DATA MANAGEMENT There are a number of items that belong to

descriptive statistics, such as:

Basic Statistical Concepts
 The average, or measure of the
center of a data set, consisting of
Statistics
the mean, median, mode, or
-is the branch of science that deals
midrange
with the collection, organization, analysis,
 The spread of a data set, which can
interpretation and presentation
be measured with the range or
of quantitative data
standard deviation
 Overall descriptions of data such as
USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
the five number summary
 It facilitates comparisons
 Measurements such as skewness
 It simplifies the message of figure
and kurtosis
 It helps in formulating and testing
 The exploration of relationships
hypothesis
and correlation between paired data
 It helps in prediction
 The presentation of statistical results
in graphical form
The study of statistics can be organized in
different ways.
2. Inferential Statistics
-is concerned with the
One way is to subdivide statistics into two
analysis of a subset of data leading
branches:
to predictions or inferences about
1. Descriptive
the entire set of data, without
2. Inferential Statistics
dealing with each individual in the
population.
TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics
 If a researcher gathers data from a
-deals with the collecting,
sample and uses the statistics
describing, and analyzing a set of data
generated to reach conclusions
about a large group of data.
about the population from which
-are tabular, graphical, and
the sample was drawn, the statistics
numerical summaries of data.
are called inferential statistics.
 The purpose of descriptive statistics
There are a number of items that
is to facilitate the presentation and
belong to inferential statistics, such as:
interpretation of data.
 A confidence interval gives a range
 If a researcher is using data gathered
of values for an unknown parameter
on a group to describe or reach
of the population by measuring a
conclusions about same group, the
statistical sample.
statistics are called descriptive
statistics.
 Tests of significance or hypothesis
testing where scientists make a
 claim about the population by according to some characteristic or
analyzing a statistical sample. attribute
 It includes linear regression
analyses, logistic regression 2. Quantitative Variables
analyses, ANOVA, correlation -are numerical and can be
analyses, structural equation ordered or ranked
modeling and survival analysis
Two kinds of variables
Population
-is the collection of all individuals or Quantitative variables can be further
items under consideration in a statistical classified into two groups: discrete and
study continuous.

Parametric data or parameter Discrete variables

-refers to the data gathered from a -variables that can take on distinct
population and separate values; finite

Sample Continuous variables

-is the part of the population from -variables that can assume an
which information is obtained infinite number of values in a given interval
determined through measurement instead
Statistical data of counting
-is the data gathered from a sample
 Data that are collected must be
Sampling organized and presented effectively
-is selecting a group that best for analysis and interpretation. They
represents the entire population can be presented in different forms.

Statistician and researchers are interested Textual presentation

in particular variables of a sample or -presents data in a paragraph form
population. which combines text and figures

Variable Tabular presentation

-is a characteristic of interest about -presents data in a tables
an object under investigation that can take -is a process of summarizing
on different possible outcomes, such as classified data and arranging them in a table
age, hair color, height, weight and religious
preference Graphical presentation
-is an effective method of presenting
Two kinds of variables statistical results and can present clear
1. Qualitative variables pictures of the data.
-are variables that can be
placed into distinct categories,
Kinds of Graphs DATA MANAGEMENT
Bar Graph Two Ways to Describe Group Performance
-consists of bars either vertically or
horizontally and usually constructed for 1. Measures of Central Tendency
comparison purposes. -are used to determine the
-the length of the bars represent average performance of a group of
frequencies or magnitudes of quantities scores
being compared -provides a very convenient
way of describing a set of scores
Line Graph with a single number that describes
-shows the relationship between the performance of a group
two or more sets of quantities. It may show
the relationship between two variables, A. Mean: refers to the arithmetic average
and it is best used to establish trends
B. Median: refers to the centermost score
Pie Chart when the scores in the distribution are
-is used to represent quantities that arranged according to magnitude
make up a whole
-it is a circular diagram cut into C. Mode: refers to the score/s that occurs
subdivisions most frequently in the score distribution
-the size of each section indicates
the proportion of each component part of MEAN ( x )
the whole It is the sum of all values in a data
-can be constructed using percent or set divided by the number of the values that
the actual figures are summed
-the slices of the pie must be drawn
in proportion to the different values of the
x=
∑x
items n
Where:
x = individual value
n = total number of values

MEDIAN (~ x)
It is the middlemost value in the
data set. It is found midway between the
highest value and the lowest value in a rank
distribution and divides the distribution into
two equal parts.

STEPS IN FINDING A MEADIAN

1. Arrange the data from least to greatest
2. Locate the middle score
 2. Variance and Standard Deviation
MODE ( ^x )
It is the value which occurs most Standard Deviation
frequently or has the highest frequency in -is the most important measure of
the data set. variation or dispersion
-is the average distance of all the
a. Unimodal is a score distribution that scores that deviates from the mean value
consists of one mode.
b. Bimodal is a score distribution that Low standard deviation
consists of two modes. -indicates that the data points tend
c. Trimodal is a score distribution that to be very close to the mean
consists of three modes. It is also
considered as multimodal- a score High standard deviation
distribution that consists of more -indicates that the data points are
than two modes. spread out over a large range of values

2. Measures of Variability Variance

-indicate the spread of scores -is one of the most important
in a group measures of variation
- is a single value that is used -shows variation about the mean
to describe the spread of the scores
in a distribution Small variance
-it is also known as variation -indicates that the data points tend
or dispersion to be very close to the mean, and to each
other
There are many ways to describe variability
or spread including: High variance
 Range -indicates that the data points are
 Variance and Standard Deviation very spread out from the mean, and from
one another
1. Range
-the difference in the maximum and Variance
minimum values of a data set. -is the average of the squared
distances from each point to the mean
 The maximum is the largest value in -It is the average of the squared
the dataset and the minimum is the deviation of the values about mean
smallest value.
POPULATION VARIANCE (σ 2)
 The range is easy to calculate but it σ = ∑ ¿¿ ¿
2

is very much affected by extreme Where

values. x – individual value
μ – population mean
R = Highest Score- Lowest Score N – population size
SAMPLE VARIANCE ( s2)
s = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL CURVE
2

Where  The distribution is represented by a

x – individual value bell-shaped curve with the mean,
x – sample mean median and mode as its center and
n – sample size peak.
 The mean, median and mode are
Standard deviation equal.
-can be thought of as a "standard"  The normal distribution is
way of knowing what is normal (typical), symmetric at the mean. This means
what is very large, and what is very small in that the distribution to the left of
the data set the mean is the same as the
-is a popular measure of distribution to the right.
variability because it returns to the original  It is asymptotic to abscissa and the
units of measure of the data set total area under the curve is
approximating to 1.0 or 100 percent
Population standard deviation  It has a mean of zero and standard

√
deviation of 1 unit.
σ=
∑ (x−μ)2  The normal distribution is a
N
continuous curve and always has a
positive value for f ( X ) .
 The mean of the normal
Sample standard deviation distribution determines its position.

√
The standard deviation determines
s=
∑ ( x−x)2 how steep or flat the distribution is.
n−1
 The values of the normal random
variable ranges from −∞ ¿+∞ . For
all possible values of X, the curve
never reaches the x – axis.
STANDARD DEVIATION
The square root of the variance. EMPIRICAL RULE FOR A NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION
σ =√ σ
2 • 68% of the data lie within 1
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION standard deviation of the mean.
S = √s ² • 95% of the data lie within 2
standard deviations of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data lie within 3
standard deviations of the mean.

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

The Normal Distribution
 ▪ A normal distribution can have APPLICATIONS OF THE NORMAL
different variations depending on its DISTRIBUTION
mean and standard deviation.
▪ A standard normal distribution is a ▪ DETERMINING PROBABILITIES IN A
normal distribution with a mean of 0 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
and standard deviation of 1. ▪ SOLVING FOR THE AREA IN A
▪ By converting the possible values of STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
a normally distributed random
variable to its corresponding z – Three possible variations of the problems
score, the normal distribution is involving the area in a standard normal
standardized. distribution

▪ SOLVING FOR THE z – SCORE 1. To solve for the area at the left of
X−μ the z – score, get the value of the
z=
σ area in the table.
Where: 2. To solve for the area at the right of
z= z-score the z – score, get the value of the
X= value of the random variable area in the table and subtract it from
μ=population mean 1.
σ =population standard deviation 3. To solve for the area between two
z – scores, get the values of the area
in the table and subtract the one
TRANSLATING THE NEW SCORE TO Z- with the higher value by the one
SCORE with the lower value.

 The z-score reveals the location of

the raw score from the mean in the
standard deviation units.

 It also accounts both the mean of

the distribution and the amount of
variability

Standard Score or z – score

 measures how many standard
deviation a given value (x) is above
or below the mean
 useful in comparing observed values

positive z – score: indicates that the score

or observed value is above the mean
negative z – score: indicates that the score
or observed value is below the mean