ORAL COMMUNICATION chooses to respond, then he or she will

Grade 11 | First Quarter | S.Y. 2024-2025 provide feedback. When providing

feedback, the receiver becomes the sender,
[Communication] and the first sender becomes the receiver
Communication is defined as… of the message.
• Gerbner – Social interaction thru messages. • There may, however, be a breakdown in the
• Infante & Womach – The stimulation of communication process. This breakdown in
meaning thru the exchange of symbols. the process may happen because of noise,
• Rogers – A process in which participants which is any barrier or hindrance that
create information with one another to obstructs the understanding of the
reach a mutual understanding. message.
• Berelson & Steiner – The transmission of
information, ideas, emotions, and skills by 6 Elements of Communication
the use of symbols. 1. Sender
• Stevens – A discriminatory response of an - the person who creates, encodes, and
organism to a stimulus. transmits the message.

▪ Symbol – the medium used. Can be verbal 2. Message

and nonverbal. - refers to the ideas, feelings, opinions,
and perceptions conveyed by the
❖ Communication speaker.
- is the transmission of ideas and
emotions between or among persons 3. Channel
using verbal and nonverbal cues. - serves as the vehicle or medium of
- The word communication comes from conveying the message.
the Latin word communis, which means
“common.” 4. Receiver
- To be common means to come together - The person to whom the message is
or to share something in common directed.
together.
- Communication helps people adapt to 5. Feedback
or survive in the place they live in - The response to the received message/s

The Communication Process 6. Noise

❖ Stimulus - Something that distorts the sending or
- an idea or concept that the sender has receiving of the message.
and would like to convey.
Kinds of Noise
• The process of communication starts with a 1. Psychological Noise
stimulus. - A thing going on in your mind during
• The sender encodes the message by putting the communication process.
it into words and then expresses the ideas - We can have a hard time listening to the
in proper sequence. This message is then message because of the distraction.
accepted and interpreted or decoded by
the receiver. The receiver may or may not 2. Physical Noise
respond to the sender. If the receiver - Any physical sound that makes it
difficult to hear the message.
 3. Physiological Noise - is a transactional process.
− Any distraction due to physiological - the exchange of messages is a cycle.
function, or known also as “activities of b. Communication as INTERACTION
life” that interferes with - As an interaction, in binds people
communication. together by connecting their
− Feelings or state of your body understanding.
c. Communication as SOCIAL CONTEXT
4. Semantic Noise - Communication varies depending on
− Any disturbance that interfere with the the environment and relationships.
interpretation of a message due to
ambiguity of words, sentences, or Three Parts That Compose All Communication
symbols. 1. Sharing
− Different symbols, language, or - Happens when you convey a message.
grammar
2. Understanding
Codification - An important part of communication.
❖ Encoding
- Is the process of converting data from 3. Meaning
one form to another. - Is what you share through
communication.
Sender (Stimulus) ---converted--> Message - It is also used to better understand the
message.
• Message – in the form of symbols that
represent an idea or concept. This can [Verbal and Nonverbal Communication]
be in verbal or nonverbal symbols. ❖ Verbal Communication
- The use of words or speech in sending
❖ Decoding messages and transmitting ideas or
- The process of analyzing and feelings.
interpreting the message. - Uses spoken/written language to
communicate a message
Receiver ---analyzed--> (w or w/o feedback)
• Infante, Rancer, & Womach – Language is
• Schema – Field of experience or the core of verbal communication.
knowledge; where the receiver derives - Language is the medium used to
his/her feedback from. communicate ideas, desires, and feelings.

Basic Channels 1. Displacement

1. Written - Words transcend boundaries, time,
2. Oral or Spoken space, reality, and fantasy.
3. Electronic / Multimedia
2. Rapid Fading
a. Communication as PROCESS - Can be lost --> Receive the message
immediately
Source --> Message --> Channel --> Receiver -->
Feedback --> Noise 3. Signs
- Represent something (referent)
 - Natural signs – Signals --> unintentional 4. Paralanguage or Vocalics
events/signs that convey information - The tone, speed, and volume of a
- Artificial or Conventional signs – speaker’s voice
Symbols --> Something that stands for - Includes sighs and gasps
or suggest something
5. Haptics
4. Symbols - The use of touch to convey meaning in
- Many referents – Arbitrary and a conversation
Ambiguous - Often dependent on culture
• Arbitrary – meanings depend on an
individual discretion [Models of Communication]
• Ambiguous – having more than ❖ Model
possible meanings - Shows the main elements of a process and
the relationships between them.
Arbitrary and Ambiguous --> Human Invention - Communication is an abstract concept.
(Steffat) --> “Word’s don’t mean. People mean.”
--> Meanings are accomplished when we interpret Three Models of Communication
symbols A. Linear Communication
- Communication is considered a one-
❖ Nonverbal Communication way process.
- The act of expressing ideas in ways that - The message is encoded and
do not involve or go beyond using transmitted thru a channel with the
words. presence of noise.
- Transmission and reception of - The sender is more prominent in this
messages using the body. model while the receiver is passive
- is often used in mass communication.
Types of Nonverbal Communication - The feedback is absent in this model.
1. Proxemics
- How the space or distance between the ➢ Mass Communication: Television, Radio
sender and the receiver affects their
communication B. Interactive Communication
o Intimate Distance, Personal - Makes importance of feedback.
Distance, Social Distance, and - It shows that communication is indeed a
Public Distance two-way affair (Convergence method).
- It shows the exchange of roles in the
2. Kinesics back-and-forth process of
- The use of body language in communicating.
communication - It happens in real-time and is patterned
- Includes gestures, eye contact, and (Statement – Response – Statement)
facial expression
➢ Debate, Interviews
3. Chronemics
- Refers to the role of time in the C. Transactional Communication
communication process - A simultaneous exchange between the
sender and receiver.
- The participation is continuous and
dynamic.
 - Both the sender and receiver are
communicators. 3. David Berlo’s Model of Communication

➢ Market, Playing Charades

A. Linear
1. Harold Lasswell’s Model of Communication
- It is based on his observation of the
three key functions of communication
in society.

- Shows how complex communication

can be despite the 4 elements.
- Complex in such a way that there are
many key factors (under each element)
3 Key Functions: to consider in communication
a. Surveillance – news outlets
b. Correlation – ways on how news is a. Source
reported or delivered. • Communication Skills
c. Transmission – take away from the news • Attitudes
reported. • Knowledge
• Social System
2. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver’s • Culture
Mathematical Model of Communication
b. Message
• Content
• Elements
• Treatment
• Structure
• Code

c. Channel – (Senses)
• Hearing
- This model represents how • Seeing
communication takes place using a • Touching
technological channel. • Smelling
- Semi-linear / semi-interactive • Tasting

Technological Channels d. Sender

- Telephone & Telegraph • Communication Skills
• Sender – Converts the message into codes. • Attitudes
• Receiver – Decodes/reconstructs the • Knowledge
message from the signal.
• Social System
• Noise – The dysfunctional factor which
• Culture
results to a difference between what is sent
and what is received.
 B. Interactive o Refugees
1. Wilbur Schramm’s Model of o undocumented individuals
Communication
3. Workplace and Economic Globalizations
- To effectively compete in global
market, we must understand how
business and cultural practices are
conducted in other countries.

4. Creative Problem Solving

- According to creativity research, we
learn from people who are different
than us than from those who are similar
- This model shows the exchange of roles to us.
between the sender and the receiver. - Small group research suggest that the
- It also emphasizes that the communication quality of ideas produced in ethnically
is not complete unless and until the sender diverse groups have significantly higher
receives feedback. outcomes than ethnically homogenous
groups.
• Schema – Field of experience
• Synergistic Perspective
[Intercultural Communication] - Combination of the best of all cultural
❖ Intercultural Communication approaches in solving a workplace
- The study of intercultural problem
communication involves cultural group
membership differences. 5. Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace
- It is about acquiring the necessary - Respect is fundamental to peace
knowledge and dynamic skills to - To learn from our differences is a
manage such differences appropriately crucial ingredient in discussion –
and effectively. politics, race, religion
- It is also about developing a creative - To understand each other’s
mindset to see things from different understanding
angles without rigid pre-judgement.
Culture can be viewed as an Iceberg
1. Self-awareness - It’s a system that members of group share
- Studying intercultural communications and use to cope with one another.
increases awareness of our own culture - The system consists of beliefs, values,
and cultural background. norms, symbols, customs, and language.
- It helps avoid ethnocentrism.
- The tendency to think that our own o tangible expressions like behavior,
culture is superior to other cultures clothing, and food
o underlying attitudes, belied, values,
2. Demographic changes meanings
- Another important reason to study I.C
are the constant demographic shifts in Culture and Communication
countries and community experiences. - Directly and inseparably linked
o Immigrants - words communicate meaning
 - culture gives meaning and provides context ▪ Avoid feeling uncomfortable because of
for communication cultural differences such as silence or
- meaning of the words are very much lack of personal space
influenced by people
Nonverbal Gestures
Directly and Inseparably linked • Italy - “What exactly
o Hold my baby. do you mean?”
o How rude! Who does she think she is? • Greece - “That’s just
perfect.”
Each culture has developed a set of patterns that • Egypt - “Be patient.”
are right and appropriate for that culture • Philippines - “Nganga”
o American – Bye, Marissa. See you later.
o Filipino – Bye, Mom. See you later. • US / Philippines - “sign
of approval”
Role of Words • West Africa and the
In different cultures words play different roles Middle East including
o Canada/US - they “say” what they “mean” Iran, Iraq, and
o In other countries - “no” is rarely used to Afghanistan - “up
avoid embarrassment. “We’ll see” or yours or rejections of
“perhaps” may mean “no” someone”
o Silence or the absence of words can have
different meanings • US / Philippines - “sign
of approval”
Language: Culture Bound • Brazil - “insulting
- Words which describe moral concepts can connotations”
be unique to countries or areas “equivalent to middle
o “Po” and “Opo” finger”
o “Jesus” and “Allah”
- Spoken language accuracy is important in • In some countries -
low-context cultures “rock ‘n roll”
• European and South
Communication: Body Language
American countries,
- It is an important part of the
including Italy, Spain,
communication process particularly where
Greece, Brazil,
language barriers exist
Argentina, and
- It is important to understand the
Colombia - “telling a
mannerisms common to your foreign
husband that the wife
market
is cheating on him”
- Learn to recognize that a large part of
communication is nonverbal in order to:
Communication: Gender
▪ Understand how our message will be
- The culturally appropriate manner which
received in different cultural
mean women relate with each other differs
environment
around the world
▪ Avoid misunderstanding because of
body language
In intercultural communication, nonverbal
communication also differs significantly among
genders and across cultures. Here are some ❖ Nonbinary
examples: - means that they do not subscribe to the
male-female dichotomy.
Nonverbal Example - They usually prefer the pronouns they
Communication or them even in cases when they are
Hugging • In most Western referred to individually.
cultures, it is normal for
women and men to hug ❖ Male-Female Dichotomy
even if they are not close - Refers to the notion that there are only
friends. two genders.
• In the United States, for
example, it is acceptable Communication: Gift-Giving
to give a light hug to an - Different countries have different
acquaintance when protocols for presenting and receiving gifts
meeting him or her. - Giving the wrong gift at the wrong time can
Public Display of • In Middle Eastern have serious consequences
Affection cultures, public displays
of affection Communication: Humor and Time
(e.g.,touching, holding - As a general rule, humor does not transfer
hands) are unacceptable. well between or among cultures
Eye Contact • In most Western - Time and its use are seen differently
cultures, maintaining eye around the world
contact throughout a o Canadians – view time as inflexible
conversation is a sign of
respect and [Communication Barrier]
attentiveness. ❖ Communication Breakdown
• In many Latin American - Failure to exchange information
and Asian cultures, - Misunderstanding
prolonged eye contact
can indicate rudeness, ❖ Communication Barrier
especially between - An obstacle in the place that prevents
people of different social us from completing a certain task
hierarchies. - A condition or aspect that interfere
• In Middle Eastern with the exchange of ideas or thoughts
cultures, men and
7 Communication Barriers
women are not supposed
to make eye contact. 1. Physical Barriers
However, making eye - To disturbance in the immediate
contact with a person of situation which can interfere in the
the same sex, especially a course of an effective communication
- These are hindrances to better
man with another man, is
a sign of sincerity. communication caused by
environmental factors such as noise,
lighting, and distance between the
receiver and speaker.
o Defects in media
o Distance
 o Distraction in environment girls, and boys that are socially
o Physical disability constructed.”
o Ignorance of the medium
❖ Sex
2. Cultural Barriers - refers to the physical features at
- A rule or expectation in any culture that birth that are associated with
prevents someone from outside of that masculinity and femininity.
culture from being included or
participating equally • Men-only conversations
- These are evident when there is - assertive and competitive;
difficulty in communication due to - Reserved
differing principles, views, and beliefs. - Talk about different topics
- This is also applicable to those who are - Need personal space
insensitive to other people’s heritage. - It’s purpose is to give information
o Diverse cultural background
o Behavior and nature • Women-only conversations
o Religion - Polite and affectionate
o Ethnocentrism - Expressive
- Talk about one topic at length
3. Language Barriers - Intimate
- Inability to converse in language that is - It’s purpose is to build relationship
known by both sender and receiver
- These manifest when two individuals • Mixed gender conversations
do not have a common language, have - Men initiate the interaction.
an unfamiliar accent, or use unfamiliar - Men often interrupt the other
words or expressions, jargon, and person who is speaking.
idioms. - Women usually allow an
o Multi-language interruption.
o Region - Men use fewer adjectives and
o Inadequate vocabulary intensifiers compared to women.
o Difference in interpretation
5. Social Status Barriers
4. Gender Barriers - Refers to the standing in society
- Arise because men and women have o Background
different ways of thinking and o Income
communication o Education
- It’s purpose to give info intimate, to o Social habits
build relationship
o Stereotypes Elements in Social Class
o Perceptions • Ascribed Social Class
o Style differences in decision-making - determined by birth

❖ Gender • Achieved Social Class

- according to the World Health - result of talent and hard work
Organization, refers to the
“characteristics of women, men, • Religious Social Class
 o Fear / Insecurity
o Mistrust
Religion Beliefs o Stress
Christianity • Many subscribe to the Ten
Commandments of Moses as a 8. Prejudging
standard of morality. - This happens when a person believes he
• Babies are baptized to signify or she understands what the speaker
the beginning of their means even before the message is
participation in the Christian completely expressed. It can also
world. happen when the receiver immediately
Buddhism • Anger is considered to be one judges the message as unimportant.
of the three poisons (the other
two are greed and ignorance). 9. Information Overload
Islam • The eating of food items that - This happens when one gives too much
are considered haram, such as information within a limited time.
pork, is forbidden.
• Women wear a scarf or hijab 10. Lack of Interest and Attention
over their heads. - This happens when a person gives
information that does not interest
Hinduism • Cows are considered sacred
others or when a person does not give
animals.
attention to either the speaker or his or
• Karma is observed as a major
her message.
principle; good deeds are
rewarded while bad deeds are
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
punished.
1. Use time-gaining experience
- Fillers such as “Go on,” “Let me see,”
❖ Respect
and “Tell me more . . .” express that the
- the foundation of intercultural
speaker would like to think of a
communication
response or continue a conversation
- Always be mindful of what another
person will feel when speaking about
2. Give positive remarks or comments
their position in society or religious
- Comments such as “I understand,”
beliefs.
“Sounds good,” and “I see what you
mean” express interest in the flow of
6. Age Barriers
the conversation and signify a desire to
❖ Ageism
hear more.
- is a discrimination based on age
3. Be specific
o Philippines: “po” and “opo”
- For others to understand your message
o Turkey: kissing the right hand of
easily, try expressing yourself directly to
their elders
the other person by using simple and
o Korea: adding “yo” in the statement
direct words and appropriate facial
expressions and gestures.
7. Emotional Barriers
- Are mental walls that keep you from
4. Ask for Repetition or Clarification
openly communicating your thoughts
- Clarifying or repeating the meaning of
and feelings to other
what the other person says should be
 done politely. Use the expressions such 9. Listen with your Ears and Eyes
as “Can you please repeat what you - Remember that nonverbal
said?”, “What did you say, again?”, and communication is as important as
“What do you mean?” verbal communication.
- Pay attention to the speaker’s verbal as
5. Check your understanding well as nonverbal cues.
- Make sure that you understand the
meaning of what the other person says 10. Minimize Distractions
or that he or she comprehends what - Block out any form of interference, or
you mean. You may ask “So, are you adjust to different forms of distraction.
saying that . . . ?” to verify what you
know based on what they said; and “So, • A skilled communication must be aware of
do you have questions regarding this?” these barriers and try to reduce their
or “Was my explanation clear?” to verify impact by continually checking
if they understand what you said. understanding and by offering appropriate
feedback
6. Do not jump to conclusions
- Always try to listen to what the other Ways on How to Communicate Effectively
person says before giving a verdict 1. Avoid Redundancy
about the message. At the same time, - Needless repetition of words or
allow the speaker to express his or her phrases
ideas freely before accepting or o The students are many in number =
rejecting his or ideas. The students are many
o Sun is yellow in color = Sun is yellow
7. Be Focused o Three teachers teach each and
- One way to stay focused is to have a every hour at school today = Three
specific purpose for speaking or teachers teach every hour at school
listening. If you are the speaker, think of today
appropriate communication strategies o What we received are free gifts =
that will allow you to clearly express What we received are gifts
yourself and achieve your purpose. If o Advance planning can avoid total
you are the listener, ascertain the destruction of a historical site =
speaker’s goal through his or her verbal Planning can avoid total destruction
and nonverbal cues. of a historical site

8. Speak Intelligibly Causes of Redundancy

- This refers to using appropriate • You write without paying attention
speaking volume (or loudness) and rate - Common in everyday language --> you
(or the pace at which you speak), good hear it all the time --> use it in your
enunciation (or the distinctness of the speaking and writing
sound of spoken words), proper word
stress, and correct or acceptable • You try to sound official
pronunciation. - Redundancies are used thinking that
their writing would sound formal and
important.
• You are trying to sound emphatic o Patriotism is practiced by Filipinos =
- Redundant expressions are considered Filipinos practice patriotism
to emphasize a point o The bill could have been passed by the
senators = The senators could have
• You are trying to fill a word count passed the bill
- You are done writing with 800 words o Taxes will be collected soon = They will
but you need 1000, so you add fluff. collect taxes soon

2. Use Shorter Words 7. Repetitions and Restatements

o Telephone = phone - Public speaking
o The other day = yesterday
o Due to the fact that = because 8. Observe Appropriateness to:
o By means of = by - Audience
o In the event that = if - Occasion
o Has the ability to = able/capable - Purpose
- Speaker
3. Use Contractions
o Is not = isn’t ❖ Absolute Values
o Are not = aren’t • Redundant
o Will not = won’t - Saikat was completely certain he
had been there before.
4. A Shorter Sentence Length - It is absolutely essential that you
o Let me tell you this = I tell you correct this error before it goes to
o I had a dream that someday = I dreamt print.
that someday - Janos’ interpretation of that piece
o What happened was the darkest night was very unique.
of my life = It was my darkest night
o I did it in my own little way = I did it my • Revised
way - Saikat was certain he had been
there before.
5. Use Graphic Words - It is essential that you correct this
o The strangers are very close to each error before it goes to print.
other as they talk = The strangers are - Janos’ interpretation of that piece
talking face-to-face was unique.
o The lady is happy about the color of her
skin she got from the recent outing = ❖ Acronym Addition
The lady is very happy about her sun- • ABS system - ABS
kissed skin • ATM machine - ATM
• HIV virus - HIV
6. Active Voice vs. Passive Voice • ISBN number - ISBN
• Active Voice – more stronger and • LCD display – LCD
vigorous
❖ Cut “back”
o History will be made by us = We are • Redundant
going to make history - Provide your name and e-mail
address if you want our
 communications staff to reply back ❖ Too much “together”
to you. • Redundant
- I refer you back to paragraph 2(1)(c) - We assumed layoffs would be
of the Income Tax Act. inevitable once our small firm
- Priya reflected back on the year and merged together with a large
tried to pick out the best concert corporation.
she had been to. - Noora compiled the data together
into one spreadsheet.
• Revised - Parties tend to rally together
- Provide your name and e-mail around such issues.
address if you want our
communications staff to reply to • Revised
you. - We assumed layoffs would be
- I refer you to paragraph 2(1)(c) of inevitable once our small firm
the Income Tax Act. merged with a large corporation.
- Priya reflected on the year and tried - Noora compiled the data into one
to pick out the best concert she had spreadsheet.
been to. - Parties tend to rally around such
issues.
❖ Good as “new”
• Redundant
- This initiative will promote new
innovation and cleaner
communities.
- In the early 1900s, Toronto’s
Thomas F. Ryan received accolades
for his new invention: five-pin
bowling.
- On the first day of training, new
recruits watched a documentary on
the evolving role of the warden in
Canada’s national parks.

• Revised
- This initiative will promote
innovation and cleaner
communities.
- In the early 1900s, Toronto’s
Thomas F. Ryan received accolades
for his invention: five-pin bowling.
- On the first day of training, recruits
(or new employees) watched a
documentary on the evolving role of
the warden in Canada’s national
parks