University of Rajshahi

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

1st Year 1st Semester (2024)

Course: EEE 1132

Basic Electronics Lab

Experiment List

S/N Name of the Experiment

01 To study I~V characteristics of a P-N junction diode.

02 To use PN junction diode as half-wave rectifier.

03 To study I~V characteristics of Zener Diode.

04 To study the characteristics of Op-Amp in inverting and non-inverting mode.

05 To use Op- Amp as adder.

06 To use Op- Amp as subtractor.

Evaluation Process

S/N Evaluation Criteria Mode Marks (%)

1 Understanding of the given Experiment Viva/voce 20

2 Design Observation 20

3 Implement Observation 20

4 Accuracy Level Observation 20

5 Explanation of the Outcome Viva/voce 20

Laboratory Notes

1. Students must have a separate laboratory notebook for this lab.

2. They must note down the findings on notebook and get respective teacher’s signature
on it.
3. Students must also note down the explanation of any error/mistake(s) found during
the experiment.

Page 1 of 16
Assignment-1

Name of the Experiment: To study I~V characteristics of a P-N junction diode

Tasks:
i) To design a circuit to study the I~V characteristics.
ii) To implement the circuit on breadboard
iii) To measure the required parameters
iv) To draw I~V graph

Theory:
When a p type material is sandwich to an n type material a pn junction is formed which is
known as a diode. The I-V characteristics of a rectifier diode is the curve between the current
flowing through the diode plotted against the voltage applied across it. When p region of a
semiconductor is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the n-region to the
negative terminal, the diode is said to be forward biased. In forward biased condition the
junction permits the current to flow from p to n type material of the diode.

On the other hand, when N-region of a diode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery
and the p-region to negative terminal then the diode is said to be reverse biased. In this case,
the flow of current from n to p type material is very small. This current is known as reverse
saturation current.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig-1: Circuit diagram for forward biased characteristics.

Fig-2: Circuit diagram for reverse biased characteristics.

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Apparatus:
(i) A P-N junction diode
(ii) Bread board
(iii) AVO meter
(iv) DC power supply
(v) Resistors

Experimental data:

Table-1: Experimental data for forward biased diode.

No of obs. Voltage across the diode Current through the diode

(V) (mA)
1 0
2 .1
3 .2
4 .3
5 .4
6 .5
7 .6

Table-2: Experimental data for reversed biased doide.

No of obs. Voltage across the diode Current through the diode

(V) (mA)
1 0
2 .5
3 1
4 1.5
5 2
6 2.5
7 3

Report Writing: Write for each of the following subsection:

➢ Name of the Experiment

➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 3 of 16
Assignment-2

Name of the Experiment: To use PN junction diode as a Half-Wave rectifier

Tasks:
i) To design a circuit to use the p-n junction diode as a rectifier
ii) To learn the operation of function generator and oscilloscope
iii) To see the input and output wave shape of the rectifier

Theory:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current which
flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In half wave rectification
of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while
the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output,
mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase
supply. Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave rectifiers
produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to
eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output.

Fig- 1: Circuit diagram for Half-wave rectifier

Apparatus:

(i) A PN junction diode

(ii) Bread board
(iii) AVO meter
(iv) DC power supply
(v) Resistors
(vi) Oscilloscope
(vii) Function generator

Page 4 of 16
Experimental data:

Table-1: Data for rectifier diode as a half wave rectifier.

Voltage measured

AVO meter (volt)

Voltage wavefrom seen in oscilloscope
Load resistance

by oscilloscope
Peak value VP

by
(volt) (volt)
No of obs.

RL (K)

Measured
(volt)

Input wave shape Output wave shape

1 1
2 2.2
3 3.3

Report Writing: Write for each of the following subsection:

➢ Name of the Experiment

➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 5 of 16
Assignment-3

Name of the Experiment: To study I~V characteristics of Zener Diode.

Tasks:
i) To design a circuit for studying the I~V characteristics of a Zener Diode

Theory:
A properly doped crystal diode which has a sharp breakdown voltage is known as a Zener
diode. The I-V characteristics of a Zener diode is the curve between the current flowing
through the diode plotted against the voltage applied across it. Voltage regulation is a
measure of a circuit ability to a constant output voltage even when either input voltage or
load current varies. A Zener diode when working in the breakdown region can save as a
voltage regulator.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig-1: Zener diode connected in forward biased condition.

Fig-2: Zener diode connected in reverse biased condition.

Apparatus:

(i) A Zener diode

(ii) Bread board
(iii) AVO meter
(iv) D.C. Power supply
(v) Resistors
(vi) Connecting wires

Page 6 of 16
Experimental data:

Table-1: Experimental data for forward biased Zener diode.

No of obs. Voltage across the diode Current through the diode

(V) (mA)
1 0
2 .1
3 .2
4 .3
5 .4
6 .5
7 .6

Table-2: Experimental data for reversed biased Zener diode.

No of obs. Voltage across the diode Current through the diode

(V) (mA)
1 0
2 .5
3 1
4 1.5
5 2
6 2.5
7 3

Report Writing: Write for each of the subtitles for report writing:

➢ Name of the Experiment

➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 7 of 16
Assignment-4

Name of the Experiment: To study the characteristics of OP Amp in inverting and non-
inverting mode.

Tasks:
I) To study OP Amp as inverting amplifier
II) To study OP Amp as non-inverting amplifier

Theory:
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. Operational amplifiers had their
origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many
linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits.

Fig.1: Pin configuration of Op Amp (LS 741)

Non-inverting amplifier:

Fig. 2: An op-amp connected in the non-inverting amplifier configuration

The gain equation for the op-amp connected in the non-inverting amplifier configuration is

Page 8 of 16
Inverting amplifier:

Fig. 3: An op-amp connected in the inverting amplifier configuration

The voltage gain of an op-amp connected in the inverting amplifier configuration is

Apparatus:

i) LS 741 IC
ii) Bread board
iii) AVO meter
iv) D.C. Power supply
v) Resistors
vi) Oscilloscope
vii) Function generator

Experimental Data:

Table-1: Data for inverting amplifier.

Voltage gain Av

Voltage waveform from oscilloscope

Output Voltage
Input Voltage
Value of Rin

Value of Rf
No of obs.

(Volt)

(Volt)
(KΩ )

(KΩ )

Input wave
Output wave shape
shape

1 1 1 5

2 1 2.2
5
5
3 2.2 1

Page 9 of 16
 Table-2: Data for non- inverting amplifier.

Voltage gain Av
Voltage waveform from oscilloscope

Output Voltage
Input Voltage
Value of Rin

Value of Rf
No of obs.

(Volt)

(Volt)
(KΩ )

(KΩ ) Input wave shape Output wave shape

1 1 1 5

2 1 2.2
5
5
3 2.2 1

Report Writing: Write for each of the subtitles for report writing:
➢ Name of the Experiment
➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 10 of 16
Assignment-5

Name of the Experiment: To use OP Amp as adder.

Tasks:
i) To use OP Amp as an adder
Theory:
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. Operational amplifiers had their
origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many
linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits.

Fig.1: Pin configuration of Op Amp (LS 741)

An adder is an electronic circuit that produces an output, which is equal to the sum of the
applied inputs. An op-amp based adder produces an output equal to the sum of the input
voltages applied at its inverting terminal. It is also called as a summing amplifier, since the
output is an amplified one. The circuit diagram of an op-amp based adder is shown in the
following figure

Fig 2: Op Amp configured as adder

Page 11 of 16
According to the virtual short concept, The nodal equation at the inverting input terminal's
node is

Apparatus:

i) LS 741 IC
ii) Bread board
iii) AVO meter
iv) D.C. Power supply
v) Resistors
vi) Connecting wires

Experimental Data:

Table-1: Data for adder.

No. Value Value Value of Input Input Output voltage V0 (Volt)

of of Rf of R1 R2 (KΩ) voltage voltage
Obs. (KΩ) (KΩ) V1 V2 (Volt) Calculated Measured
(Volt)
1 1 1 1 5 5
2 2.2 1 1 5 0
3 1 2.2 2.2 5 5

Report Writing: Write for each of the subtitles for report writing:
➢ Name of the Experiment
➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 12 of 16
Assignment-6

Name of the Experiment: To use OP Amp as subtractor.

Tasks:
i) To use OP Amp as a subtractor

Theory:
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. Operational amplifiers had their
origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many
linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits.

Fig.1: Pin configuration of Op Amp (LS 741)

The differential amplifier is a voltage subtractor circuit which produces an output voltage
proportional to the voltage difference of two input signals applied to the inputs of the
inverting and non-inverting terminals of an operational amplifier. The differential amplifiers
amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of operational amplifier circuit
a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums together the input voltages. The
circuit diagram of a subtractor is shown below:

Fig 4: Op Amp configured as subtractor

Page 13 of 16
By connecting each input in turn to 0 V ground we can use superposition to solve for the
output voltage Vout. Then the transfer function for a Differential Amplifier circuit is given
as:

When resistors, R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 the above transfer function for the differential
amplifier can be simplified to the following expression:

Apparatus:

i) LS 741 IC
ii) Bread board
iii) AVO meter
iv) D.C. Power supply
v) Resistors
vi) Connecting wires

Page 14 of 16
Experimental data:

Table-1: Data for subtractor

No. of Value of Value of Input voltage Input voltage Output voltage (Volt)
Obs. R1 (KΩ) R3 (KΩ) V1 (Volt) V2 (Volt)
Calculated Measured
1 1 1 0 5
2 1 2.2 0 5
3 2.2 1 5 0

Report Writing: Write for each of the subtitles for report writing:
➢ Name of the Experiment
➢ Objectives
➢ Design of Circuits
➢ Working Procedure
➢ Result and discussion
➢ Conclusion

Mode of Evaluation: Implementation, testing and Viva.

Page 15 of 16