Lesson 4 Computation of Loads ‘Since the wiring plan deals with the number of circuits and its branches, it is deemed fit to always provide a computation of the loads of the total current needed as required per circuit, The computation of loads illustrates the numberof lighting fixtures, the number of circuits, the wattage and voltage ‘consumption, the number of circuits, the appliances required, and the size of the wire. “The computation of loads. also used as basis in determining the proper size of wiresand protective devices like the fuse or circuit breaker to be used. ‘The ability to approximate the loading per outlet begins with knowing the power needed by every fixture and appliance specified so as to estimate and compute the total wattage of every branch cireuit. ‘The computation of load is always based on the electrical plan pre- __ pared by the electrical designer—an electrician, an electrical engineer, oran architect. Based on the wiring plan presented in the previous lesson, hete is a sample of the computation of loads. Branch Circuit No. 1 2-Fluorescent fixture at 80 watts (40-watt lamp; 40-watt ballast) each = 160 watts 4—Incandescent lamp at 100 watts each = 400 watts Total Load Power = 560 watts Branch Current = TotalLoadPower 560. _ enh Corel Sie aee NE Pa ‘The recommended size of wire is3.5 mm? THHN with current capacity ‘of 30 amperes that is more than enough to carry 2.55 amperes branch current ‘overloaded. The wire is far from being overloaded and thereforeis very safe as faras the present loading is concerned. (Wires will be discussed in detail in Lesson8)Branch Circuit No, 2 Five outlets provided forsmall appliances. f 200 watts load, thus 5 x 200 = 1000 watts Branch Current = 1000 = 4.55 amper 220 ‘Two wires are recommended 3.5 mm’ for grounding. The grounding connect trical shock from the appliance Branch Circuit No. 3 One air-conditioning unit with a rats Branch Current = oa 9.4 am Two wires are needed at 3.5mm? T ‘grounding connection. Branch Circuit No, 4 Same as Branch Circuit No.3 Branch Circuit No. 5 utlet is estimated at 5 mm*THHN and | - aired to prevent elec- 02000 watts another 3.5 mm? for One electric range with a rating ¢ at ‘Two wires at sized 3.5 mm? TF {another 3.5 mm? sized THAN wire for grounding connection, Branch Circuit No. 6 Circuit No. 6 is a spare circuit and not loaded, This is intended for future use in case of loading expans ition, The computation of loads is usually pr erly specified in each column 108 Electrical Wiring Instaliation 1 a tabular form prop- plus 1x35 min? ‘Spare Use: 2-8 mm* THH 1-3.5mm? TH ‘One wire is for’Panel Board: PB Service: 220 Volts eae Single Phase, Main Fuse: 60 Amperes — i ' = ’ 4 [2x35 2-Flowescent | 560 | 25 | 20] 15 | mm? 4 Incandescent | Watts ' Lamp ; 2 [axa6 | souters 1,000] 45 | 2 | 15 ' mm? | smal Watts | appliances ; 3. |3x3.5 |Air condition] 2, 000 94 30 15 mm? | unit(ACU) Watts | “he | | 4 |3%35 | Aircondior 2,000 | 94 15 mm? | unit (ACU) Watts | 5 [2x38 | Electric 3500 | 159 | 30 | 16 | mm? | Range Watts | plus | 1x36 | mint | 6 | Spare 2500 | 11.36 Watts Total Power [17,560 | 62.46 | Watts | ‘Main Fuse; 40 or 50 Amperes Use: 2-8 mm? THHN in 20 millimeter diameter Rigid Steel Conduit 1-3.5 mm? THHN or Bare copper for grounding purposes ‘One wire is for grounding purpose EE eee Fig. 4.10 The schedule of Loads of the Electrical Plan re ee : |Inaddition to the computation of loads, a specification lists also pro- vided on the sheet. The specification list describes the limitations ofthe elec- \Se> 4 {tical installation, the materials to be used, and how they are tobe installed. I atone ii isalso the owner's basis whether the electrical contractor followed what has ers \ been previously agreed upon. Bae ‘The following are sample Specifications fora Wiring Plan, 1. Allelecrical works shall be done in accordance with the provision of the latest edition ofthe Philippine Electrical Code. The law and ordi- Inances ofthe local code enforcement, and the local power company, 2. Wiring method for lighting, power, and auxiliary system shal be THEIN in Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) or Polyvinyl Chloride rigid plastic (PVC) ‘Acom ras indicated on the drawing, tures, the num the number of materi wire. It is usuz 3. Allmaterials shall benew. ie 4 Allmetallc conduits, equipment, and pane! board enclosure shall be Properly grounded. Mounting height for switches and convenient outlet shall bee 1400 and 300 millimeters respectively unless otherwise noted, i %e / DISCUSSION QUESTIONS i vet Ht ‘What are the advantages inthe presentation ofa computation of loads? : | 2. Does the computation of loads set limitto the contractor or owner? et 3. What could be the effects should the contractor violate the results in the H i ‘computation of loads? it 4. Whatis the spare for? i ‘ 5. Isthereaneed to provide wire for grounding purpose? 110 Electrical Wiring InstallationE> coer Make your own computation of loads based on the wiring plan you designed in lesson 3. Follow the example given and specify suggestions and recommendationsinyourtable. > 40 SUMMED ess nel eine oe oe Acomputation of loads illustrates the number of lighting fix- tures, the number of circuits, the wattage and voltage consumption, the number of circuits, the appliances required, and the size of the wire. It is usually presented in a tabular form and is submitted to- ‘gether with the wiring plan to the government agency. bee ee eee, ! A 1 .os Lesson 5 Electrical Symbols Electrical diagrams are designed to serve as road maps of electrical Works. To facilitate interpretation and understanding of reading a diagram, clectrical practitioners should be familiar with the standard symbols used, Electrical symbols are representations of the actual devices used in the installation, Iteliminates the use ofthe actual words, which occupy much space in the diagram, ‘These diagrams are drawn on blueprints. The engineer or urchitect draws instandard symbols the representation ofthe outlets fixtures, devices, switches, and lamps, Sometimes, designers ither the engineer or architect) modify symbolsto suit their own needs. Thus its importantto have a symbol list or legend in the blueprint for easy interpretation, “ ‘lectical symbols are divided into five basic categories. These are the following: General outlets Convenience receptacles Switches Panels, circuits, and miscellaneous components Auniliary systems Sap ep Ctl Ne different types of outlet or junction box. This ‘ype of outletcan be fora switch, appliance or lighting fixtures suchas incan- descent lamps, fluorescentlamps, chandeliers. ( For lighting fixtures, the symbols usually used are circles for incandes- ent lamps and rectangles with smal circles inside for fluorescent lamps, Accircle with a short line extending out ofthe circle on the left side indicates that an outlet is wall-mounted. For example The line extend. ingout of the circle isan indication thatthe incandescent lamp is mounted on the wall. ‘The circle without the short lin indicates an outlet is not mounted on the wall, 112 Electrical Wiring Installation LIGHTING OU INCAN 2]LIGHTING OUTLETS a INCANDESCENTLAMP. Os INCANDESCENT LAMP e ¥ Gee FLOURESCENT FIXTURE = ee FLOURESCENTFOCTURE, 1 CONVENIENCE OUTLETS Fig. 4.11 Different types of lighting outlet @) FLOOROUTLET Fig. 4.12 Different types of convenience outlet Electrical Servicesa Convenience receptacles are outlets for power connection or source. ‘The most popular receptacle used is the duplex receptacle. The symbol used isacircle with lines, The lines indicate the type of receptacle: one line fora single receptacle, two lines for duplex, and three for triplex. 7 Speciall purpose receptacles are symbolized by a circle with a triangle in the center; These receptacles are for appliance outlets like ranges, refiri- gerator, and washing machines. An unshaded triangle indicates that a stan- dard receptacle is required. A shaded triangle means thata special receptacle is indicated. SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLETS & Single special purpose receptacle =S. Range receptacle Brace ACU outlet Fig. 4.13 Different types of special purpose outlet Panels, circuits, and miscellaneous components refer to panel boards, and distribution power panels, circuit homerun, etc. - power panel Fig. 4.14 Panel lighting panel | board symbols ‘ll controller, rigs 114 Electrical Wiring installation ee and other signals. AUXILIARY SYS & Switches a1 the letter, are used t way switch is indie SWITCHES ry a ce ieGainey systems are outlets for telephones, television, bell, buzzer, and other signals. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS SYMBOL — PICTORIAL Fig. 415 Different kinds of auxillary ‘outlet Exit lamp outlet ‘Switches are indicated by the letter S. Other symbols, aside from the letter, are used to designate the switch required. For instance, a three- way switch is indicated by the symbol S, W. SWITCHES s single pole 2 sts Fig 4.160 Different = HERE symbols of switches SP. double pole Sw three way switch e push button buzzer Fig. 4.16b Symbols * 2 of auxillary devicesFires ore represented by lines. These lines are used to refer to actual ‘wiring connections. A solid straight line represents wiring that is concealed in wall or ceiling, a broken line with alternating short and long dashes repre- sents wiring tha is concealed ina floor, while. line with short dashes refers exposed wiring connection, mm cashediine Solid straight line Fig. 417 to ‘The dashed line represents exposed wires or wires that run between a component and a switch. a, ? DISCUSSION QUESTIONS |. Whyis there a need to represent the fixtures and outlets in symbols? 2. Can the designer use other symbols aside from the ones given? Explain your answer, 3. How will you explain the solid straight line? Why is it so? 4. How will you know ifthe convenience outletis duplex? 5. Since incandescent lamps are drawn in circles, how will you interpreta chandelierin symbols? ACTIVITY ‘esearch on more standard symbols used in the layout of electrical ‘works. Classify them according to their categories and discuss each, a SUMMARY «== eee ee 1 lectrical symbols are used to represent the actual fixtures, re- 1 ceptacles, and systems to be used in the layout ofall electrical works, 1 ‘They are meant to speed up work and eliminate the use, or spelling out, | ofthe word foreach component. : Electrical symbolsare classified ino five categories: Lighting out- lets; convenience receptacles; switches; panels, circuits and: miscella- Meus components; and auxiliary systems, Le a 116 Electrical Wiring Installation t 1 1 1 1 1 I ' 1 4 Lesson 6 Inthe app systems that mi Open Wiring This type raceways are ins is thatit is easily This application This meth like factories. Concealed W Unlike ope walls, columns, 1 temis more aest However, alterations. Wall any repairs can b Wiring Mater Wires an to the load. The aluminum, Other for special purpe wires are most co high conductivity sion of power ov electrical conduc longer than wires Kinds of Wire Wire hold place. A wire cond wooden or conereLesson 6 Wiring Methods, Raceways, and Cables Inthe application of electrical wiring, there are at least two basie wiring systems that may be used: open.wiring and concealed wiring Open Wiring This type of wiring system is an application where outlets and cables or raceways are installed in view. The advantage of this type of wiring installation is that it is easily accessible in case any repairs or alterations are to be done. This application is done when aesthetic concems can be ignored This method of wiring application s often applied in industrial buildings like factories. Concealed Wiring Unlike open wiring installation, outlets and raceway’ are embedded in ‘alls, columns, moldings, and ceilings. Since the wiring is concealed, this sys- tem is more aesthetically acceptable. However, the concealed wiring is inaccessible in times of repairs or alterations. Walls, floors, or ceilings have to be removed or defaced before any repairs can be done. Wiring Materials and Devices ‘Wires and cables are used to conduct electrical power from the source to the load. The most common materials used for wirings are copper and aluminum. Other metals such as nichrome, manganin, and constantan are used for special purpose wires such as those used as heating elements. Copper wires are most commonly used for electrical wiring installations because of its high conductivity and strength. Aluminum cables are preferred for transmis- sion of power over a long distance because of its light weight. Wires are electrical conductors 8 mm? (AWG #8) or smaller. Cables are larger and longer than wires. Both wires and cables can be solid or stranded, Kinds of Wire Holding Materials Wire holding materials are needed to hold electrical conductors in Place. A wire conductors firmly held by insulated materials to isolate it from ‘wooden or conerete surfaces and separate it from other conductors. Electrical Services. 117 Hi |‘The following wire holding materials are used in electrical wiring: 1. Split Knob May be plastic or porcelain, the split knob is composed of two parts: the head and the body. Between these two parts are two grooves for grip- ping and clamping the wire. The split knob is fas- Fig. 4.18 tened to wood by means ofa wood screw or nail. SPH knob 2. Solid Knob This has one body with a groove around its cylindrical body. The wire conductors tied to c ‘ Fig. 4.19 the body by means of apiece of wire. eS 3. Rack ‘The rack is an insulator made of porcelain with a metal screw for attachment to walls, It is used in the service entrance installation, we Fig, 4.20 Rack 4. Insulated Staple ‘This is used to hold the bell wire in place. A fi Itis U-shaped with a hard paper or plastic insula- torat its base, Fig. 4.21 Insulated staple 5. Wood Moulding ‘Thisis made of two canals where two con- ductors are imbedded. A thin wood cover is tached over the conductors, Fig. 4.22 Wood moulding 6. Plastic Moulding Usually gray or white in color, the plastic moulding comes in different sizes. Ithas a backing ‘nd capping like the wood moulding, The condue- tors are being attached to the canal ofthe plastic moulding. Fig. 4.23 Plastic moulding 7. Plastic Co! Thisc pound and cas oil, exposure ture, and corn are available i ameter ranges 8. Rigid Stee Steel finish may be ground or und conduit is ins imbedded in| 10 feet length wiring, the 1/ 9. Electrical Anek isaraceway tl steel conduit nized steel or trical metallic7. Plastic Conduit (PVC) This conduitis made from polyvinyl com- pound and can withstand immersion in water or oil, exposure to sunlight and underground mois- ture, and corrosive atmosphere. PVC conduits are available in 10 feet lengths and 1/20 4” di- ameter ranges with plain ends, Fig. 4.24 Plastic condutt 8. Rigid Steel Conduit Steel conduits having only a galvanized finish may be used indoors or outdoors, above ground or under ground in ordinary soils. A steel conduit is installed in contact with the earth or imbedded in concrete. Steel conduits come in 10 feet lengths with one coupling, For ordinary wiring, the 1/2 inch recommended. bin Fig, 4.25 Rigid steel conduit 9. Electrical Metallic Tubing Anelectrical metallic bing isaraceway thats similarto arigid steel conduit Itis made of galva- 4 stecrical mele wbing nized steel or aluminum. The elec- trical metallic tubing has no thread and is made with threadless fittings. Wiring Insulation Breakdown in electrical insulation of conductors is one of the most ‘common causes of electrical hazards. Selecting the proper wire insulation is as important as selecting the proper wires to use. The type of insulation is dictated by the conditions under which the wire is to operate with regard to heat, moisture, and other conditions that might affect insulation. The National Electric Code has established codes to identify the types of insulation. Some of these are: R — =Rubber T ~Thermoplastic (flame retardant) W — ~Moisture resistant H — —Heat resistant HH — Higher Heat resistant (up to 75 degrees) N — —NylonjacketRaceways and Cables Raceways are wiring accessories designed to hold wires, busbars or cables made of metals, plastic or any insulating material. The common types of raceways used are conduits and connectors. Under this system, conductors are pulled into the conduit after these conduits have been installed with junction and pull boxes. ‘The most widely-used conduits in residential and commercial buildings are the rigid steel conduit (RSC), electrical metallic tubing (EMT), and poly- vinyl chloride plastic (PVC). If conductors cannot be implanted on walls, ceilings, and wood and ‘metal moldings, raceways may be used for additional installation. ‘The raceway system protects wires from mechanical damages, serves asa grounding conductor for shock protection, and provides maximum me- chanical protection against fire hazards. Raceways are commercially available in three-metre lengths with vary- ing diameter sizes (in millimetres) of 15, 20, 32, 50, 40,65, 80, 90, 100, 125, and 150. A hacksaw with 18 teeth per inch is required to cutRSC, while a 32- teeth perinch hacksaw is used for smaller sizes of conduits and for EMT and PVC. Conduits are used in residential and commercial establishments where there are aesthetic requirement. Raceways may be used in industrial locations, Different Types of Raceways and Cables 1. Rigid Nonmetallic Raceway A type of raceway made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material, resistant to moisture, corrosion, and heat. This raceway is available at schedules 40 and 80, Schedule 40 is used in concealed wiring installation or when the area is subjected to corrosive influences or chemical reactions. A sched- ule 80 is used in above-ground or below-ground applications. This type of raceway is much easier to bend than a rigid conduit. Itcan be used: a. Concealed in walls, floors, and ceilings b. Inwetand dry or damp locations 120 Electrical Wiring Installation 2. ¢. Forun d. Ascot e. Forex Itcannot b. Tosu