Session 2:

Climate Change, Migration, & Business

Professor Marieke Huysentruyt

29th of February, 2024
Course Overview

1. Sustainable development & business

Foundation work – discuss some of the (problematic) assumptions Macro-level

2. Potential solutions: What works & what doesn’t? Why?

i. Business response to climate change & migration [taking systemic approach]
ii. Business response to decarbonization [partnership, market approach] Firm-level //
iii. Business response to growing inequalities [value-chain approach] Value-chain //
iv. Business response to demands for DEI [addressing stigma and biases] micro-level

3. Reinventing sustainable business in the 21st Century

Theory of change Eco-systemic level

2
Copyright 2024. Marieke Huysentruyt. All rights reserved.
 AGENDA OF TODAY
1. DISCUSS KEY STATISTICS ABOUT MIGRATION
2. DISCUSS 3 MYTHS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE &
MIGRATION
3. DISCUSS RANGE OF POSSIBLE BUSINESS & POLICY
RESPONSES

Copyright 2024. Marieke Huysentruyt. All rights reserved.

Migration matrix :
Clarifying terminology

Source: UN Migration. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/, https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-

persons/about-internally-displaced-persons, https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/who-we-protect/refugees

Copyright 2024. Marieke Huysentruyt. All rights reserved.

Statistics on International Migration (voluntary):
Regional migratory destination by 2022

North America, received almost 59

million international migrants (21% of
the global migrant stock) Europe
hosted around 87 million international
migrants

52% female

280.6 million people migrated on 2020 from

their places of origin. Source: UN Migration. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/

Copyright 2024. Marieke Huysentruyt. All rights reserved.

 International Migration:
Top 12 origin-destination corridors (in millions, 2022)
Data

DESTINATION
ORIGIN

Data
Source: UN Migration. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/ using SankeyMatic.com
 Statistics on Refugees and Asylum-seekers (forced):
More than 110 million forcibly displaced people worldwide

More than the entire population of Germany -- UN Refugee Agency estimates there were 110 million
Forcibly Displaced People (FDP) worldwide at mid-2023 as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, human
rights violations or events seriously disturbing public order.
120
Millions

100
80
60
40
20
0
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
2017
2020
2023
Refugees under UNHCR's mandate Asylum-seekers
Returned IDPss Stateless persons
Other people in need of international protection Forcibly displaced people worldwide
Source: UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/
 Statistics broken down:
From the 110 million forcibly displaced people…
35.8 million are considered (1) under The Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey
UNHCR’s mandate and (2) are people in each hosted 3.4 million refugees, the
need of international protection. From largest populations worldwide.
them 52% (18.5M) originate from just
three countries: Islamic Republic of Iran 3.4 million
Syrian Arab Republic 6.5 million Turkey 3.4 million
Afghanistan 6.1 million Germany 2.5 million
Ukraine 5.9 million Colombia 2.5 million
Pakistan 2.1 million

An estimated 43.8 million (40%) were Low- and middle-income countries host 75% of the world’s
children below 18 years of age. refugees. Least Developed Countries provide asylum to 20%.

1.9 million children were born as refugees 69% of refugees live in 4.4 million people residing in
between 2018 and 2022. An average of countries neighbouring 97 countries are stateless.
385,000 children are born as refugees per their countries of The true global figure is
year. origin. estimated to be higher.

Source: UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/

Climate Change and Migration
3 Fallacies

• Fallacy to see migration caused by climate change as a future risk while already millions of
people have been displaced as a result of climate change impact

• Fallacy to think of climate-induced migration as a new type of migration, while migration is

multicausal (‘climat mobilities’)

• Fallacy to see migration as a threat to society

10
Business Approaches:
Focus on Own Workforce

11
 (1)
Refugees & Own Workforce:
Opportunity
LABOR FORCE INTEGRATION OF REFUGEES TO ADDRESS GLOBAL SCARCITY OF LABOR & STAFFING
CHALLENGES : Great labor demand not only in advanced economies but also in countries that used to be
associated with cheap labor availability, such as Jordan, Malaysia, South Africa and Thailand

Increased labor mobility

leads to large gains for the
Costs over $1.3 Trillion
immigrants and a positive
a year (BCG, 2022) overall gain for the
Shortages not
limited to destination country (World
highly Bank, 2018)
educated
workers

Stark political opposition to

immigration: arrival of
immigrants = worst fears
(World Values Survey, 2023)

12
 (1)
Going Beyond Philanthropy:
From a Single Initiative or Perspective to a Bundle of Initiatives or Multi-pronged approach

Perspectives of refugees on Perspectives of welcoming employees

labor market ecosystem CONNECT
(talent - lots of heterogeneity - on refugee workers
resilence) (perspective-taking skills)

Trajectory of refugees
Placement of refugees EXPAND (diversity & inclusion // long-term –
(diversity only // short-term) benefits also the company in an evolving
world)

Child care support, mental health

Focus on work alone EXTEND
(narrow - )
care, housing, mentoring, etc.
(proactive - systemic – win-win)

Centralized approach EMPOWER Local ecosystem

(MNC: top-down) (bottom-up)

13
 = (1)
Adecco’s Strategy:
Partnership approach

the world's second largest Human Resources provider and temporary staffing firm, and a Fortune
Global 500 company

“Our dedication goes beyond borders and also, beyond recruitment, because we know: No one can
solve such a complex global challenge alone. That’s why we partner with NGOs and foundations
such as Tent, IFRI (Institut Français des Relations Internationales) and ENAR (European Network
Against Racism) to support refugee integration. We also work closely with government agencies and
other organizations to create a holistic support system for refugees. Through joint projects,
whitepapers, and guides, we contribute to the dialogue on refugee integration, promoting inclusive
policies and practices in workplaces around the world.”

14
Source: https://www.adecco.com/employers/who-we-are/jobs-for-refugees
 (1)
Roll-out of Refugee-Targeted HR Services
2008 - First refugees hired 2017 – Adecco Humando’s 2020 - Adecco joins TENT
2008-2016

2016-2019

2020-2024
in Italy. Genesis of Adecco Program, whitepaper on PARTNERSHIP, a global
transformative initiative. labor market integration in network for refugee
2015 - Adecco Group's Europe and ENAR's guide. integration.
Italian foundation, IFRI, and 2018 - Launch of state-led 2022 - global expansion
ENAR to amplify refugee HOPE project, plus with projects in Madrid,
integration impact. impactful studies on JOBS FOR UKRAINE
2016 - Partnerships with WELCOMING REGUGEES. solidarity platform launch.
French NGOs and initial 2019 – Humando’s 2023 - Adecco pledges to
steps in Germany post- Program keeps expanding. find jobs for 50,000
Syrian civil war. refugees globally, train
10,000 by 2025.

Jobs for Ukraine in numbers Adecco renews its commitment to refugee inclusion by
• 10k refugees connected to 2k employers.
• 8k+ regugees found a job. helping to recruit 85,000 refugees and train 17,000 globally
• 1.3+ refugees received free training. by the end of 2027.
Source: https://www.adecco.com/employers/who-we-are/jobs-for-refugees, 15
https://www.adecco.com/employers/resources/news/refugee-inclusion-commitment
 Adecco’s International Scope: (1)
Present in all 5 continents providing human resources solutions

- (11 countries)
- (24)
- (2)
- (12)

Source: UN Migration https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock

 (1)
Adecco’s Geographic Scope & Top International Migrant
Destinations

0 - 1.2 million
1.21 – 3.7 million
3.71 – 9.3 million
9.31 – 15.7 million
15.76 – 50.6 million

2 prominent destinations, Saudi Arabia and Russia, are not yet part of Adecco's current portfolio.

Source: UN Migration https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock

 (1)
Future migration trends

The USA and Europe, specially the 38

nations belonging to the OECD, will
continue being the favored
migratory destinations as they
collectively accommodate over 50%
of the present global migrant
population.
This is attributed to their exceptional
standards of living, abundant
economic prospects, and substantial
foreign-born communities, which
contribute to alleviate the challenges Immigration pressures are expected to build up from Africa and
associated with social and financial the Middle East to Europe, and drop within Europe and Central
integration. Asia. However, global migration pressures will remain roughly
constant at 3 percent of the world’s population.
Source: [IMF, 2020, NIC, 2021; OECD, 2023]. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/gt2040-home/gt2040-deeper-looks/future-of-migration;
https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-advanced-economies-can-raise-growth; https://www.oecd-
ilibrary.org/sites/b0f40584-en/1/3/1/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/b0f40584-en&_csp_=f32aa69b63450530407ffa5853cb88a4&itemIGO=oecd&item
ContentType=book
 (1)
Ben & Jerrys:
Advocating social justice and refugee’s integration

19
 (1)
Going Beyond Philanthropy:
Changing Mindsets

Close to 1 million Rohingya in About 75% of all new internally Refugee entrepreneurship
the world’s largest refugee camp displaced people hosted in
(since 2017) Africa Source: Impact Hub &
UNHCR: Global Roadmap

20
 (1)
HesabPay in Afghanistan
Example of refugee entrepreneurship
Opportunity: 6% of Afghans had a bankc account yet 60% had a smartphone
https://youtu.be/qWx0L0RzyTk

21
 (2)
Multiple levers that drive business response:
Community

22
 (2)
How does Local, Community-level Exposure to Refugee Crisis Affect Firm’s
CSR Investment Choices?

Source (own map): Migrants’ Files – an open dataset maintained by journalists with reports on tragic incidents where one or
more refugees, undcoumented migratants and asylym seekers died or went missing & ORBIS
Source: Nardi & Huysentruyt, 2023

23
 (2)
Firms on average respond to a sudden increase in salience of refugee crisis
Specifically, they shift from high to low materiality social policies …

24
Source: Nardi & Huysentruyt, 2023
 (2)
.. But only the high social performing firms respond

25
 (2)
How does place matter for social integration of refugees

Measures of social integration:

# of Facebook friendships that Syrians have with Germans
Share of public content shared by Syrians that is in German
# of local Facebook groups, such as local soccer clubs, joined by Syrians

Findings
(i) Syrians in Germany generally have low levels of
social integration
(ii) There are large geographic differences in social
integration
(iii) Local environments rather than people largely
explain regional differences
(iv) Integration courses help facilitate successful
integration
(v) Initial contact leads to follow-on contacts

26
 (2)
Building social cohesion in ethnically mixed schools:
An intervention in perspective-taking

6500 elementary school

children, 16% of whom are
refugees, from 80
elementary schools in
Turkey. These schools are
located in two southeastern
provinces of Turkey that
received a massive influx of
Syrian refugee. Half of the
schools were randomly
selected to receive the
educational program

Finding:
Educational program significantly improved prosociality mainly thRough
increasing perspective taking
(BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL!)

27
 (1) – (6)
Multiple opportunities for business response:
A value-chain perspective

28
Mega-trends
Megacities, asymmetries, and disruption
Top 6
in 2050
Mumbai 42.4M
Delhi 36.15M
Dhaka 35.19M
Kinshasa 35M
Kolkata 33M
Lagos 32.6M
Tokyo 32.6M
Karachi 31.7M

29
Broad Spectrum of Business Responses to Sustainability Challenges:
At a High Level

30
31
Many thanks -

I welcome your comments, thoughts or suggestions

Marieke Huysentruyt
Associate Professor in Strategy and Business Policy
Academic Director of the Inclusive Economy Center
Academic Director of the Impact Company Lab
huysentruyt@hec.fr

mariekehuysentruyt.com

32