PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 REVIEWER

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

● It is an organized and systematic way to acquire RESEARCH DESIGN
numerical data about global, national and local ● refers to the total approach that you select in order
issues, collection, removing the possibility of to incorporate the different components of the
actual assumption study in a comprehensible and rational way
● Type of research that is most concerned about
generalizing its findings a. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
● The objective part of a quantitative research ● Also referred as Survey Research
can aid the researcher to arrive at a more ● applied to give a detailed description of
reliable data analysis the phenomenon or some factor at the
moment
Significance of Quantitative Research ● Types of Descriptive Research Design
★ The role of research is a formal process of ○ Multiple
problem solving. ○ Survey
★ Research knows the truth
★ Improve or enhance ways of doing things or to b. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
disprove or provide a new hypothesis ● Explores the relationship between
★ Find answers to questions or solutions in daily variables using statistical evaluation and
life use to receive more statistical data.
★ To have a safer life ● Correlations are used for prediction
★ To explore our history buff ○ Prediction – Estimating the value
★ To understand arts of one variable, knowing the value
★ To gather necessary information of another

Characteristics Of Quantitative Research c. EXPERIMENTAL

1. Method can be continual to affirm findings in ● requires there to be a control group and
another scope, thus, strengthen and strengthen an experimental group
credibility of collection, removing the possibility ● Types of Experimental Research Design
of actual assumption ○ Pre-Experimental
2. Draws figures, tables or graphs summarizing ○ Quasi-Experimental Design
the data collected to show direction, ■ Also known as
relationship or variations among variables. Causal-Comparative method
3. Find more comprehensive activity related to ■ seeks to begin a cause-effect
human action relationship between two or
4. Uses survey and questionnaire data. more variables.
5. Collected data that can be summarized with
numbers VARIABLE KINDS AND THEIR USES
6. Rated and scaled responses provide in response VARIABLE
to questionnaire of every items ● commonly used in research studies
● It can be something handy and visible, an
Strengths of Quantitative Research event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other
✓ Difficulty in data analysis type of what you are trying to measure.
✓ Expensive and time consuming
✓ Improper representation of the target Role of Variables in Research
population ■ The main purpose of research is to solve
problems and improve the support for society.
Common Contents of a Quantitative Research
■ Equations KINDS OF VARIABLES
■ Numerical figures/Data
● a variable that stands alone
○ Data are in a form of statistics Independent
● isn’t changed by the other variables but
Variables (IV)
■ Questionnaire Data is the cause of change
■ Close-Ended Responses
● The one which changes the result of the
independent variable being changed.
● It is something that depends on other
Dependent
factors.
Variables (DV)
● Variables that are being tested and
monitored

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 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 REVIEWER
Types of Hypotheses
● refer to those variables in research which
will be reported on without relating them a. Theory-driven vs. Data-driven hypotheses
Descriptive
Variables
to anything in particular with no b. Directions (one-tailed) vs. Non-directional
conclusions drawn about influence, or (two-tailed) hypotheses.
causality.
c. Descriptive vs. Causal hypotheses
● Can take on one of a limited, and usually
fixed, number of possible values, METHODOLOGY
Categorical assigning each individual or other ● The methodology section of a research paper
Variables unit of observation to a particular
group or nominal category outlines the procedures and techniques used to
● EX: “agree” and “disagree” conduct the research.
● It should include the following:
● Numeric variables that come from a ○ Research Design
limited set of numbers
● They may result from answering ○ Participants/Sample
questions such as “how many”, “how ○ Data Collection Methods
Discrete
often” and "how far" or that can only take ○ Data Analysis Techniques
Variables
on a certain number of values.
● These are variables that are countable
○ Ethical Considerations
where the range of specified values is
complete. TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. RANDOM SAMPLING
● Numeric variables that can take any
Continuous ● involves surveying a large population
value, a variable that can be used for an
Variables ● each individual has an equal chance of
infinite number of possible values
being chosen
● In research there is any variable that can ● This method helps minimize bias and
Confounding potentially play a role in the
Variables outcome of a study but which is not allows for accurate generalizations about
part of the Study. the population as well as to ensure valid
results
STATING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
RESEARCH QUESTION
● non-probability sampling technique where
● an answer or response to an inquiry into a
researchers select participants based on
specific concern or issue
their easy availability and accessibility
● It is the initial or first step in a research project.
● often used when time, budget, or logistical
● Topic - key components of the Research
constraints make random sampling
Question
impractical
● Problem Statement - a description of an issue
which needs to be addressed
3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
● also known as judgmental or non-probability
The Characteristics Of A Good Question Are As
sampling
Follows
● researchers select participants based on
✓ A research question makes concrete the base of
specific characteristics or criteria relevant to
where you are going and what you hope to find.
the study
✓ The research question helps you narrow your
● allows researchers to focus on a particular
research and write a clear, arguable thesis. Your
group of people who have certain traits,
research question needs to be concise, arguable,
experiences, or knowledge that are
and focused on your particular topic.
important for the research objectives.
✓ It is framed in a clear, easily understandable
language to avoid ambiguity.
4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
✓ It is guiding but not leading
● often used in qualitative research,
✓ It is purposeful and stimulates thinking
particularly when studying hard-to-reach or
✓ It is usually short and single dimensional.
hidden populations
● existing study subjects recruit future
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
subjects from among their acquaintances,
● research hypothesis states what the researcher
creating a "snowball" effect as the sample
expects to find – it is the tentative answer to the
grows.
research question that guides the entire study

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
HYPOTHESIS / SCIENTIFIC GUESS
● Ethical considerations in research refer to the
● a tentative explanation or an answer to a question
principles and guidelines that researchers must
about variables
follow to ensure the rights, dignity, and welfare of
● A hypothesis has to be tested through analytical
participants are protected.
investigation to prove how true or false it is.

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● The main contents of ethical considerations
● This test for differences between three or
typically include: ANOVA
more groups means to see if at least one
(Analysis of
○ Informed Consent Variance)
group differs significantly from the
○ Confidentiality and Anonymity others.

○ Approval from Ethics Review Boards

● This assesses the association between
Chi-Square categorical variables, determining if
DATA ANALYSIS Test observed frequencies differ from
● Data analysis is the process of systematically expected frequencies.

applying statistical and logical techniques to

describe, summarize, and evaluate data.
● The goal of data analysis is to extract useful "Research is not just a task; it’s a journey of
information, identify patterns, and support discovery."
decision-making based on the data collected.

Most Common Software Used In Data Analysis

■ SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences)
○ Widely used in social sciences for statistical
analysis.
■ Excel
○ A spreadsheet program that offers basic
data analysis tools and functions.
■ Python
○ A versatile programming language with
libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy that
are widely used for data analysis.
■ Stata
○ Used for data management and statistical
analysis, particularly in economics and
social sciences.
■ Tableau
○ A data visualization tool that helps users
create interactive and shareable
dashboards.

Main Types Of Statistical Analysis

● This type summarizes and describes the
main features of a dataset.
● It includes measures such as:
○ Mean: The average value.
○ Median: The middle value when
Descriptive data is ordered.
Statistics ○ Mode: The most frequently
occurring value.
○ Standard Deviation: A measure of
data dispersion.
○ Range: The difference between the
highest and lowest values.

● This examines the relationship between

two or more variables to determine how
they change together.
Correlation
Analysis
● Common methods include:
○ Pearson Correlation Coefficient
○ Spearman's Rank Correlation

● A statistical test used to determine if

there is a significant difference between
the means of two groups.
T-Test
● Types of T-tests
○ Independent Samples T-test
○ Paired Samples T-test
○ One-sample T-test

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