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Section 4.

4 Spanning Sets and Linear Independence 219

SECTION 4.4 Exercises


In Exercises 1–4, determine whether each vector can be written as 22. S  1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 1, 4, 0, 5, 2, 0, 6
a linear combination of the vectors in S.
In Exercises 23–34, determine whether the set S is linearly
1. S  2, 1, 3, 5, 0, 4 independent or linearly dependent.
(a) u  1, 1, 1 (b) v  8,  4, 4 
1 27
23. S  2, 2, 3, 5 24. S  2, 4, 1, 2
(c) w  1, 8, 12 (d) z  1, 2, 2 25. S  0, 0, 1, 1 26. S  1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1
2. S  1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1 27. S  1, 4, 1, 6, 3, 2
(a) u  1, 5, 5 (b) v  2, 6, 6 28. S  6, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2
(c) w  1, 22, 22 (d) z  4, 3, 3 29. S  1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3
3. S  2, 0, 7, 2, 4, 5, 2, 12, 13 30. S   4, 2, 2 , 3, 4, 2 ,  2, 6, 2
3 5 3 7 3

(a) u  1, 5, 6 (b) v  3, 15, 18 31. S  4, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 6, 0, 0
(c) w  3, 3, 2  (d) z  2, 20, 3
1 4 1
32. S  1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 1, 5, 3
4. S  6, 7, 8, 6, 4, 6, 4, 1 33. S  4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 8, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0
(a) u  42, 113, 112, 60 34. S  0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
(b) v   2 , 4 , 14, 2 
49 99 19
In Exercises 35–38, show that the set is linearly dependent by
(c) w  4, 14, 2 , 8 
27 53
finding a nontrivial linear combination (of vectors in the set) whose
(d) z  8, 4, 1, 4 
17
sum is the zero vector. Then express one of the vectors in the set as
a linear combination of the other vectors in the set.
In Exercises 5–16, determine whether the set S spans R2. If the set
does not span R2, give a geometric description of the subspace that 35. S  3, 4, 1, 1, 2, 0
it does span. 36. S  2, 4, 1, 2, 0, 6
5. S  2, 1, 1, 2 6. S  1, 1, 2, 1 37. S  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1
7. S  5, 0, 5, 4 8. S  2, 0, 0, 1 38. S  1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 4, 5, 6
9. S  3, 5 10. S  1, 1
39. For which values of t is each set linearly independent?
11. S  1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 12
(a) S  t, 1, 1, 1, t, 1, 1, 1, t
12. S   1, 2, 2, 4,2, 1
1
(b) S  t, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3t
13. S  1, 2, 2, 4
40. For which values of t is each set linearly independent?
14. S  0, 2, 1, 4
(a) S  t, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1
15. S  1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1
(b) S  t, t, t, t, 1, 0, t, 0, 1
16. S  1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
41. Given the matrices
In Exercises 17–22, determine whether the set S spans R3. If the set 3
4   
2 0 5
does not span R3, give a geometric description of the subspace that A and B
1 1 2
it does span.
in M2,2, determine which of the matrices listed below are linear
17. S  4, 7, 3, 1, 2, 6, 2, 3, 5 combinations of A and B.
18. S  6, 7, 6, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2 19
10  9 
6 6 2
(a) (b)
19. S  2, 5, 0, 4, 6, 3 7 11
20. S  1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 2
(c)   (d)  
28 0 0
21. S  1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 1 11 0 0
220 Chapter 4 Vector Spaces

42. Determine whether the following matrices from M2,2 form a In Exercises 55 and 56, prove that the set of vectors is linearly
linearly independent set. independent and spans R3.
1 8 55. B  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0
4     
1 4 3 1
A , B , C
5 2 3 22 23 56. B  1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1
In Exercises 43–46, determine whether each set in P2 is linearly
independent. 57. Guided Proof Prove that a nonempty subset of a finite set of
linearly independent vectors is linearly independent.
43. S  2  x, 2x  x2, 6  5x  x2
Getting Started: You need to show that a subset of a linearly
44. S  x2  1, 2x  5
independent set of vectors cannot be linearly dependent.
45. S  x2  3x  1, 2x2  x  1, 4x
(i) Suppose S is a set of linearly independent vectors. Let
46. S  x2, x2  1 T be a subset of S.
47. Determine whether the set S  1, x2, x2  2 spans P2. (ii) If T is linearly dependent, then there exist constants
48. Determine whether the set S  x2  2x, x3  8, x3  x2, not all zero satisfying the vector equation c1v1 
x2  4 spans P3. c2v2  . . .  ckvk  0.
49. By inspection, determine why each of the sets is linearly (iii) Use this fact to derive a contradiction and conclude
dependent. that T is linearly independent.
(a) S  1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4 58. Prove that if S1 is a nonempty subset of the finite set S2, and S1
(b) S  1, 6, 2, 2, 12, 4 is linearly dependent, then so is S2.

(c) S  0, 0, 1, 0 59. Prove that any set of vectors containing the zero vector is
linearly dependent.
50. Complete the proof of Theorem 4.7.
60. Provided that u1, u2, . . . , un is a linearly independent set
In Exercises 51 and 52, determine whether the sets S1 and S2 span of vectors and that the set u1, u2, . . . , un, v is linearly
the same subspace of R3. dependent, prove that v is a linear combination of the ui’s.
51. S1  1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 61. Let v1, v2, . . . , vk be a linearly independent set of vectors in
a vector space V. Delete the vector vk from this set and prove that
S2  2, 6, 0, 1, 1, 2
the set v1, v2, . . . , vk1 cannot span V.
52. S1  0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1
62. If V is spanned by v1, v2, . . . , vk and one of these vectors
S2  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1 can be written as a linear combination of the other k  1
vectors, prove that the span of these k  1 vectors is also V.
True or False? In Exercises 53 and 54, determine whether each 63. Writing The set 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2 is linearly
statement is true or false. If a statement is true, give a reason or cite dependent, but 1, 2, 3 cannot be written as a linear combina-
an appropriate statement from the text. If a statement is false, provide tion of 1, 0, 2 and 1, 0, 2. Why does this statement not
an example that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an contradict Theorem 4.8?
appropriate statement from the text.
64. Writing Under what conditions will a set consisting of a
53. (a) A set of vectors S  v1, v2, . . . , vk in a vector space is single vector be linearly independent?
called linearly dependent if the vector equation c1v1  65. Let S  u, v be a linearly independent set. Prove that the set
c2v2  . . .  ckvk  0 has only the trivial solution. u  v, u  v is linearly independent.
(b) Two vectors u and v in a vector space V are linearly
66. Let u, v, and w be any three vectors from a vector space V.
dependent if and only if one is a scalar multiple of the other.
Determine whether the set of vectors v  u, w  v, u  w
54. (a) A set S  v1, v2, . . . , vk, k 2, is linearly independent is linearly independent or linearly dependent.
if and only if at least one of the vectors vj can be written as
a linear combination of the other vectors. 
67. Let f1x  3x and f2x  x . Graph both functions on the
interval 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Show that these functions are linearly
(b) If a subset S spans a vector space V, then every vector dependent in the vector space C 0, 1 , but linearly independent
in V can be written as a linear combination of the vectors in C 1, 1 .
in S.
230 Chapter 4 Vector Spaces

SOLUTION Because S has five vectors and the dimension of M5,1 is five, you can apply Theorem 4.12 to
verify that S is a basis by showing either that S is linearly independent or that S spans M5,1.
To show the first of these, form the vector equation
c1v1  c2v2  c3v3  c4v4  c5v5  0,
which yields the homogeneous system of linear equations shown below.
c1  0
2c1  c2  0
c1  3c2  2c3  0
3c1  2c2  c3  2c4  0
4c1  3c2  5c3  3c4  2c5  0
Because this system has only the trivial solution, S must be linearly independent. So, by
Theorem 4.12, S is a basis for M5,1.

SECTION 4.5 Exercises


In Exercises 1–6, write the standard basis for the vector space. 19. S  0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0
1. R6 2. R4 3. M2,4 20. S  6, 4, 1, 3, 5, 1, 8, 13, 6, 0, 6, 9
4. M4,1 5. P4 6. P2
Writing In Exercises 21–24, explain why S is not a basis for P2.
Writing In Exercises 7–14, explain why S is not a basis for R . 2
21. S  1, 2x, x2  4, 5x
7. S  1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1 22. S  2, x, x  3, 3x 2
8. S  1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4 23. S  1  x, 1  x2, 3x2  2x  1
9. S  4, 5, 0, 0 24. S  6x  3, 3x 2, 1  2x  x 2
10. S  2, 3, 6, 9
Writing In Exercises 25–28, explain why S is not a basis for M2,2.
11. S  6, 5, 12, 10

0  
12. S  4, 3, 8, 6 1 0 0 1
25. S  ,
1 1 0
13. S  3, 2
14. S  1, 2 26. S  10 1
0
,
0
1
1
0 
3
Writing In Exercises 15–20, explain why S is not a basis for R .
27. S   
4
  
1 0 0 1 1 0 8
, , ,
15. S  1, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 2, 5, 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 3
16. S  2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 4
28. S     
1 0 0 1 1 1
, ,
17. S  7, 0, 3, 8, 4, 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
18. S  1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1
Section 4.5 Basis and Dimension 231

In Exercises 29–34, determine whether the set v1, v2 is a basis


5 
7 9 12 16
  
1 2 2 4
for R 2. 44. S  , , ,
4 6 2 11 12 17 42
29. y 30. y In Exercises 45–48, determine whether S is a basis for P3.

1 1 45. S  t3  2t2  1, t2  4, t3  2t, 5t


46. S  4t  t2, 5  t3, 3t  5, 2t3  3t2
v1
x x 47. S  4  t, t 3, 6t 2, t 3  3t, 4t  1
−1 v2 −1 v1
1
v2
1 48. S  t 3  1, 2t 2, t  3, 5  2t  2t 2  t 3
−1 −1 In Exercises 49–54, determine whether S is a basis for R3. If it is,
write u  8, 3, 8 as a linear combination of the vectors in S.

31. y 32. y 49. S  4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 2


50. S  1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1
1 1
v1 51. S  0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 1, 2
v2 v1
52. S  1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0
x x
v2 53. S   3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 12, 6
2 5 3
−1 1 −1 1

−1 −1 54. S  1, 4, 7, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2


In Exercises 55–62, determine the dimension of the vector space.
33. y 34. y 55. R6 56. R4 57. R 58. R3
59. P7 60. P4 61. M2,3 62. M3,2
2 1
v2 v1 v2 63. Find a basis for D3,3 (the vector space of all 3  3 diagonal
matrices). What is the dimension of this vector space?
1 x
v1 −1 1 64. Find a basis for the vector space of all 3  3 symmetric
matrices. What is the dimension of this vector space?
x −1
1 2 65. Find all subsets of the set that forms a basis for R2.
S  1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1
In Exercises 35–42, determine whether S is a basis for the indicated 66. Find all subsets of the set that forms a basis for R3.
vector space. S  1, 3, 2, 4, 1, 1, 2, 7, 3, 2, 1, 1
35. S  3, 2, 4, 5 for R2 67. Find a basis for R2 that includes the vector 1, 1.
36. S  1, 2, 1, 1 for R2 68. Find a basis for R3 that includes the set S  1, 0, 2, (0, 1, 1.
37. S  1, 5, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 6 for R3 In Exercises 69 and 70, (a) give a geometric description of, (b) find
38. S  2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 for R3 a basis for, and (c) determine the dimension of the subspace W
39. S  0, 3, 2, 4, 0, 3, 8, 15, 16 for R3 of R2.
40. S  0, 0, 0, 1, 5, 6, 6, 2, 1 for R3 69. W  2t, t: t is a real number
41. S  1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 5, 0 for R4 70. W  0, t): t is a real number
42. S  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0 for R4 In Exercises 71 and 72, (a) give a geometric description of, (b) find
In Exercises 43 and 44, determine whether S is a basis for M2,2. a basis for, and (c) determine the dimension of the subspace W of
R3.
43. S  20 0
3
, 
1
0
4
1
, 
0
3 
1
2
,
0
2
1
0  71. W  2t, t, t: t is a real number
72. W  2t  t, s, t : s and t are real numbers
246 Chapter 4 Vector Spaces

Systems of Linear Equations with


Square Coefficient Matrices
The final summary in this section presents several major results involving systems of linear
equations, matrices, determinants, and vector spaces.

Summary of Equivalent If A is an n  n matrix, then the following conditions are equivalent.


Conditions for 1. A is invertible.
Square Matrices 2. Ax  b has a unique solution for any n  1 matrix b.
3. Ax  0 has only the trivial solution.
4. A is row-equivalent to In.
5. A  0
6. RankA  n
7. The n row vectors of A are linearly independent.
8. The n column vectors of A are linearly independent.

SECTION 4.6 Exercises

 
In Exercises 1–12, find (a) the rank of the matrix, (b) a basis for the 4 0 2 3 1
row space, and (c) a basis for the column space. 2 1 2 0 1
12. 5 2 2 1 1
0  1 
1 0 24
1. 2. 4 0 2 2 1
2 6
3. 1 2 3 4. 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 1
3
   
1 2 1 2 4 In Exercises 13–16, find a basis for the subspace of R3 spanned by S.
5. 6.
4 2 1 1 2 1
13. S  1, 2, 4, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1
2 3

   
4 20 31 1
7. 6 5 6 8. 5 10 6 14. S  4, 2, 1, 1, 2, 8, 0, 1, 2
2 11 16 8 7 5 15. S  4, 4, 8, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1
4 3 6 16. S  1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1

 
2
2 4

 
4 5
7 14 6 3 In Exercises 17–20, find a basis for the subspace of R4 spanned by S.
9. 3 6 6 4 10.
2 4 1 2
2 4 4 9 17. S  2, 9, 2, 53, 3, 2, 3, 2, 8, 3, 8, 17,
2 4 2 2
0, 3, 0, 15

 
2 4 2 1 1
2 5 4 2 2 18. S  6, 3, 6, 34, 3, 2, 3, 19, 8, 3, 9, 6,
11. 4 3 1 1 2 2, 0, 6, 5
2 4 2 1 1 19. S  3, 2, 5, 28, 6, 1, 8, 1, 14, 10, 12, 10,
0 1 4 2 1
0, 5, 12, 50
20. S  2, 5, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 1, 3, 2, 2,
1, 5, 3, 5
Section 4.6 Rank of a Matrix and Sy stems of Linear Equations 247

In Exercises 21–32, find a basis for, and the dimension of, the 40. x1  3x2  2x3  22x4  13x5  0
solution space of Ax  0. x1  x3  2x4  x5  0
1 1
    3x1  6x2  5x3  42x4  27x5  0
2 2
21. A  22. A 
1 3 6 3
In Exercises 41–46, (a) determine whether the nonhomogeneous
23. A  1 2 3 24. A  1 4 2 system Ax  b is consistent, and (b) if the system is consistent,
write the solution in the form x  xh  xp, where xh is a solution
0  0 
1 2 3 1 4 2
25. A  26. A 
1 0 0 1 of Ax  0 and xp is a particular solution of Ax  b.
3 6

   
1 2 3 21 41. x  3y  10z  18 42. 3x  8y  4z  19
27. A  2 1 4 28. A  2 4 14 2x  7y  32z  29  6y  2z  4w  5
4 3 2 1 2 7
x  3y  14z  12 5x  22z  w  29

 
1 3 2 4 x  y  2z  8 x  2y  2z  8
29. A  0 1 1 2
2 6 4 8 43. 3w  2x  16y  2z  7
w  5x  14y  18z  29

 
1 4 2 1
30. A  0 1 1 1 3w  x  14y  2z  1
2 8 4 2 44. 2x  4y  5z  8
7x  14y  4z  28

   
2 6 3 1 1 4 2 1
2 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 3x  6y  z  12
31. A  32. A 
3 2 1 1 4 2 1 1
45. x1  2x2  x3  x4  5x5  0
0 6 2 0 0 4 2 0
5x1  10x2  3x3  3x4  55x5  8

In Exercises 33–40, find (a) a basis for and (b) the dimension of the x1  2x2  2x3  3x4  5x5  14
solution space of the homogeneous system of linear equations. x1  2x2  x3  x4  15x5  2
33. x  y  z  0 34. 4x  y  2z  0 46. 5x1  4x2  12x3  33x4  14x5  4
3x  y 0 2x  3y  z  0 2x1  x2  6x3  12x4  8x5  1
2x  4y  5z  0 3x  y  z  0 2x1  x2  6x3  12x4  8x5  1
35. x  2y  3z  0 36. x  2y  4z  0 In Exercises 47–50, determine whether b is in the column space of A.
3x  6y  9z  0 3x  6y  12z  0 If it is, write b as a linear combination of the column vectors of A.
37. 3x1  3x2  15x3  11x4  0 1
   4
2 3
47. A  , b
x1  3x2  x3  x4  0 4 0
2x1  3x2  11x3  8x4  0 1
   4
2 2
48. A  , b
38. 2x1  2x2  4x3  2x4  0 2 4

   
x1  2x2  x3  2x4  0 1 3 0 1
x1  x2  4x3  2x4  0 49. A  1 1 0 , b 2
39. 9x1  4x2  2x3  20x4  0 2 0 1 3

  
12x1  6x2  4x3  29x4  0 1 3 2 1
50. A  1 1 2 , b 1
3x1  2x2  7x4  0
0 1 1 0
3x1  2x2  x3  8x4  0

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