Ex5
Ex5
Ex5
(a) u 1, 5, 6 (b) v 3, 15, 18 31. S 4, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 0, 0
(c) w 3, 3, 2 (d) z 2, 20, 3
1 4 1
32. S 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 1, 5, 3
4. S 6, 7, 8, 6, 4, 6, 4, 1 33. S 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 8, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0
(a) u 42, 113, 112, 60 34. S 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
(b) v 2 , 4 , 14, 2
49 99 19
In Exercises 35–38, show that the set is linearly dependent by
(c) w 4, 14, 2 , 8
27 53
finding a nontrivial linear combination (of vectors in the set) whose
(d) z 8, 4, 1, 4
17
sum is the zero vector. Then express one of the vectors in the set as
a linear combination of the other vectors in the set.
In Exercises 5–16, determine whether the set S spans R2. If the set
does not span R2, give a geometric description of the subspace that 35. S 3, 4, 1, 1, 2, 0
it does span. 36. S 2, 4, 1, 2, 0, 6
5. S 2, 1, 1, 2 6. S 1, 1, 2, 1 37. S 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1
7. S 5, 0, 5, 4 8. S 2, 0, 0, 1 38. S 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 4, 5, 6
9. S 3, 5 10. S 1, 1
39. For which values of t is each set linearly independent?
11. S 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 12
(a) S t, 1, 1, 1, t, 1, 1, 1, t
12. S 1, 2, 2, 4,2, 1
1
(b) S t, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3t
13. S 1, 2, 2, 4
40. For which values of t is each set linearly independent?
14. S 0, 2, 1, 4
(a) S t, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1
15. S 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1
(b) S t, t, t, t, 1, 0, t, 0, 1
16. S 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
41. Given the matrices
In Exercises 17–22, determine whether the set S spans R3. If the set 3
4
2 0 5
does not span R3, give a geometric description of the subspace that A and B
1 1 2
it does span.
in M2,2, determine which of the matrices listed below are linear
17. S 4, 7, 3, 1, 2, 6, 2, 3, 5 combinations of A and B.
18. S 6, 7, 6, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2 19
10 9
6 6 2
(a) (b)
19. S 2, 5, 0, 4, 6, 3 7 11
20. S 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 2
(c) (d)
28 0 0
21. S 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 1 11 0 0
220 Chapter 4 Vector Spaces
42. Determine whether the following matrices from M2,2 form a In Exercises 55 and 56, prove that the set of vectors is linearly
linearly independent set. independent and spans R3.
1 8 55. B 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0
4
1 4 3 1
A , B , C
5 2 3 22 23 56. B 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1
In Exercises 43–46, determine whether each set in P2 is linearly
independent. 57. Guided Proof Prove that a nonempty subset of a finite set of
linearly independent vectors is linearly independent.
43. S 2 x, 2x x2, 6 5x x2
Getting Started: You need to show that a subset of a linearly
44. S x2 1, 2x 5
independent set of vectors cannot be linearly dependent.
45. S x2 3x 1, 2x2 x 1, 4x
(i) Suppose S is a set of linearly independent vectors. Let
46. S x2, x2 1 T be a subset of S.
47. Determine whether the set S 1, x2, x2 2 spans P2. (ii) If T is linearly dependent, then there exist constants
48. Determine whether the set S x2 2x, x3 8, x3 x2, not all zero satisfying the vector equation c1v1
x2 4 spans P3. c2v2 . . . ckvk 0.
49. By inspection, determine why each of the sets is linearly (iii) Use this fact to derive a contradiction and conclude
dependent. that T is linearly independent.
(a) S 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4 58. Prove that if S1 is a nonempty subset of the finite set S2, and S1
(b) S 1, 6, 2, 2, 12, 4 is linearly dependent, then so is S2.
(c) S 0, 0, 1, 0 59. Prove that any set of vectors containing the zero vector is
linearly dependent.
50. Complete the proof of Theorem 4.7.
60. Provided that u1, u2, . . . , un is a linearly independent set
In Exercises 51 and 52, determine whether the sets S1 and S2 span of vectors and that the set u1, u2, . . . , un, v is linearly
the same subspace of R3. dependent, prove that v is a linear combination of the ui’s.
51. S1 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 61. Let v1, v2, . . . , vk be a linearly independent set of vectors in
a vector space V. Delete the vector vk from this set and prove that
S2 2, 6, 0, 1, 1, 2
the set v1, v2, . . . , vk1 cannot span V.
52. S1 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1
62. If V is spanned by v1, v2, . . . , vk and one of these vectors
S2 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1 can be written as a linear combination of the other k 1
vectors, prove that the span of these k 1 vectors is also V.
True or False? In Exercises 53 and 54, determine whether each 63. Writing The set 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2 is linearly
statement is true or false. If a statement is true, give a reason or cite dependent, but 1, 2, 3 cannot be written as a linear combina-
an appropriate statement from the text. If a statement is false, provide tion of 1, 0, 2 and 1, 0, 2. Why does this statement not
an example that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an contradict Theorem 4.8?
appropriate statement from the text.
64. Writing Under what conditions will a set consisting of a
53. (a) A set of vectors S v1, v2, . . . , vk in a vector space is single vector be linearly independent?
called linearly dependent if the vector equation c1v1 65. Let S u, v be a linearly independent set. Prove that the set
c2v2 . . . ckvk 0 has only the trivial solution. u v, u v is linearly independent.
(b) Two vectors u and v in a vector space V are linearly
66. Let u, v, and w be any three vectors from a vector space V.
dependent if and only if one is a scalar multiple of the other.
Determine whether the set of vectors v u, w v, u w
54. (a) A set S v1, v2, . . . , vk, k 2, is linearly independent is linearly independent or linearly dependent.
if and only if at least one of the vectors vj can be written as
a linear combination of the other vectors.
67. Let f1x 3x and f2x x . Graph both functions on the
interval 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Show that these functions are linearly
(b) If a subset S spans a vector space V, then every vector dependent in the vector space C 0, 1 , but linearly independent
in V can be written as a linear combination of the vectors in C 1, 1 .
in S.
230 Chapter 4 Vector Spaces
SOLUTION Because S has five vectors and the dimension of M5,1 is five, you can apply Theorem 4.12 to
verify that S is a basis by showing either that S is linearly independent or that S spans M5,1.
To show the first of these, form the vector equation
c1v1 c2v2 c3v3 c4v4 c5v5 0,
which yields the homogeneous system of linear equations shown below.
c1 0
2c1 c2 0
c1 3c2 2c3 0
3c1 2c2 c3 2c4 0
4c1 3c2 5c3 3c4 2c5 0
Because this system has only the trivial solution, S must be linearly independent. So, by
Theorem 4.12, S is a basis for M5,1.
0
12. S 4, 3, 8, 6 1 0 0 1
25. S ,
1 1 0
13. S 3, 2
14. S 1, 2 26. S 10 1
0
,
0
1
1
0
3
Writing In Exercises 15–20, explain why S is not a basis for R .
27. S
4
1 0 0 1 1 0 8
, , ,
15. S 1, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 2, 5, 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 3
16. S 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 4
28. S
1 0 0 1 1 1
, ,
17. S 7, 0, 3, 8, 4, 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
18. S 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1
Section 4.5 Basis and Dimension 231
In Exercises 1–12, find (a) the rank of the matrix, (b) a basis for the 4 0 2 3 1
row space, and (c) a basis for the column space. 2 1 2 0 1
12. 5 2 2 1 1
0 1
1 0 24
1. 2. 4 0 2 2 1
2 6
3. 1 2 3 4. 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 1
3
1 2 1 2 4 In Exercises 13–16, find a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by S.
5. 6.
4 2 1 1 2 1
13. S 1, 2, 4, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1
2 3
4 20 31 1
7. 6 5 6 8. 5 10 6 14. S 4, 2, 1, 1, 2, 8, 0, 1, 2
2 11 16 8 7 5 15. S 4, 4, 8, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1
4 3 6 16. S 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1
2
2 4
4 5
7 14 6 3 In Exercises 17–20, find a basis for the subspace of R4 spanned by S.
9. 3 6 6 4 10.
2 4 1 2
2 4 4 9 17. S 2, 9, 2, 53, 3, 2, 3, 2, 8, 3, 8, 17,
2 4 2 2
0, 3, 0, 15
2 4 2 1 1
2 5 4 2 2 18. S 6, 3, 6, 34, 3, 2, 3, 19, 8, 3, 9, 6,
11. 4 3 1 1 2 2, 0, 6, 5
2 4 2 1 1 19. S 3, 2, 5, 28, 6, 1, 8, 1, 14, 10, 12, 10,
0 1 4 2 1
0, 5, 12, 50
20. S 2, 5, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 1, 3, 2, 2,
1, 5, 3, 5
Section 4.6 Rank of a Matrix and Sy stems of Linear Equations 247
In Exercises 21–32, find a basis for, and the dimension of, the 40. x1 3x2 2x3 22x4 13x5 0
solution space of Ax 0. x1 x3 2x4 x5 0
1 1
3x1 6x2 5x3 42x4 27x5 0
2 2
21. A 22. A
1 3 6 3
In Exercises 41–46, (a) determine whether the nonhomogeneous
23. A 1 2 3 24. A 1 4 2 system Ax b is consistent, and (b) if the system is consistent,
write the solution in the form x xh xp, where xh is a solution
0 0
1 2 3 1 4 2
25. A 26. A
1 0 0 1 of Ax 0 and xp is a particular solution of Ax b.
3 6
1 2 3 21 41. x 3y 10z 18 42. 3x 8y 4z 19
27. A 2 1 4 28. A 2 4 14 2x 7y 32z 29 6y 2z 4w 5
4 3 2 1 2 7
x 3y 14z 12 5x 22z w 29
1 3 2 4 x y 2z 8 x 2y 2z 8
29. A 0 1 1 2
2 6 4 8 43. 3w 2x 16y 2z 7
w 5x 14y 18z 29
1 4 2 1
30. A 0 1 1 1 3w x 14y 2z 1
2 8 4 2 44. 2x 4y 5z 8
7x 14y 4z 28
2 6 3 1 1 4 2 1
2 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 3x 6y z 12
31. A 32. A
3 2 1 1 4 2 1 1
45. x1 2x2 x3 x4 5x5 0
0 6 2 0 0 4 2 0
5x1 10x2 3x3 3x4 55x5 8
In Exercises 33–40, find (a) a basis for and (b) the dimension of the x1 2x2 2x3 3x4 5x5 14
solution space of the homogeneous system of linear equations. x1 2x2 x3 x4 15x5 2
33. x y z 0 34. 4x y 2z 0 46. 5x1 4x2 12x3 33x4 14x5 4
3x y 0 2x 3y z 0 2x1 x2 6x3 12x4 8x5 1
2x 4y 5z 0 3x y z 0 2x1 x2 6x3 12x4 8x5 1
35. x 2y 3z 0 36. x 2y 4z 0 In Exercises 47–50, determine whether b is in the column space of A.
3x 6y 9z 0 3x 6y 12z 0 If it is, write b as a linear combination of the column vectors of A.
37. 3x1 3x2 15x3 11x4 0 1
4
2 3
47. A , b
x1 3x2 x3 x4 0 4 0
2x1 3x2 11x3 8x4 0 1
4
2 2
48. A , b
38. 2x1 2x2 4x3 2x4 0 2 4
x1 2x2 x3 2x4 0 1 3 0 1
x1 x2 4x3 2x4 0 49. A 1 1 0 , b 2
39. 9x1 4x2 2x3 20x4 0 2 0 1 3
12x1 6x2 4x3 29x4 0 1 3 2 1
50. A 1 1 2 , b 1
3x1 2x2 7x4 0
0 1 1 0
3x1 2x2 x3 8x4 0
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: