The Process and Elements of

Communication
Saturday, November 4, 2023 2:18 PM

COMMUNICATION
• Communication is any process in which people, through the use of symbols, verbally and/or
nonverbally
• Communication is a systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to
create and interpret meanings.
• Communication is “the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER is the speaker or the communicator
2. MESSAGE the idea being transmitted by the sender to the listener
3. CHANNEL the medium or vehicle
4. RECEIVER the target of the communication.
5. FEEDBACK the reaction given by the listener to the sender of the message

The Communication Process

According to Menoy (2010), communication is a process, and, as such, it comes in stages. It starts with
the encoding and ends with the decoding.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Saturday, November 4, 2023 3:06 PM

Communication models are a representation of communication systems in different approaches. These

are categorized into three types- linear, transactional, and interactional.

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Aristotle’s model is formed with five (5) elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect.

BERLO'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

The communicators or the source and the receiver are influenced by their characteristics demonstrated
in their attitudes, communication skills, and knowledge. Berlo acknowledges the complexity of the
communication process by including the influence of an all-encompassing sociocultural system
(Pinzon & Jamandre 2017).

LASSWELL'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Harold Lasswell (1948) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist who
advanced one of the earliest communication process models. Laswell’s model described the
communication process as a linear or one-way process in which communication is transmitted from a
sender to a receiver. A verbal transmission model comprised five questions that described one of the
earliest views on how communication works.
This model underscores the function of communication in society. According to Lasswell (1948),
communication in society has three functions:
Surveillance of the environment – a function of surveillants such as political leaders and health officers
Correlation of components of society – a function mainly carried out by institutions such as community
development workers
Cultural transmission between generations – a function carried out by institutions such as the family,
church, school, and community to pass down their values

Who? – control analysis

What? – content analysis
In which channel? – media analysis
To whom? – audience analysis
With what effect? – effect analysis

SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Mathematician Claude Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver (1949) designed a mode, originally for
telephone communication. It includes five components – the information source, a transmitter, a
receiver, a destination, and noise.
The concept of noise is being added to this model. According to Shannon and Weaver’s model,
noise is anything that interferes with or distorts the intended meaning of communication.
As a result, communicators become distracted or confused. Noise in the communication transaction
must be avoided.

SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Wilbur Schramm was a scholar and authority on the mass communication model, which was the
interactive model which shows the concept of process and interaction in communication. The source
is the speaker who encodes the message. The destination is the receiver, which decodes the message.
Schramm’s second model depicts the dual roles of communicators where they can be both senders or
encoders and receivers or decoders
Nonverbal Communication
Saturday, November 4, 2023 3:32 PM

 VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- IT'S MANLY ABOUT USING WORDS TO EXPRESS YOURSELF THROUGH ORAL OR IN WRITTEN FORM.

 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
- The message is communicated by
the use of hands, head, feet, and other parts of the human body.

 CODE FORMATION
PHONEME - LETTERS - WORDS - PHRASES - CLAUSES - SENTENCES - PARAGRAPH
PHONEME - THE SMALLEST UNIT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
PHRASES - GROUP OF WORDS WITHOUT A COMPLETE THOUGHT
CLAUSES - GROUP OF WORDS WITH A COMPLETE THOUGHT

INDEPENDENT CAN STAND ALONE IN A SENTENCE

DIPENDENT CANNOT STAND ALONE NEEDS SUPPORT FROM ANOTHER CLAUSE

 CODE
- IT IS THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF LETTERS

 SYNTAX
- IT IS THE MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS AND PHRASES

 MAIN GOAL
- EXPRESS AND UNDERSTAND

 DENOTATION
- IT REFERS TO THE STRICT (DICTIONARY, TECHNICAL, SCIENTIFIC)

 CONNOTATION
- EMOTIONAL AND IMAGINATIVE ASSOCIATION

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Chronemics – This is the study of the time element in communication. The

length of time a speaker
talks and the rate with which the talks are the concerns of chronemics.

Haptics – This is the study of the touch element in communication. A speaker

close to a listener can
touch the latter.

Oculetics – This is the study of eye contact in communication.

Proxemics – This is the study of proximity between the parties in a
communication.

Kinesics – This is the study of movements used in communication

Objectics – This is the study of objects or artifacts used in communication.

Barriers To Communication
Saturday, November 4, 2023 5:06 PM

- Problems in language proficiency/skill

- Lack of sensitivity and preparation
- Negative perception to self and others
- Language barriers

Functions of Communication
1.) INFORMATIVE
- FACTS, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE
- WE WANT TO INFORM PEOPLE WHAT WE KNOW
WHY DO WE DO THIS? TO GET AND GIVE INFORMATION
2.) INSTRUCTIVE
- WHAT WHEN AND HOW TO DO THINGS
- MOSTLY DONE BY OLDER PEOPLE, PEOPLE WHO HOLD IMPORTANT
INFORMATION AND THOSE WHO ARE HIGHER IN RANK
3.) PERSUASIVE
- INFLUENCE THE OPINION OF OTHERS
- WANTING TO INFLUENCE THE OPINION OTHERS TO BELIEVE
WHY DO WE DO THIS? TO CHANGE OTHER PEOPLE'S PERSPECTIVE/OPINIONS
AS WELL AS THEIR DEUSION
4.) MOTIVATION
- ENTICE PEOPLE TO REACH THEIR GOALS
- WE USE POSITIVE LANGUAGE TO MAKE THEM REALIZE THAT THEIR ACTIONS
CAN BENEFIT THEM
5.)AESTHETIC
- FOR PLEASURE AND ENJOYMENT
- BEING INTERESTED IN HOW SOMETHING LOOK OR FEELS

AESTHETIC FORMSOF EXPRESSION - OUR ABILITY TO COMPREHEND AND

INTERPRET MESSAGE

3 Aesthetic Theories
○ IMITATEMENT/IMITATION- PRACTICE OF CREATING WORKS OF ART THAT
RESEMBLES, BORROWS OR COPIES FROM AN EXISTING ART
○ FORMALISM- CRITICAL AND CREATIVE EVALUATION OF AN ARTWORKS
REGARDING IT'S DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONAL ELEMENTS: LINE, TEXTURE,
AND COLOR
○ EMOTIONALISM - WHEN AN ARTWORK CAN PROVOKE YOU

6.) Emotional
- Curative (healing)

7.) regulation
- Maintain control over other people
- To control other people's attitudes and behavior
8.) social interaction
- Entice people to reach their goals
- It helps to start or end a relationship
Other Tenets of Communication
Saturday, November 4, 2023 6:21 PM

Tenets
○ /
○ " "

Effective Communication

Lee Mcgaan's (4)c's of effective communication

-
-
-
-

Commitment

 ( )
 ( )

Context



) ( - )
2.) INTERPERSONAL (INTERACTION) 3 TYPES
- ONE ON ONE COMMUNICATION
- GROUP COMMUNICATION (3 - 8 PEOPLE)
- TEAM - BASED (OPERATIONAL)
3.) PUBLIC (MORE ON PEOPLE, SPEECH)
4.) MASS COMMUNICATION (CAN BE DIGITAL ONLINE)

Consistency
 " "
 CONSTANT AND STABLE

Concern
 /

Rich Maggiami's Tenets

○
 ○

○ ( )
ACCESSIBLE
○ APPROACHABLE
CONCISE
○ CLEARLY UNDERSTANDABLE, (DIRECT TO THE POINT)
CORRECT
○ RIGHT GRAMMAR
TIMELY
○ MUST BE ON TIME
WELL DESIGNED
○ GOOD FIRST IMPRESSION
BUILD GOOD WILL
○ PERSONAL CONNECTION

Paul Watzlawick
- -

Rich Maggiami
-

Watzlawick (5) Axioms of communication

)
)
)
) -
)
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Saturday, November 4, 2023 8:27 PM

1. INTRAPERSONAL - COMMINICATION WITHIN ONESELF

- INTERNAL DISCOURSE
2. INTERPERSONAL - FACE TO FACE INTERACTION BETWEEN PEOPLE
○ DYADIC - 2 PERSON
○ TRIADIC - 3 PERSON
○ SMALL GROUP - MORE THAN 3 PEOPLE, ENLARGE TYPE
3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - 1 TO MANY; BETWEEN ONE AND SEVERAL OTHERS
- SPEAKER & AUDIENCE
- "HEART OF SOCIETY"

5 CONTEXTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL - – It refers to the participants and what each brings to
the interaction [PURPOSE]
2. RELATIONAL - relation OF the interactors
3. SITUATIONAL - the psychosocial “where” the COMMUNICATION happens.
4. ENVIRONMENT - the physical “where” they are communicating. The room
arrangement, location, noise level, temperature,
5. CULTURAL - the learned behaviors and rules that affect interaction

LANGUAGE REGISTERS (DEGREE OF FORMALITY)

1. CASUAL
- INFORMAL LANGUAGE
- GROUP LANGUAGE
- USED BY PEERS/FRIENDS
2. CONSULTATIVE
- STANDARD/DEFAULT FORM OF COMMUNICATION
- PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE
3. INTIMATE
- RESERVED FOR CLOSE FAMILY MEMBERS/WITH INTIMATE PEOPLE
- PRIVATE
4. FORMAL
- ONE WAY SETTING
- FOLLOWING AN ACCEPTED FORMAT
5. FROZEN
- STATIC; RARELY/NEVER CHANGE
- FROZEN IN TIME & CONTENT

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

1. CLARITY
2. LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
3. APPROPRIATENESS OF WORD CHOICE
4. GRAMATICAL ACCURACY
5. RELATABLE
6. PERSONALIZE
7. MAKE IT INTERACTIVE
8. DO RESEARCH