Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.

A (TEFL)
September 4 2023
Tense

S V O EI (M P T R/Pur) EI V S

NP
NP4 NP10A
Machine learning, a marvelous branch of AI, the performance of which will surely surpass mankind’s

ability

will be
NP2 NP10B
the essential field influencing the future work place, whose nature is competitive.

We are learning English by using Zoom. (How? => Manner)

!2 Tenses => 5 Tenses constitute 95% of all English sentences.

1) Simple Present
2) Present Continuous
3) Present Perfect
4) Simple Past
5) Simple Future

SCHOLAR Course Outline

1) Linguistics 2) 12 Tenses 3) Be polite/Diplomatic 4) Special Patterns 5) Vocabulary

- 14 NPs - 5 Major Tenses - Vocab Cartoon
- 8 BSPs - 7 Tenses - Collocation
- 5 ASPs

Vbase => The original form of the Verb without any changes. V1 => Go, goes

Negative Emphasis => Not only did Tom arrive late, he also did not apologize for it.

Subjunctive Mood => Our manager insists we (is/are/be) punctual.

It’s not a good idea. May I suggest another idea. I think this could be improved by Ving ----
Specific Time Reference
Henry has reported this incident. Henry reported this incident last week.

Present Perfect (Past-Present Tense)

I have been to Bagan. The manager will have read my resignation letter by now. He will be very angry.

Beautiful is she. Past Incident

Attractive to everyone is she.

Adj PP BE S.

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Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)
September 5 2023

Parts of a Sentence from Linguistic Perspective

Tense
S MV O
NP
S V O
 Many students study English.
S
 Many students in Myanmar study English.
S V O
 Many Myanmar students who are preparing to go abroad study English, the language which is widely used
all over the world.
 I have already done my HW.
V2 STR
 I did my HW last night. (To show completed past action)
NP3 NP4 NP2
Bagan situated on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwaddy river, the life-blood of Myanmar people, revealing the rich
cultural heritage of Myanmar, one of the members of the ASEAN,

is
NP1 SCHOLAR NP3 NP8
the ancient seat of the first Myanmar empire, founded by king Anawratha, who propagated Buddhism.
S V O
Mg Mg is my friend.

Mg Mg under the tree is my friend.

S (NP2)
Mg Mg reading a book under the tree is my friend.
S (NP2) O (NP6)
Mg Mg reading a book under the tree is my friend who came back from Singapore.

Mg Mg is my friend. + He is reading a book under the tree. + He came back from Singapore.

Determiner

A determiner is a word or phrase placed before a noun 1) to show which noun is referred to, or

2) to give information on quantity or amount.

Det N
Eg 1 my ruler

Eg 2 a purse

Eg 3 a few cakes

Eg4 a little coffee

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Eg5 a large amount of rice
2
Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)

a, an, the (&) my, our, your

his, her, their, its (use that for).

this, that, these, those

UnC N
little, a little (show us source).
CN CN UnC N
few, a few, many, much,

every (DET use us).

September 9 2023 (Saturday)

Countable vs Uncountable Nouns

money, amount, grain, gas, liquid (&) powder Noun Plural/Verb Singular (Words)

time, distance, measurement -s, -es (stuck).

Noun Plural > cats, boxes
Noun Uncount: (Must) + Verb Singular
(Stuck). Verb Singular > reads, finishes
little, a little, much, a large amount of
(&) a great deal of
+ Noun Uncount: (sort).
a large number of
SCHOLAR
several, many, few, a few,
a, an => Countable (true).
plenty of, a lot of, some => Count:/Uncount: (come).

NOTE: We never use ‘a’ and ‘an’ with uncountable nouns.

Money
Eg 1 100 dollars (is/are) too much for this wallet.
Amoun
Eg 2 Three cups
t of sugar (is/are) needed to make this cake.
Grain
Eg 3 Groundnut (provide/provides) us Vitamin E.
Grain
Eg 4 Rice (is/are) our staple food.
Liquid
Eg 5 Myanmar people enjoy drinking tea which (is/are) readily available at teashops.
Powder
Eg 6 Salt (make/makes) curries tastier.
Time
Eg 7 30 minutes (is/are) all I can wait.
Distance
Eg 8 200 miles (is/are) the distance between Yangon and Naypyidaw.
Measuremen
Eg 9 t 3 yards (seem/seems) too narrow.
Measuremen
Eg 10 100
t metres (is/are) the length of this swimming pool.
Money

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Eg 11 $30 (is/are) too much for this cake.
SCHOLARAmount 3
Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)
Eg 12 3 cups of water (is/are) needed to make this jelly.
Grain
Eg 13 Sugar (contain/contains) carbohydrates.
Liquid
Eg 14 In Italy, wine (is/are) superb.
Powder
Eg 15 Flour (provide/provides) basic nutrients for westerners.

Time
Eg 16 15 minutes (is/are) all I have now.
Distance
Eg 17 10 miles (is/are) too far to walk.
Measurement
Eg 18 3 feet (is/are) the length of this table.
Un C
Eg 19 (Little/Few) powder (is/are) left in the can.
C
Eg 20 (Many/much) foxes (join/joins) together to catch their prey.
Un C
Eg 21 (A large amount of/A large number of) cashew nuts (is/are) included in this recipe.
C
Eg 22 (A little/A few) sandwiches (is/are) still available at the food court.
C
Eg 23 (Plenty of/Much) fruits (contain/contains) vitamins.
C
Eg 24 (A large amount of/Some) pineapples (was/were) sold out this morning.

Eg 25 (Several/much) pizzas (was/were) available here.

Eg 26 (A large number of/A great amount of) honey (provide/provides) enough energy for you.

SCHOLAR

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Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)
The Use of Articles
1 Indefinite Articles (a,an)
2 Definite Article (the)
3 Zero Article (Omission of Articles)

Articles (a, an, the) Myanmar Version

တွေ့မြင်သိစ တစ်ခု၊ တစ်ကောင် a နှင့် an ကိုဆောင်
ရေတွက်ရာမှာသုံးလိုက် Quantity, Amount, Price.Indefinite Articles (a,an)

နဂိုသေချာ သဘာဝ the ကို သုံးလိုက်ကြ။

ဆိုင်ရာဒေသ တစ်ခုတည်း ကမ္ဘာ (landmarks)

သင်္ဘော၊ ကျွန်းစု၊ တောင်တန်းပါ။
သမုဒ်၊ ပင်လယ်၊ မြစ်၊ ရေးဦ
သတင်းစာ၊ နိုင်ငံများကိန်းယူ။ Definite Article
(the)
Only, sole, same, ordinals => The ရှေ့တင်မယ်

The Adjective => class က The superlative မှတ်ထားကြ

စိတ္တဇ၊ ပညာ(ရပ်)၊ တစ်ဦးဆိုင်ပါ

General Sense ပြ Plural Noun
By Vehicle ပေါင်:။ Zero Article
Zero Article တောင်း။

အထူးမှတ်ရန်က Det + Singular Countable Noun ဗျ။

Articles (a, an, the) English Version

SCHOLAR
First time/Introduction/one => a, an (comes)

Counting Quantity, Amount, Price => a, an (like).

Sure, Original, Nature => t h e the (star).

First time/Introduction/one => a, an (comes)

တွေ့မြင်သိစ တစ်ခု၊ တစ်ကောင် a နှင့် an ကို
ဆောင် Counting Quantity, Amount, Price => a, an (like).
ရေတွက်ရာမှာသုံးလိုက် Quantity, Amount, Price.
နဂိုသေချာ သဘာဝ the ကို သုံးလိုက်ကြ။ Sure, Original, Nature => t h e the (star).

တွေ့မြင်သိစ/တစ်ခု တစ် နဂိုသေချာ

Eg 1 We went to a restaurant
ကောင်we have never been to yesterday. Today, we went to the same restaurant again.
တွေ့မြင်သိစ/တစ်ခု တစ်ကောင် နဂိုသေချာ
Eg 2 While going out yesterday, Thurein saw a girl gazing at him. He met the girl again this morning.
Price
Eg 3 This will cost you $5 a piece. တစ်ခု တစ်
Quantity/

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Eg 4 You need to put aAmount
cup of sugar into this mixture to bake a cake.
ကောင်
Quantity/
SCHOLAR
Amount 5
Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)
Eg 5 A dozen of flowers costs $2.
Quantity/
Eg 6 I stayed at this hotel for a couple
Amountof days.
သဘာ၀ သဘာ၀
Eg 7 The moon revolves around the earth. (Exception: on earth)
သဘာ၀
Eg 8 Many trees can be seen in the forest.
သဘာ၀
Eg 9 The beach is sandy and clean.
The only thing in related parts, Landmarks
ဆိုင်ရာဒေသ တစ်ခုတည်း ကမ္ဘာ
(Landmarks) A group of islands, Mountain Ranges, Ship (stuck).
သင်္ဘော၊ ကျွန်းစု၊ တောင်တန်းပါ။
သမုဒ်၊ ပင်လယ်၊ မြစ်၊ ရေးဦ River, Ocean, Sea, Important Building, Papers, States
သတင်းစာ၊ နိုင်ငံများကိန်းယူ။
t h e => the (take).
နဂိုသေချာ
Eg 1 The accident victims were taken to the district
ဆိုင်ရာဒေသတစ်ခုတည်:
hospital. ဆိုင်ရာဒေသတစ်ခုတည်: Sure

Eg 2 The CEO of our company will award the outstanding staff.

တစ်ခုတည်းကမ္ဘာ
Eg 3 The Statue of Liberty is in New York.
သင်္ တွေ့မြင်သိစ၊ တစ်ခုတစ်
Eg 4 The Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg.
ဘော ကောင်
Sure, Original, Nature => t h e the (star).
ကျွ ပင်လယ်
Eg 5 The န်း
Myeik Isalnds is in the Andaman Sea.
ဘော
တောင်တန်း နဂို
Eg 6 The Shan Yoma is in theသေချာ
east of Myanmar.
သမုဒ္ဒရာ
မြစ် ပင်လယ်
Eg 7 ဘော Ocean.
The Ayeyarwaddy River flows into the Kappali Sea which is a part of the Indian
နိုင်ငံများ States
ရေးဦ
ကိန်း
Eg 8 The pentagon is the military headquarter of the United States. (The Phillipines, The United Arab Emirates)

SCHOLAR
သတင်းစာ
Eg 9 The Washington Post is the prestigious newspaper.

only, sole, same, ordinals => The ရှေ့တင်မယ်။

Eg 1 The only possible solution is to stay at home & work from home during this pandemic.

Eg 2 The sole purpose of this project is to boost up the local economy.

Eg 3 These twins have the same taste in fashion.

ဆိုင်ရာဒေသတစ်ခုတည်း Ordinals
Eg 4 The chairman would award the first prize.
Ordinals Ordinals
Eg 5 The second and the third prizes go to George and Henry.
Ordinals Ordinals
Eg 6 Laura is the eleventh and the last candidate in this interview. (Exception: at last, last week/month/year)

The Adjective => Class က The superlative မှတ်ထားကြ The Adjective => Class, The superlative (Task).
Adj V(Plu:) Adj V(Plu:)
Eg 1 The educated (decide/decides) more cautiously than the uneducated (do/does).
Adj Adj
Eg 2 The rich (get/gets) richer and the poor (remain/remains) poor.
Super သဘာ၀
Eg 3 Messi is the most famous footballer in the world.
Super
Eg 4 The smartest student in this class is Smith.

Change of Degrees of Comparison

Positive Degree D1 Comparative Degree D2 Superlative Degree D3

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Sayar U Aung Aung Tun B.A (English) Honours, M.A (TEFL)
1/2 thin thinner than the thinnest
Syllables small smaller than the smallest

3 or more beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful

Syllables pleasant more pleasant than the most pleasant

Exceptions famous more famous than the most famous

good (adj) better than the best
well (Adv) better than the best
bad worse than the worst
little less than the least
many (Countable) more than the most
much (UnCountable) more than the most
စိတ္တဇ၊ ပညာ(ရပ်)၊ တစ်ဦးဆိုင်ပါ
General Sense ပြ Plural Noun
By vehicle ပေါင်:
Zero Article တောင်း ။
Abstract (စိတ္တဇ)
Eg 1 Love is blind.
Abstract (စိတ္တဇ)Abstract (စိတ္တဇ)
Eg 2 Unity is strength.
Abstract (စိ
တ္တဇ)

Abstract (စိတ္တဇ) Super

Eg 3 Honesty is the best policy.
ပညာရပ် ပညာရပ်
Eg 4 Computer technology is based on Mathematics.
တစ်ဦး
Eg 5 Sithu enjoys swimming.
ဆိုင်
တစ်ဦး

SCHOLAR
ဆိုင်
Eg 6 To my birthday party, I invited my close friends: Isabelle, Nancy, George and James.
တစ်ဦး
Eg 7 I like roasted ducks from Golden
ဆိုင်
Duck.
General Sense
Eg 8 Children are playful.
Not in General Sense, but in specific
reference
Eg 9 The children beside my house are playful.
General
Eg 10 Flowers are fragrant.
Sense

Not in General Sense, but in specific

Eg 11 Thereference
jasmines in this garden are fragrant.
By vehicle
Eg 12 He went there by car/taxi/bus/boat/plane.

အထူးမှတ်ရန်က Det + Singular Countable Noun ဗျ။

Det SCN
Det SCN
Eg 1 I saw a man running on the road.
Det SCN Det SCN
Eg 2 Mary left her purse in our house.
တစ်ဦး SCN SCN
Eg 3 Jack gave
ဆိုင် me a backpack as a present. As Adj/Adv as ---

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