Quarter 4

Notes

Digestive - Composed of G.I tract ( gastrointestinal tract ) and accessory organs

System - Is a complex system within the human body responsible for the breaking
down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body for
energy growth and repair.
- It is an organ system that is responsible for breaking down of large
molecules into smaller molecules and absorption of organic compounds
needed by the body
Gastrointestinal or digestive tract
 Mouth, esophagus,stomach, small intestine, large intestine( colon),
Rectum and anus
Accessory organs
 Liver, pancreas and gall bladder

FUNCTION:
1. Digestion
2. Breakdown of organic compounds into their simple forms for use by the
cells.
3. Breaks down food mechanically and chemically.

TRIVIA: The journey of the food starts from the mouth down to the anus
takes about 18-20 hours.

PROCESS:
1. INGESTION
2. DIGESTION
3. Absorption
4. Assimilation
5. Egestion

1. INGESTION -is the first process that happens in digestive system. It is

the journey of taking in food or any substance into the body through the
mouth. The journey of food starts when a bit of hamburger enters your
mouth.

2. DIGESTION- is the second process involved in digestive system. It is the

process that involves break down of large food molecules into smaller
molecules for easy absorption of the cells. Both chemical and mechanical
digestions begin immediately in the mouth. While the food is in the
mouth, the teeth cut, crush, and break it apart into tiny pieces while the
tongue helps mix food with saliva secreted by the salivary glands
forming into a moist ball called bolus so it can be easily swallowed. This
process is known as mastication or chewing considered as a mechanical
digestion, which is the initial stage of digestion. The saliva contains
salivary amylase, the enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller
carbohydrate. Then, the bolus passes from the mouth to the esophagus
- a tube that attaches the mouth to the stomach. A series of wave-like
muscle contractions known as peristalsis push and transport foods and
liquids in small sections to the stomach
The stomach is a J-shaped, bag-like muscular organ that can hold
approximately one liter of fluid and food. The primary function of the
stomach is to store food, which turns to chyme after being acted on by
the stomach acid. Chyme is a semifluid material formed from bolus that
is acted upon by the gastric juices secreted by the stomach. The walls of
the stomach have special cells that secrete gastric juices like
hydrochloric acid and pepsin that begin the chemical breakdown of
proteins.
-Three organs that are part of the digestive system and helps in
secretion of essential substances.
These organs are the liver, the pancreas and the gall bladder.

The liver produces bile, a green fluid that turns large fat droplets into
smaller ones and stores them in the gall bladder. When necessary, bile
gets into the small intestine and helps in the digestion of fat. The
pancreas makes three different kinds of enzymes namely amylase,
peptidase, and lipase released through a pancreatic duct that aid in the
digestion of all three organic compounds such as carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats respectively. The process takes about half of a liter of
digestive juices each day.
The liver is the biggest organ inside the body with a mass of about two
kilograms. Gall bladder - a small pear-shaped sac that can hold about
50ml of bile. The pancreas is a small organ found below the stomach.

The small intestine is an organ that breaks down food further into
 substances, such as glucose, that can be absorbed by the villi.
Three parts
1. duodenum -is the first and shortest part of the small intestine that
starts at the lower end of the stomach and extends for about 20 cm to 25
cm in length. Basically, it is in charge for the continuous breaking-down
process as it partially receives the chyme from the stomach, it resumes
chemical digestion of food, and prepares for absorption through the villi.
Organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are
specifically broken down with the aid of different enzymes.
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars by enzymes like amylase,
maltase and lactase. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by
enzymes like trypsin and peptidase. Fats are broken down into fatty
acids by the enzyme lipase. After about four hours, the stomach pushes
food into the small intestines.
The production and release of enzymes and acids in the digestive system
is called secretion. It aids in the breaking down of complex food
molecules into their chemical building blocks.
2.jejunum- is the second part of the small intestine that is 2.5 cm in
length. Its wall works for absorption through enterocytes or columnar
cells of small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by
the enzymes in the duodenum.
3.ileum- the final and longest part of the small intestine. Located
between the jejunum ( middle part) and the large intestine (colon)

3. Absorption- is the third process that happens in the digestive system. It

occurs mostly in the small intestine where several digestive juices,
pancreatic juice, and bile aid in the chemical digestion of food. Absorption
is the process of passing the soluble food molecules in the wall of the
small intestine through the villi – the tiny, finger-like projections from the
epithelial lining of the intestinal wall. Each villus contains blood capillaries
that enable it to absorb water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals,
and fatty acids. It also increases the amount of surface area available for
the absorption of nutrients

4. Assimilation - is the fourth process that occurs in the digestive system. It

is the movement of digested food nutrients into the blood vessels of the
small intestine through diffusion and use of nutrients into the body cells
through the microvilli – microscopic cellular membrane projections that
serves to expand the surface area for diffusion and also to lessen any
increase in volume. The third part of the small intestine is the ileum
which is about 3.5 meters in length. Its main function is the assimilation
(absorption) of B12 and the re-assimilation (reabsorption) of conjugated
bile salts.

The Large intestine is divided into caecum, ascending colon, transverse

colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. This is where reabsorption of
liquid, electrolytes and some vitamins from the undigested food takes place. It
secretes mucus to aid in the formation of feces and maintains alkaline
conditions. This is the last segment of the gastrointestinal tract that completes
absorption and compacts waste
5. Egestion- is the last process that occurs in the digestive system. It is the
release of undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and pushed out
of the body through the anus by defecation.

BIG NOTEBOOK
ACTIVITY:
Activity 1. Tummy Puzzle!
Directions: Hidden in the word puzzle are terms associated to digestive system.
Pick fifteen (15) of these terms and write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

ACTIVITY 2:
Activity 5. I Fill You!
Directions:
Label the main organs involved in the digestive system in the figure and answer the questions
that follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

I. Label the organ pointed by the arrow.

3. When does ingestion begin?
2. What happens to food when it is in your:
a. mouth ________________________________________________________________;
b. stomach ______________________________________________________________;
c. small intestine ________________________________________________________?
3. How are nutrients from the food you eat absorbed after digestion?
4. Why are villus and microvilli important in the human digestive system?
5. What happens to the undigested food in the large intestine?
6. Name the enzymes secreted by the organs identified from box #1, #3 and #4.
_________________________________________________________________.
7. The liver produces bile. How does bile help in digestion of food?
_________________________________________________________________

Activity 3. I Create You Gullet! Directions:

Create a comic strip of digestive process on a sheet of bond paper based on the situation
below. Put a title of your comic strip on one square. Make ten more squares for your story.
Each square shall show both drawings and words to tell your story. The following terms and
concepts should include in your comic strip:

● Mechanical digestion ● Stomach ● Chemical digestion ● Small intestine ● Mouth ● Villi ●

Saliva ● Large intestine ● Esophagus ● Rectum ● Peristalsis ● Anus

Situation: Imagine that you are a piece of food (bread, pizza, mango, etc.) that is about to be
eaten by a human being! As you journey through the digestive system, starting from the first
bite and ending with your exit from the human body, you are able to meet the different organs
and enzymes that interact with you.
QUIZ:
1. What organ system is responsible for breaking down of large molecules into
smaller molecules and absorption of organic compounds needed by the body?
A. Circulatory system C. nervous system
B.Digestive system D. musculare system

2. Enumerate the correct sequence of the processes involved in the human

digestive system.

3. Where does the final stage in digestion of food happen?

A. liver B. mouth C. small intestine D. large intestine

4. The process in which digested foods are distributed into different parts of the
body cells are _______.
A. assimilation B. digestion C. excretion D. ingestion

5.If the liver is severely damaged, metabolism of which nutrients would be most
affected?
A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. All of the above

6. What enzyme aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

A. amylase B. gastric enzyme C. lipase D. pepsin

7.What will happen to the undigested food that pass through the digestive tract?
A. goes to the pancreas to await disposal
B. enters to the stomach and await disposal
C. goes to small intestine and await disposal
D. moves down to the large intestine and await disposal

8.Which of the following helps in the digestion of food in the mouth?

A. amylase B. bile C. protease D. saliva

9. Where does absorption of nutrients mostly occur?

A. stomach B. small intestine C. large intestine D. all the above

10. Which of the following is the correct order of the digestive tract?
A. mouth → rectum → esophagus → rectum → anus → small intestine → large
intestine
B. mouth → stomach → esophagus → rectum → anus → small intestine
→large intestine
C. mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine →
rectum → anus