 6 k = 30 V
Thus, for t < 0
.. vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 30 V
t>0
t > 0+
Problems
Simplify the circuit:
8 mA + 2 mA = 10 mA
10 k40 k24 k = 6 k
(10 mA)(6 k) = 60 V
Thus, for t > 0
vo () = 60 V
= RC = (10 k)(0.05 ) = 0.5 ms;
1
= 2000
vo = vo () + [vo (0+ ) vo ()]et/ = 60 + [30 (60)]e2000t

= 60 + 90e2000t V
P 7.48
t0
[a] Simplify the circuit for t > 0 using source transformation:
Since there is no source connected to the capacitor for t < 0

vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 0 V
From the simplied circuit,
vo () = 60 V
= RC = (20 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 10 ms
1/ = 100
vo = vo () + [vo (0+ ) vo ()]et/ = (60 60e100t ) V,
t0
747
748

[b] ic = C
dvo
dt
ic = 0.5 106 (100)(60e100t ) = 3e100t mA

v1 = 8000ic + vo = (8000)(3 103 )e100t + (60 60e100t ) = 60 36e100t V
io =
v1
= 1 0.6e100t mA,
60 103
t 0+
[c] i1 (t) = io + ic = 1 + 2.4e100t mA

t 0+
v1
[d] i2 (t) =
= 4 2.4e100t mA
t 0+
3
15 10
+
[e] i1 (0 ) = 1 + 2.4 = 3.4 mA
At t = 0+ :
Re = 15 k60 k8 k = 4800
v1 (0+ ) = (5 103 )(4800) = 24 V
i1 (0+ ) =
P 7.49
v1 (0+ ) v1 (0+ )
+
= 0.4 m + 3 m = 3.4mA
60,000
8000
t/RC
[a] v = Is R + (Vo Is R)e

.. Is R = 40,
(checks)
Vo t/RC
i = Is
e
R
Vo Is R = 24
.. Vo = 16 V
Is
Vo
= 3 103 ;
R
Is
.. Is 0.4Is = 3 103 ;
R=
16
= 3 103 ;
R
R=
40
Is
Is = 5 mA
40
103 = 8 k
5
1
= 2500;
RC
C=
1
103
=
= 50 nF;
2500R
20 103
= RC =
[b] v() = 40 V
1
w() = (50 109 )(1600) = 40 J
2
0.81w() = 32.4 J
v 2 (to ) =
32.4 106
= 1296;
25 109
40 24e2500to = 36;
v(to ) = 36 V
e2500to = 6;
.. to = 716.70 s
1
= 400 s
2500
Problems
P 7.50
[a] For t > 0:
= RC = 250 103 8 109 = 2 ms;

vo = 50e500t V,
[b] io =
P 7.52
t 0+
t
1
6
200
10
e500x dx + 50 = 10e500t + 40 V,
40 109
0
1
1
[a] w = Ceq vo2 = (8 109 )(502 ) = 10 J
2
2
1
[b] wtrapped = (40)2 (50 109 ) = 40 J
2
1
[c] w(0) = (40 109 )(502 ) = 50 J
2
For t > 0
VTh = (25)(16,000)ib = 400 103 ib
ib =
1
= 500
50e500t
vo
=
= 200e500t A
250,000
250,000
v1 =
P 7.51
749
33,000
(120 106 ) = 49.5 A
80,000
VTh = 400 103 (49.5 106 ) = 19.8 V

RTh = 16 k
vo () = 19.8 V;
vo (0+ ) = 0
= (16, 000)(0.25 106 ) = 4 ms;
1/ = 250
t0
750

vo = 19.8 + 19.8e250t V,
t0
1
w(t) = (0.25 106 )vo2 = w()(1 e250t )2 J
2
(1 e250t )2 =
0.36w()
= 0.36
w()
1 e250t = 0.6
e250t = 0.4
P 7.53
..
t = 3.67 ms
[a]
io (0+ ) =
36
= 7.2 mA
5000
[b] io () = 0
[c] = RC = (5000)(0.8 106 ) = 4 ms
[d] io = 0 + (7.2)e250t = 7.2e250t mA,
t 0+
[e] vo = [36 + 1800(7.2 103 e250t )] = 36 + 12.96e250t V,

P 7.54
[a] vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 120 V
vo () = 150 V;
= 2 ms;
1
= 500
vo = 150 + (120 (150))e500t

vo = 150 + 270e500t V,
t0
[b] io = 0.04 106 (500)[270e500t ] = 5.4e500t mA,
t 0+
t 0+
Problems
751
[c] vg = vo 12.5 103 io = 150 + 202.5e500t V

[d] vg (0+ ) = 150 + 202.5 = 52.5 V
Checks:
vg (0+ ) = io (0+ )[37.5 103 ] 150 = 202.5 150 = 52.5 V
vg
= 3 + 4.05e500t mA
i50k =
50k
vg
= 1 + 1.35e500t mA
i150k =
150k
(ok)
-io + i50k + i150k + 4 = 0
P 7.55
For t < 0,
t > 0:
vo (0) = (3 m)(15 k) = 45 V
VTh = 20 103 i +
75
10
(75) = 20 103
+ 15 = 45 V
50
50 103
vT = 20 103 i + 8 103 iT = 20 103 (0.2)iT + 8 103 iT = 4 103 iT

RTh =
vT
= 4 k
iT
t>0
vo = 45 + (45 45)et/
752

1
= RC = (4000)
106 = 250 s;
16
vo = 45 90e4000t V,
P 7.56
vo (0) = 45 V;
1
= 4000
t0
vo () = 45 V
RTh = 20 k
= (20 103 )
1
106 = 1.25 103 ;
16
v = 45 + (45 + 45)e800t = 45 + 90e800t V,

P 7.57
1
= 800
t0
t < 0;
io (0 ) =
20
(10 103 ) = 2 mA;
100
vo (0 ) = (2 103 )(50,000) = 100 V
t = :
io () = 5 10
20
= 1 mA;
100
RTh = 50 k50 k = 25 k;
C = 16 nF
1
= 2500
= (25,000)(16 109 ) = 0.4 ms;

.. vo (t) = 50 + 150e2500t V,
ic = C
dvo
= 6e2500t mA,
dt
vo () = io ()(50,000) = 50 V
t0
t 0+
Problems
i50k =
vo
= 1 + 3e2500t mA,
50,000
t 0+
io = ic + i50k = (1 + 3e2500t ) mA,

P 7.58
t 0+
[a] Let i be the current inthe clockwise

direction around the circuit. Then
1 t
1 t
Vg = iRg +
i dx +
i dx
C1 0
C2 0

1
1 t
1t
iRg +
+
i dx = iRg +
i dx
C1 C2
Ce 0
0
Now differentiate the equation

0 = Rg
i
di
+
dt Ce
Therefore i =
1
di
+
i=0
dt Rg Ce
Vg t/
Vg t/Rg Ce
e
=
e
;
Rg
Rg
= Rg Ce
t

v1 (t) =
1 t Vg x/
Vg ex/
e
dx =
C1 0 Rg
Rg C1 1/
v1 (t) =
Vg C2
(1 et/ );
C1 + C2
= Rg Ce
v2 (t) =
Vg C1
(1 et/ );
C1 + C2
= Rg Ce
[b] v1 () =
P 7.59
or
C2
Vg ;
C1 + C2
v2 () =
[a]
1 t
Is R = Ri +
i dx + Vo
C 0+
0=R
..
i
di
+ +0
dt C
di
i
+
=0
dt RC
C1
Vg
C1 + C2
Vg Ce t/
(e
1)
C1
753
754

[b]
i
di
=
;
dt
RC
i(t)
i(0+ )
ln
di
dt
=
i
RC
1 t
dy
=
dx
y
RC 0+
t
i(t)
=
+
i(0 )
RC
i(t) = i(0+ )et/RC ;

i(0+ ) =
Is R Vo
Vo
= Is
R
R
Vo t/RC
e
.. i(t) = Is
R
P 7.60
[a] t < 0
t>0
vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 40 V
vo () = 80 V
= (0.16 106 )(6.25 103 ) = 1 ms;
vo = 80 40e1000t V,
[b] io = C
t0
dvo
= 0.16 106 [40,000e1000t ]
dt
= 6.4e1000t mA;
t 0+
1/ = 1000
Problems
t
1
[c] v1 =
6.4 103 e1000x dx + 32
6
0.2 10
0
= 64 32e1000t V,
t0
t
1
6.4 103 e1000x dx + 8
[d] v2 =
0.8 106 0
= 16 8e1000t V,
t0
1
1
[e] wtrapped = (0.2 106 )(64)2 + (0.8 106 )(16)2 = 512 J.
2
2
P 7.61
[a] vc (0+ ) = 50 V
[b] Use voltage division to nd the nal value of voltage:
20
(30) = 24 V
20 + 5
[c] Find the Thvenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
vc () =
VTh = 24 V,
RTh = 205 = 4 ,
Therefore = Req C = 4(25 109 ) = 0.1 s

The simplied circuit for t > 0 is:
24 50
= 18.5 A
4
[e] vc = vc () + [vc (0+ ) vc ()]et/
[d] i(0+ ) =
= 24 + [50 (24)]et/ = 24 + 74e10 t V,

[f] i = C
P 7.62
dvc
7
7
= (25 109 )(107 )(74e10 t ) = 18.5e10 t A,
dt
[a] Use voltage division to nd the initial value of the voltage:

9k
(120) = 90 V
9k + 3k
[b] Use Ohms law to nd the nal value of voltage:
vc (0+ ) = v9k =
vc () = v40k = (1.5 103 )(40 103 ) = 60 V
t0
t 0+
755
756

[c] Find the Thvenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
VTh = 60 V,
RTh = 10 k + 40 k = 50 k
= RTh C = 1 ms = 1000 s
[d] vc = vc () + [vc (0+ ) vc ()]et/
= 60 + (90 + 60)e1000t = 60 + 150e1000t V,
t0
We want vc = 60 + 150e1000t = 0:
Therefore t =
P 7.63
ln(150/60)
= 916.3 s
1000
[a] For t < 0, calculate the Thvenin equivalent for the circuit to the left and right
of the 400-mH inductor. We get
i(0 ) =
60 200
= 13 mA
15 k + 5 k
i(0 ) = i(0+ ) = 13 mA
[b] For t > 0, the circuit reduces to
Therefore i() = 60/5,000 = 12 mA

400 103
L
=
= 80 s
R
5000
[d] i(t) = i() + [i(0+ ) i()]et/
[c] =
= 12 + [13 + 12]e12,500t = 12 e12,500t mA,

P 7.64
[a] From Example 7.10,

Leq =
=
36 16
5
L1 L2 M 2
=
= H
L1 + L2 2M
20 8
3
(5/3)
1
Leq
=
=
R
(50/3)
10
t0
Problems
io =
100
100 10t
= 6 6e10t A
e
(50/3) (50/3)
t0
50
50
io = 100 (6 6e10t ) = 100e10t V,
3
3
di2
di1
+4
[c] vo = 2
dt
dt
[b] vo = 100
io = i1 + i2
di1 di2
dio
=
+
dt
dt
dt
dio di1
di1
di2
=
= 60e10t
dt
dt
dt
dt
.. 100e
10t
..
di1
di1
=2
+ 4 60e10t
dt
dt
di1
= 70e10t
dt
di1 = 70e10t dt
i1
0
dx = 70
t
0
e10y dy

e10y t
= 7 7e10t A,
. . i1 = 70
10 0
[d] i2
[e] vo
i o i1
6 6e10t 7 + 7e10t
1 + e10t A,
L2
18(10e10t ) + 4(70e10t )
=
Also,
vo
t0
t0
di1
di2
+M
dt
dt
100e10t V,
t 0+
(checks)
di2
di1
+M
dt
dt
L1
2(70e10t ) + 4(10e10t )
100e10t V,
t 0+
CHECKS
t 0+
757
758

i1 (0) = 7 7 = 0; agrees with initial conditions;
i2 (0) = 1 + 1 = 0; agrees with initial conditions;
The nal values of io , i1 , and i2 can be checked via the conservation of
Wb-turns:
io ()Leq = 6 (5/3) = 10 Wb-turns
i1 ()L1 + i2 ()M = 7(2) 1(4) = 10 Wb-turns
i2 ()L2 + i1 ()M = 1(18) + 7(4) = 10 Wb-turns
Thus our solutions make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
P 7.65
[a] Leq =
=
(3)(15)
= 2.5 H
3 + 15
Leq
1
2.5
= s
=
R
7.5
3
io (0) = 0;
io () =
120
= 16 A
7.5
.. io = 16 16e3t A,
t0
vo = 120 7.5io = 120e3t V,
t 0+
1 t
40 40 3t
i1 =
120e3x dx =
e A,
3 0
3
3
i 2 = i o i1 =
8 8 3t
e A,
3 3
t0
t0
[b] io (0) = i1 (0) = i2 (0) = 0, consistent with initial conditions.

vo (0+ ) = 120 V, consistent with io (0) = 0.
vo = 3
di1
= 120e3t V,
dt
t 0+
or
di2
= 120e3t V,
t 0+
dt
The voltage solution is consistent with the current solutions.
vo = 15
1 = 3i1 = 40 40e3t Wb-turns

2 = 15i2 = 40 40e3t Wb-turns
.. 1 = 2 as it must, since
vo =
d1
d2
=
dt
dt
1 () = 2 () = 40 Wb-turns
Problems
1 () = 3i1 () = 3(40/3) = 40 Wb-turns
2 () = 15i2 () = 15(8/3) = 40 Wb-turns
.. i1 () and i2 () are consistent with 1 () and 2 ().
P 7.66
[a] From Example 7.10,

Leq =
=
50 25
L1 L2 M 2
=
= 1H
L1 + L2 + 2M
15 + 10
L
1
= ;
R
20
1
= 20
.. io (t) = 4 4e20t A,
t0
[b] vo = 80 20io = 80 80 + 80e20t = 80e20t V,

di2
di1
5
= 80e20t V
[c] vo = 5
dt
dt
t 0+
io = i1 + i2
di1 di2
dio
=
+
= 80e20t A/s
dt
dt
dt
di1
di2
= 80e20t
dt
dt
..
.. 80e20t = 5
.. 10
t1
0
di1
di1
400e20t + 5
dt
dt
di1
= 480e20t ;
dt
dx =
t
0
di1 = 48e20t dt
48e20y dy

48 20y t
20t
e
i1 =
A,
= 2.4 2.4e
20
0
t0
[d] i2 = io i1 = 4 4e20t 2.4 + 2.4e20t

= 1.6 1.6e20t A,
t0
[e] io (0) = i1 (0) = i2 (0) = 0, consistent with zero initial stored energy.
vo = Leq
dio
= 1(80)e20t = 80e20t V,
dt
t 0+ (checks)
Also,
vo = 5
di2
di1
5
= 80e20t V,
dt
dt
t 0+ (checks)
759
760

vo = 10
di1
di2
5
= 80e20t V,
dt
dt
t 0+ (checks)
vo (0+ ) = 80 V, which agrees with io (0+ ) = 0 A

io () = 4 A;
io ()Leq = (4)(1) = 4 Wb-turns
i1 ()L1 + i2 ()M = (2.4)(5) + (1.6)(5) = 4 Wb-turns (ok)

i2 ()L2 + i1 ()M = (1.6)(10) + (2.4)(5) = 4 Wb-turns (ok)
Therefore, the nal values of io , i1 , and i2 are consistent with conservation of
ux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit
behavior.
P 7.67
[a] Leq = 5 + 10 2.5(2) = 10 H

=
10
1
L
=
= ;
R
40
4
i = 2 2e4t A,
1
=4
t0
di
di
di1
2.5 = 2.5 = 2.5(8e4t ) = 20e4t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
di
di
di1
2.5 = 7.5 = 7.5(8e4t ) = 60e4t V, t 0+
[c] v2 (t) = 10
dt
dt
dt
[d] i(0) = 2 2 = 0, which agrees with initial conditions.
[b] v1 (t) = 5
80 = 40i1 + v1 + v2 = 40(2 2e4t ) + 20e4t + 60e4t = 80 V

Therefore, Kirchhoffs voltage law is satised for all values of t 0. Thus, the
answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
P 7.68
[a] Leq = 5 + 10 + 2.5(2) = 20 H

=
20
1
L
=
= ;
R
40
2
i = 2 2e2t A,
1
=2
t0
di
di
di1
+ 2.5 = 7.5 = 7.5(4e2t ) = 30e2t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
di
di
di1
+ 2.5 = 12.5 = 12.5(4e2t ) = 50e2t V, t 0+
[c] v2 (t) = 10
dt
dt
dt
[d] i(0) = 0, which agrees with initial conditions.
[b] v1 (t) = 5
80 = 40i1 + v1 + v2 = 40(2 2e2t ) + 30e2t + 50e2t = 80 V

Therefore, Kirchhoffs voltage law is satised for all values of t 0. Thus, the
answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
Problems
P 7.69
Use voltage division to nd the initial voltage:

vo (0) =
60
(50) = 30 V
40 + 60
Use Ohms law to nd the nal value of voltage:

vo () = (5 mA)(20 k) = 100 V
= RC = (20 103 )(250 109 ) = 5 ms;
1
= 200
vo = vo () + [vo (0+ ) vo ()]et/

= 100 + (30 + 100)e200t = 100 + 130e200t V,
P 7.70
[a] t < 0:
Using Ohms law,

ig =
800
= 12.5 A
40 + 6040

60
(12.5) = 7.5 A = i(0+ )
60 + 40
[b] 0 t 1 ms:
i(0 ) =
i = i(0+ )et/ = 7.5et/

1
R
40 + 12060
= 1000
=
=
L
80 103
i = 7.5e1000t
i(200s) = 7.5e10
3 (200106 )
= 7.5e0.2 = 6.14 A
t0
761
762

[c] i(1ms) = 7.5e1 = 2.7591 A
1 ms t <
R
40
1
=
=
= 500
L
80 103
i = i(1 ms)e(t1 ms)/ = 2.7591e500(t0.001) A
i(6ms) = 2.7591e500(0.005) = 2.7591e2.5 = 226.48 mA
[d] 0 t 1 ms:
i = 7.5e1000t
v=L
di
= (80 103 )(1000)(7.5e1000t ) = 600e1000t V
dt
v(1 ms) = 600e1 = 220.73 V

[e] 1 ms t :
i = 2.7591e500(t0.001)
v=L
di
= (80 103 )(500)(2.591e500(t0.001) )
dt
= 110.4e500(t0.001) V
v(1+ ms) = 110.4 V
P 7.71
Note that for t > 0, vo = (4/6)vc , where vc is the voltage across the 0.5 F
capacitor. Thus we will nd vc rst.
t<0
vc (0) =
3
(75) = 15 V
15
Problems
0 t 800 s:
= Re C,
Re =
(6000)(3000)
= 2 k
9000
1
= 1000
= (2 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 1 ms,

vc = 15e1000t V,
t0
vc (800 s) = 15e0.8 = 6.74 V

800 s t 1.1 ms:
1
= 333.33
= (6 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 3 ms,

vc = 6.74e333.33(t80010
6 )
1.1 ms t < :
= 1 ms,
1
= 1000
vc (1.1ms) = 6.74e333.33(1100800)10
= 6.74e0.1 = 6.1 V
763
764

vc = 6.1e1000(t1.110
3 )
vc (1.5ms) = 6.1e1000(1.51.1)10
= 6.1e0.4 = 4.09 V
vo = (4/6)(4.09) = 2.73 V
P 7.72
1
w(0) = (0.5 106 )(15)2 = 56.25 J
2
0 t 800 s:
vc = 15e1000t ;
vc2 = 225e2000t
p3k = 75e2000t mW
w3k =
800106
0
75 103 e2000t dt
800106

2000t
3 e
= 75 10
2000 0
= 37.5 106 (e1.6 1) = 29.93 J
1.1 ms t :
vc = 6.1e1000(t1.110
3 )
p3k = 12.4e2000(t1.110
w3k =

1.1103
vc2 = 37.19e2000(t1.110
V;
3 )
mW
12.4 103 e2000(t1.110
3 )

e2000(t1.110 )

2000
1.1103
6
= 6.2 10 (0 1) = 6.2 J
3
= 12.4 103
w3k = 29.93 + 6.2 = 36.13 J

%=
36.13
(100) = 64.23%
56.25
dt
3 )
Problems
P 7.73
For t < 0:
i(0) =
10
(15) = 10 A
15
0 t 10 ms:
i = 10e100t A
i(10ms) = 10e1 = 3.68 A
10 ms t 20 ms:
Req =
(5)(20)
= 4
25
1
R
4
=
=
= 80
L
50 103
i = 3.68e80(t0.01) A
20 ms t :
i(20ms) = 3.68e80(0.020.01) = 1.65 A
765
766

i = 1.65e100(t0.02) A
vo = L
di
;
dt
L = 50 mH
di
= 1.65(100)e100(t0.02) = 165e100(t0.02)
dt
vo = (50 103 )(165)e100(t0.02)
= 8.26e100(t0.02) V,
t > 20+ ms
vo (25ms) = 8.26e100(0.0250.02) = 5 V
P 7.74
From the solution to Problem 7.73, the initial energy is

1
w(0) = (50 mH)(10 A)2 = 2.5 J
2
0.04w(0) = 0.1 J
..
1
(50 103 )i2L = 0.1 so
2
iL = 2 A
Again, from the solution to Problem 7.73, t must be between 10 ms and 20 ms since
i(10 ms) = 3.68 A
and
i(20 ms) = 1.65 A
For 10 ms t 20 ms:
i = 3.68e80(t0.01) = 2
e80(t0.01) =
P 7.75
3.68
2
so
t 0.01 = 0.0076
..
t = 17.6 ms
0 t 10 s:
= RC = (4 103 )(20 109 ) = 80 s;
1/ = 12,500
Problems
vo (0) = 0 V;
vo () = 20 V
vo = 20 + 20e12,500t V
0 t 10 s
10 s t :
t = :
i=
50 V
= 2.5 mA
20 k
vo () = (2.5 103 )(16,000) + 30 = 10 V

vo (10 s) = 20 + 200.125 = 2.35 V
vo = 10 + (2.35 + 10)e(t 1010
6 )/
RTh = 4 k16 k = 3.2 k

= (3200)(20 109 ) = 64 s;
vo = 10 + 7.65e15,625(t 1010
P 7.76
1/ = 15,625
6 )
10 s t
0 t 200 s;
Re = 150100 = 60 k;
10
109 (60,000) = 200 s
=
3
767
768

vc = 300e5000t V
vc (200 s) = 300e1 = 110.36 V
200 s t :
Re = 3060 + 12040 = 20 + 30 = 50 k
=
10
109 (50,000) = 166.67 s;
3
1
= 6000
vc = 110.36e6000(t 200 s) V
vc (300 s) = 110.36e6000(100 s) = 60.57 V
io (300 s) =
i1 =
60.57
= 1.21 mA
50,000
60
2
io = io ;
90
3
i2 =
40
1
i o = io
160
4
2
1
5
5
isw = i1 i2 = io io = io = (1.21 103 ) = 0.50 mA
3
4
12
12
P 7.77
t < 0:
vc (0 ) = (20 103 )(500) = 10 V = vc (0+ )
Problems
0 t 50 ms:
= ;
1/ = 0;
vo = 10e0 = 10 V
50 ms t :
= (6.25 k)(0.16 ) = 1 ms;
1/ = 1000;
Summary:
vo = 10 V,
0 t 50 ms
vo = 10e1000(t 0.05) V,
P 7.78
50 ms t
t < 0:
iL (0 ) = 10 V/5 = 2 A = iL (0+ )
vo = 10e1000(t 0.05) V
769
770

0 t 5:
= 5/0 =
iL (t) = 2et/ = 2e0 = 2
iL (t) = 2 A,
0t5s
5 t :
5
= 5 s;
1
1/ = 0.2
iL (t) = 2e0.2(t 5) A,
P 7.79
t5s
[a] 0 t 2.5 ms
vo (0+ ) = 80 V;
vo () = 0
L
= 2 ms;
R
1/ = 500
vo (t) = 80e500t V,
0+ t 2.5 ms
vo (2.5 ms) = 80e1.25 = 22.92 V

io (2.5 ms) =
(80 22.92)
= 2.85 A
20
vo (2.5+ ms) = 20(2.85) = 57.08 V

vo () = 0;
= 2 ms;
vo = 57.08e500(t 0.0025) V
1/ = 500
2.5+ ms t
Problems
[b]
[c] vo (5 ms) = 16.35 V

io =
P 7.80
+16.35
= 817.68 mA
20
[a] io (0) = 0;
io () = 25 mA
R
2000
1
=
=
103 = 8000
L
250
io = (25 25e8000t ) mA,
vo = 0.25
0 t 75 s
dio
= 50e8000t V,
dt
0+ t 75 s
75+ s t :
io (75s) = 25 25e0.6 = 11.28 mA;
io = 11.28e8000(t7510
vo = (0.25)
6 )
io () = 0
mA
dio
= 22.56e8000(t75s)
dt
.. t < 0 :
vo
0+ t 75 s :
vo
50e8000t V
75+ s t :
vo
22.56e8000(t75s)
[b] vo (75 s) = 50e0.6 = 27.44 V

vo (75+ s) = 22.56 V
[c] io (75 s) = io (75+ s) = 11.28 mA
771
772
P 7.81

[a] 0 t < 1 ms:
vc (0+ ) = 0;
vc () = 50 V;
RC = 400 103 (0.01 106 ) = 4 ms;
1/RC = 250
vc = 50 50e250t
vo = 50 50 + 50e250t = 50e250t V,
0 t 1 ms
1 ms < t :
vc (1 ms) = 50 50e0.25 = 11.06 V
vc () = 0 V
= 4 ms;
1/ = 250
vc = 11.06e250(t 0.001) V
vo = vc = 11.06e250(t 0.001) V,
1 ms < t
[b]
P 7.82
[a] t < 0;
vo = 0
0 t 4 ms:
= (200 103 )(0.025 106 ) = 5 ms;
vo = 100 100e200t V,
0 t 4 ms
vo (4 ms) = 100(1 e0.8 ) = 55.07 V

4 ms t 8 ms:
vo = 100 + 155.07e200(t0.004) V
vo (8 ms) = 100 + 155.07e0.8 = 30.32 V
8 ms t :
vo = 30.32e200(t0.008) V
1/ = 200
Problems
[b]
[c] t 0 :
vo = 0
0 t 4 ms:
= (50 103 )(0.025 106 ) = 1.25 ms
vo = 100 100e800t V,
1/ = 800
0 t 4 ms
vo (4 ms) = 100 100e3.2 = 95.92 V

4 ms t 8 ms:
vo = 100 + 195.92e800(t0.004) V,
4 ms t 8 ms
vo (8 ms) = 100 + 195.92e3.2 = 92.01 V

8 ms t :
vo = 92.01e800(t0.008) V,
8 ms t
773
774
P 7.83

[a] = RC = (20,000)(0.2 106 ) = 4 ms;
io = v o = 0
io (0+ ) = 20
1/ = 250
t<0
16
= 16 mA,
20
.. io = 16e250t mA
io () = 0
0+ t 2 ms
i16k = 20 16e250t mA
.. vo = 320 256e250t V
0+ t 2 ms
vc = vo 4 103 io = 320 320e250t V
0 t 2 ms
vc (2 ms) = 320 320e0.5 = 125.91 V

.. io (2+ ms) = 16e0.5 = 9.7 mA
io () = 0
vc = 125.91e250(t0.002) ,
io = C
2+ ms t
dvc
= (0.2 106 )(250)(125.91)e250(t0.002)
dt
= 6.3e250(t0.002) mA,
2+ ms t
vo = 4000io + vc = 100.73e250(t 0.002) V
2+ ms t
Summary part (a)

io = 0
t<0
io = 16e250t mA
(0+ t 2 ms)
io = 6.3e250(t 0.002) mA
vo = 0
2+ ms t
t<0
vo = 320 256e250t V,
0 t 2 ms
vo = 100.73e250(t 0.002) V,
[b] io (0 ) = 0
io (0+ ) = 16 mA
io (2 ms) = 16e0.5 = 9.7 mA
io (2+ ms) = 6.3 mA
2+ ms t
Problems
[c] vo (0 ) = 0
vo (0+ ) = 64 V
vo (2 ms) = 320 256e0.5 = 164.73 V
vo (2+ ms) = 100.73
[d]
[e]
P 7.84
[a]
Using Ohms law,

vT = 5000i
20,000
(iT + i ) = 0.8iT + 0.8i
i =
20,000 + 5000
775
776

Solve for i :
i (1 0.8) = 0.8iT
i =
0.8iT
;
1 0.8
vT = 5000i =
4000iT
(1 0.8)
Find such that RTh = 5 k:

RTh =
vT
4000
= 5000
=
iT
1 0.8
.. = 2.25
1 0.8 = 0.8
[b] Find VTh ;
Write a KCL equation at the top node:

VTh
VTh 40
+
2.25i = 0
5000
20,000
The constraint equation is:
(VTh 40)
=0
5000
Solving,
i =
VTh = 50 V
Write a KVL equation around the loop:

50 = 5000i + 0.2
di
dt
Rearranging:
di
= 250 + 25,000i = 25,000(i + 0.01)
dt
Problems
Separate the variables and integrate to nd i;
di
= 25,000 dt
i + 0.01
i
0
t
dx
=
25,000 dx
x + 0.01
0
.. i = 10 + 10e25,000t mA
di
= (10 103 )(25,000)e25,000t = 250e25,000t
dt
Solve for the arc time:
di
v = 0.2 = 50e25,000t = 45,000;
dt
e25,000t = 900
ln 900
= 272.1 s
.. t =
25,000
P 7.85
Find the Thvenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor.
RTh calculation:
iT =
..
vT
vT
vT
+
4
2000 5000
5000
1
iT
5+28
=
=
vT
10,000
10,000
vT
10,000
= 10 k
=
iT
1
Open circuit voltage calculation:
777
778

The node voltage equations:
voc v1
voc
+
4i = 0
2000
1000
v1
v1 voc
+
5 103 = 0
1000
4000
The constraint equation:
i =
v1
4000
Solving, voc = 80 V,
vc (0) = 0;
v1 = 60 V
vc () = 80 V
= RC = (10,000)(1.6 106 ) = 16 ms;
1
= 62.5
vc = vc () + [vc (0+ ) vc ()]et/ = 80 + 80e62.5t = 14,400

Solve for the time of the maximum voltage rating:
e62.5t = 181;
62.5t = ln 181;
t = 83.18 ms
P 7.86
vT = 2000iT + 4000(iT 2 103 v ) = 6000iT 8v

= 6000iT 8(2000iT )
Problems
vT
= 10,000
iT
10
= 1 ms;
10,000
1/ = 1000
i = 25e1000t mA
.. 25e1000t 103 = 5;
P 7.87
t=
ln 200
= 5.3 ms
1000
t > 0:
vT = 12 104 i + 16 103 iT
i =
20
iT = 0.2iT
100
.. vT = 24 103 iT + 16 103 iT
RTh =
vT
= 8 k
iT
= RC = (8 103 )(2.5 106 ) = 0.02

vc = 20e50t V;
50t = ln 1000
20e50t = 20,000
..
t = 138.16 ms
1/ = 50
779
780
P 7.88

[a]
= (25)(2) 103 = 50 ms;

vc (0+ ) = 80 V;
1/ = 20
vc () = 0
vc = 80e20t V
.. 80e20t = 5;
e20t = 16;
t=
ln 16
= 138.63 ms
20
[b] 0+ < t < 138.63 ms:

i = (2 106 )(1600e20t ) = 3.2e20t mA
138.63+ ms < t :
= (2)(4) 103 = 8 ms;

vc (138.63+ ms) = 5 V;
1/ = 125
vc () = 80 V
vc = 80 75e125(t0.13863) V,
138.63+ ms t
i = 2 106 (9375)e125(t0.13863)
= 18.75e125(t0.13863) mA,
138.63+ ms t
[c] 80 75e125t = 0.85(80) = 68
80 68 = 75e125t = 12
e125t = 6.25;
P 7.89
t =
ln 6.25
= 14.66 ms
12.5
Use voltage division to nd the voltage at the non-inverting terminal:

vp =
80
(45) = 36 V = vn
100
Problems
Write a KCL equation at the inverting terminal:
36 14
d
+ 2.5 106 (36 vo ) = 0
80,000
dt
..
2.5 106
50
dvo
=
dt
80,000
Separate the variables and integrate:

dvo
= 250
dt
vo (t)
vo (0)
..
dx = 250
dvo = 250dt
t
..
dy
vo (t) vo (0) = 250t
vo (0) = 36 + 56 = 20 V
vo (t) = 250t + 20
Find the time when the voltage reaches 0:
0 = 250t + 20
P 7.90
..
t=
20
= 80 ms
250
The equation for an integrating amplier:

vo =
1 t
(vb va ) dy + vo (0)
RC 0
Find the values and substitute them into the equation:

RC = (100 103 )(0.05 106 ) = 5 ms
1
= 200;
RC
vb va = 15 (7) = 8 V
vo (0) = 4 + 12 = 8 V
vo = 200
t
0
8 dx + 8 = (1600t + 8) V,
0 t tsat
RC circuit analysis for v2 :

v2 (0+ ) = 4 V;
v2 () = 15 V;
= RC = (100 k)(0.05 ) = 5 ms
781
782

v2 = v2 () + [v2 (0+ ) v2 ()]et/
= 15 + (4 + 15)e200t = 15 + 11e200t V,
vf + v2 = vo
..
0 t tsat
vf = vo v2 = 23 1600t 11e200t V,
0 t tsat
Note that
..
1600tsat + 8 = 20
tsat =
28
= 17.5 ms
1600
so the op amp operates in its linear region until it saturates at 17.5 ms.
P 7.91
vo =
t
1
4t
4
dx
+
0
=
R(0.5 106 ) 0
R(0.5 106 )
4(15 103 )
= 10
R(0.5 106 )
..
P 7.92
vo =
..
P 7.93
R=
[a]
4(15 103 )
= 12 k
10(0.5 106 )
4(40 103 )
4t
+
6
=
+ 6 = 10
R(0.5 106 )
R(0.5 106 )
R=
4(40 103 )
= 20 k
16(0.5 106 )
Cdvp vp vb
= 0;
+
dt
R
therefore
dvp
1
vb
+
vp =
dt
RC
RC
d(vn vo )
vn va
+C
= 0;
R
dt
therefore
But
dvn
vn
va
dvo
=
+
dt
dt
RC RC
vn = vp
Therefore
dvp
vp
vb
dvn
vn
=
+
=
+
dt
RC
dt
RC
RC
Therefore
1
dvo
=
(vb va );
dt
RC
vo =
1 t
(vb va ) dy
RC 0
[b] The output is the integral of the difference between vb and va and then scaled by
a factor of 1/RC.
Problems
1 t
[c] vo =
(vb va ) dx
RC 0
RC = (50 103 )(10 109 ) = 0.5 ms
vb va = 25 mV
1 t
vo =
25 103 dx = 50t
0.0005 0
50tsat = 6;
P 7.94
tsat = 120 ms
[a] RC = (25 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 10 ms;

vo = 0,
1
= 100
RC
t<0
[b] 0 t 250 ms :
vo = 100
t
0
0.20 dx = 20t V
[c] 250 ms t 500 ms;

vo (0.25) = 20(0.25) = 5 V
vo (t) = 100
t
0.25
0.20 dx + 5 = 20(t 0.25) + 5 = 20t + 10 V
[d] 500 ms t :
vo (0.5) = 10 + 10 = 0 V
vo (t) = 0 V
783
784
P 7.95

[a] vo = 0,
t<0
1
= 100
RC
RC = (25 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 10 ms

[b] Rf Cf = (5 106 )(0.4 106 ) = 2;
vo =
1
= 0.5
Rf Cf
5 106
(0.2)[1 e0.5t ] = 40(1 e0.5t ) V,
25 103
0 t 250 ms
[c] vo (0.25) = 40(1 e0.125 )

= 4.70 V
Vm Rf
Vm Rf
+
(2 e0.125 )e0.5(t0.25)
Rs
Rs
= 40 + 40(2 e0.125 )e0.5(t0.25)
= 40 + 44.70e0.5(t0.25) V,
250 ms t 500 ms
vo =
[d] vo (0.5) = 40 + 44.70e0.125

= 0.55 V
vo = 0.55e0.5(t0.5) V,
P 7.96
500 ms t
[a] RC = (1000)(800 1012 ) = 800 109 ;

0 t 1 s:
vg = 2 106 t
vo = 1.25 106
= 2.5 1012
t
2 106 x dx + 0
0
2 t
x
1
= 1,250,000
RC

= 125 1010 t2 V,
0 t 1 s
Problems
785
vo (1 s) = 125 1010 (1 106 )2 = 1.25 V

1 s t 3 s:
vg = 4 2 106 t
vo = 125 104
t
1106
4x
(4 2 106 x) dx 1.25
t

6x
1106
2 10
t

1.25
2 1106
= 5 106 t + 5 + 125 1010 t2 1.25 1.25
= 125 1010 t2 5 106 t + 2.5 V, 1 s t 3 s
= 125 10
vo (3 s) = 125 1010 (3 106 )2 5 106 (3 106 ) + 2.5

= 1.25
3 s t 4 s:
vg = 8 + 2 106 t
vo = 125 104
t
3106
t

6x
3106
10 2
+2 10
t

1.25
2 3106
= 107 t 30 125 10 t + 11.25 1.25
= 125 1010 t2 + 107 t 20 V, 3 s t 4 s
= 125 10
8x
(8 + 2 106 x) dx 1.25
vo (4 s) = 125 1010 (4 106 )2 + 107 (4 106 ) 20 = 0

[b]
[c] The output voltage will also repeat. This follows from the observation that at
t = 4 s the output voltage is zero, hence there is no energy stored in the
capacitor. This means the circuit is in the same state at t = 4 s as it was at
t = 0, thus as vg repeats itself, so will vo .
786
P 7.97

[a] While T2 has been ON, C2 is charged to VCC , positive on the left terminal. At
the instant T1 turns ON the capacitor C2 is connected across b2 e2 , thus
vbe2 = VCC . This negative voltage snaps T2 OFF. Now the polarity of the
voltage on C2 starts to reverse, that is, the right-hand terminal of C2 starts to
charge toward +VCC . At the same time, C1 is charging toward VCC , positive
on the right. At the instant the charge on C2 reaches zero, vbe2 is zero, T2 turns
ON. This makes vbe1 = VCC and T1 snaps OFF. Now the capacitors C1 and
C2 start to charge with the polarities to turn T1 ON and T2 OFF. This switching
action repeats itself over and over as long as the circuit is energized. At the
instant T1 turns ON, the voltage controlling the state of T2 is governed by the
following circuit:
It follows that vbe2 = VCC 2VCC et/R2 C2 .

[b] While T2 is OFF and T1 is ON, the output voltage vce2 is the same as the voltage
across C1 , thus
It follows that vce2 = VCC VCC et/RL C1 .

[c] T2 will be OFF until vbe2 reaches zero. As soon as vbe2 is zero, ib2 will become
positive and turn T2 ON. vbe2 = 0 when VCC 2VCC et/R2 C2 = 0, or when
t = R2 C2 ln 2.
[d] When
t = R2 C2 ln 2,
we have
vce2 = VCC VCC e[(R2 C2 ln 2)/(RL C1 )] = VCC VCC e10 ln 2

= VCC
[e] Before T1 turns ON, ib1 is zero. At the instant T1 turns ON, we have
Problems
ib1 =
VCC VCC t/RL C1

+
e
R1
RL
[f] At the instant T2 turns back ON, t = R2 C2 ln 2; therefore

ib1 =
VCC VCC 10 ln 2 VCC

+
e
=
R1
RL
R1
When T2 turns OFF, ib1 drops to zero instantaneously.

[g]
[h]
P 7.98
[a] tOFF2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 14.43 103 (1 109 ) ln 2

= 10 s
[b] tON2 = R1 C1 ln 2 = 10 s
[c] tOFF1 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 10 s
[d] tON1 = R2 C2 ln 2
= 10 s
10
10
+
= 10.69 mA
1000 14,430
10 10
10
+
e
=
= 0.693 mA
14,430 1000
[e] ib1 =
[f] ib1
787
788

[g] vce2 = 10 10e10
= 10 V
P 7.99
[a] tOFF2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = (14.43 103 )(0.8 109 ) ln 2

= 8 s
[b] tON2 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 10 s
[c] tOFF1 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 10 s
[d] tON1 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 8 s
[e] ib1 = 10.69 mA
10 8
10
+
e = 0.693 mA
[f] ib1 =
14,430 1000
[g] vce2 = 10 10e8
= 10 V
Note in this circuit T2 is OFF 8 s and ON 10 s of every cycle, whereas T1 is
ON 8 s and OFF 10 s every cycle.
P 7.100 If
R1 = R2 = 50RL = 100 k,
C1 =
If
48 106
= 692.49 pF;
100 103 ln 2
R1 = R2 = 6RL = 12 k,
C1 =
then
48 106
= 5.77 nF;
12 103 ln 2
C2 =
36 106
= 519.37 pF
100 103 ln 2
then
C2 =
Therefore 692.49 pF C1 5.77 nF
36 106
= 4.33 nF
12 103 ln 2
and
519.37 pF C2 4.33 nF
P 7.101 [a] T2 is normally ON since its base current ib2 is greater than zero, i.e.,
ib2 = VCC /R when T2 is ON. When T2 is ON, vce2 = 0, therefore ib1 = 0.
When ib1 = 0, T1 is OFF. When T1 is OFF and T2 is ON, the capacitor C is
charged to VCC , positive at the left terminal. This is a stable state; there is
nothing to disturb this condition if the circuit is left to itself.
[b] When S is closed momentarily, vbe2 is changed to VCC and T2 snaps OFF. The
instant T2 turns OFF, vce2 jumps to VCC R1 /(R1 + RL ) and ib1 jumps to
VCC /(R1 + RL ), which turns T1 ON.
[c] As soon as T1 turns ON, the charge on C starts to reverse polarity. Since vbe2 is
the same as the voltage across C, it starts to increase from VCC toward
+VCC . However, T2 turns ON as soon as vbe2 = 0. The equation for vbe2 is
vbe2 = VCC 2VCC et/RC . vbe2 = 0 when t = RC ln 2, therefore T2 stays
OFF for RC ln 2 seconds.
P 7.102 [a] For t < 0, vce2 = 0. When the switch is momentarily closed, vce2 jumps to
vce2 =
VCC
6(5)
= 1.2 V
R1 =
R1 + RL
25
Problems
789
T2 remains open for (23,083)(250) 1012 ln 2

= 4 s.
[b] ib2 =
VCC
= 259.93 A,
R
ib2 = 0,
ib2
5 t 0 s
0 < t < RC ln 2
VCC VCC (tRC ln 2)/RL C

+
e
R
RL
259.93 + 300e0.210
6 (t4106 )
A,
RC ln 2 < t
P 7.103 [a] We want the lamp to be in its nonconducting state for no more than 10 s, the
value of to :
16
46
[b] When the lamp is conducting
10 = R(10 106 ) ln
VTh =
and
R = 1.091 M
20 103
(6) = 0.108 V
20 103 + 1.091 106
RTh = 20 k||1.091 M = 19,640
790

So,
(tc to ) = (19,640)(10 106 ) ln
4 0.108
= 0.289 s
1 0.108
The ash lasts for 0.289 s.

P 7.104 [a] At t = 0 we have
= (800)(25) 103 = 20 sec;

vc () = 40 V;
1/ = 0.05
vc (0) = 5 V
vc = 40 35e0.05t V,
0 t to
.. e0.05to = 1.4
40 35e0.05to = 15;
to = 20 ln 1.4 s = 6.73 s
At t = to we have
The Thvenin equivalent with respect to the capacitor is
800
20
s;
(25) 103 =
81
81
vc (to ) = 15 V;
vc (t) =
..
vc () =
1
81
=
= 4.05
20
40
V
81
40
40 4.05(tto )
40 1175 4.05(tto )
+ 15
+
e
e
V=
81
81
81
81
40 1175 4.05(tto )
+
e
=5
81
81
Problems
1175 4.05(tto ) 365
=
e
81
81
e4.05(tto ) =
t to =
1175
= 3.22
365
1
ln 3.22
= 0.29 s
4.05
One cycle = 7.02 seconds.

N = 60/7.02 = 8.55 ashes per minute
[b] At t = 0 we have
= 25R 103 ;
1/ = 40/R
vc = 40 35e(40/R)t
40 35e(40/R)to = 15
.. to =
R
ln 1.4,
40
in
At t = to :
vTh =
=
400
10
(40) =
;
R + 10
R + 10
RTh =
(25)(10R) 103
0.25R
=
;
R + 10
R + 10
10R
k
R + 10
1
4(R + 10)
=
4(R+10)
400
400
+ 15
e R (tto )
vc =
R + 10
R + 10
..
or
15R 250 4(R+10) (tto )

400
R
e
=5
+
R + 10
R + 10
15R 250 4(R+10) (tto ) 5R 350

R
e
=
R + 10
(R + 10)
791
792

.. e
4(R+10)
(tto )
R
.. t to =
3R 50
R 70
3R 50
R
ln
4(R + 10)
R 70
to + (t to ) = 5 s
At 12 ashes per minute

..
3R 50
R
R
ln 1.4 +
ln
=5
R 70
40 4(R + 10)
dominant
term
Start the trial-and-error procedure by setting (R/40) ln 1.4 = 5, then
R = 200/(ln 1.4) or 594.40 k. If R = 594.40 k then t to
= 0.29 s.
Second trial set (R/40) ln 1.4 = 4.7 s or R = 558.74 k.
With
t to
= 0.30 s
R = 558.74 k,
The procedure converges to R = 559.3 k

P 7.105 [a] to = RC ln
Vmin Vs
Vmax Vs
= 1.80 s
tc to =
= (3700)(250 106 ) ln
Vmax VTh
RCRL
ln
R + RL
Vmin VTh
700
100
RL
1.3
=
= 0.26 RC = (3700)(250 106 ) = 0.925 s
R + RL
1.3 + 3.7
VTh =
1000(1.3)
= 260 V
1.3 + 3.7
RTh = 3.7 k||1.3 k = 962
.. tc to = (0.925)(0.26) ln(640/40) = 0.67 s

.. tc = 1.8 + 0.67 = 2.47 s
ashes/min =
60
= 24.32
2.47
[b] 0 t to :
vL = 1000 700et/1
1 = RC = 0.925 s
to t tc :
vL = 260 + 640e(tto )/2
2 = RTh C = 962(250) 106 = 0.2405 s
Problems
0 t to :
i=
1000 vL
7
= et/0.925 A
3700
37
to t tc :
i=
74
64 (tto )/0.2405
1000 vL
=
e
3700
370 370
793
Graphically, i versus t is
The average value of i will equal the areas (A1 + A2 ) divided by tc .

A1 + A2
.. iavg =
tc
A1 =
=
A2 =
=
=
=
iavg =
7 to t/0.925
e
dt
37 0
6.475
(1 e ln 7 ) = 0.15 As
37
tc
74 64e(tto )/0.2405
dt
370
to
74
15.392 ln 16
(tc to ) +
(e
1)
370
370
15.392
17.797
ln 16
(1 e ln 16 )
370
370
0.09436 As
(0.15 + 0.09436)
(1000) = 99.06 mA
0.925 ln 7 + 0.2405 ln 16
[c] Pavg = (1000)(99.06 103 ) = 99.06 W

No. of kw hrs/yr =
(99.06)(24)(365)
= 867.77
1000
Cost/year = (867.77)(0.05) = 43.39 dollars/year

P 7.106 [a] Replace the circuit attached to the capacitor with its Thvenin equivalent, where
the equivalent resistance is the parallel combination of the two resistors, and
the open-circuit voltage is obtained by voltage division across the lamp
resistance. The resulting circuit is
794
RTh = RRL =
RRL
;
R + RL
VTh =
RL
Vs
R + RL
From this circuit,

vC () = VTh ;
vC (0) = Vmax ;
= RTh C
Thus,
vC (t) = VTh + (Vmax VTh )e(tto )/
where
RRL C
=
R + RL
[b] Now, set vC (tc ) = Vmin and solve for (tc to ):
VTh + (Vmax VTh )e(tc to )/ = Vmin
e(tc to )/ =
Vmin VTh
Vmax VTh
Vmin VTh
(tc to )
= ln
Vmax VTh
(tc to ) =
(tc to ) =
RRL C
Vmin VTh
ln
R + RL Vmax VTh
RRL C
Vmax VTh
ln
R + RL Vmin VTh
P 7.107 [a] 0 t 0.5:
30 21 t/
21
+
e
i=
60
60 60
where = L/R.
i = 0.35 + 0.15e60t/L
i(0.5) = 0.35 + 0.15e30/L = 0.40
.. e30/L = 3;
L=
30
= 27.31 H
ln 3
Problems
[b] 0 t tr , where tr is the time the relay releases:
i=0+
30
0 e60t/L = 0.5e60t/L
60
.. 0.4 = 0.5e60tr /L ;
tr =
27.31 ln 1.25
= 0.10 s
60
e60tr /L = 1.25
795

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7

Response of First-Order RL and RC

First combine the 30 and 6 resistors in parallel:

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Using current division,

t = (ln 4)/100 = 13.86 ms

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

i(0 ) = 24/2 = 12 A = i(0+ )

v(0+ ) = 10(8 + 12) = 200 V

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

From Example 7.6,

[b] t 0+ , since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a resistor.

vc (0 ) = (3.2 103 )(25 103 ) = 80 V

= RC = (25 103 )(1 106 ) = 25 ms

wstored = (1/2)(1 106 )(80)2 = 3.2 mJ

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (30.8). The current

For part (b) we need the value of i(t) at t = 1 s:

Use current division to nd the nal value of the current:

RCf = (200 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 40 103

RCf = (250 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 50 103

vo = 20(5)(t 32 103 ) + 8 = 100t + 11.2

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine vo :

Find the branch currents using current division:

[b] The current in an inductor is continuous. Therefore,

(when switch is open)

i1 (t) = i1 (0+ )et/ = 5e20,000t mA,

.. i2 (t) = 5e20,000t mA,

[a] i(0) = 60 V/(10 + 5 ) = 4 A

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[d] pdiss = i2 (45) = 720e25t W

wdiss (40 ms) = 28.8 28.8e1 = 18.205 J

since the switch is open for t < 0.

[b] For t = 0 the circuit is:

[c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:

.. iL = 0 + (160 0)e200t = 160e200t mA,

since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant

[i] Refer to the circuit at t = 0+ and note:

since the current in the inductor is a constant at t = .

[k] vL (t) = 0 + (3.2 0)e200t = 3.2e200t V,

L = (200 103 )(40) = 8 H

4000e10x dx = 400 400e10t

0.8w(0) = (0.8)(400) = 320 J

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

4.5L = (4.5)(30) 103 = 0.135;

Ig2 Re2t/ dt = Ig2 R

(30 103 ) ln[1/0.8]

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

iL (t) = iL (0+ )et/ A,

From the solution to Problem 7.9,

P54 = 54(i54 )2 = 205.335e160t W

205.335 160t 0.0125

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

vL = 30i + 90i = 120i

Find Thvenin resistance seen by inductor

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[a] vo (t) = vo (0+ )et/

= 4.5 105 (1 e2(0.001)/ )

205.335 160t 0.0125