A Study on Eco-Therapeutic Design in Enhancing the

Efficiency of the Living Environments in Retirement Homes:

AGAPAY, A Proposed Eco-Therapeutic Retirement Community

A Thesis Presented to the

School of Architecture, Industrial Design, and the Built Environment
Mapua University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in AR200-02S: Architecture Design 11 for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Submitted by:

Benjamin G. Jacob Jr.

2018156903

Submitted to:

Ar/Enp Junar P. Tablan, PhD, uap, piep

Thesis Adviser

November 2024

2
3
4
Abstract

This architectural thesis examines how well physical and therapeutic environments work in

retirement homes. With the number of older adults rising, the standard of life in retirement homes

has become very important. This study aims to find out how well physical design features and

therapeutic approaches improve the health and happiness of elderly residents.

The study examines the design approaches of retirement houses from many different

angles, including building analysis, environmental psychology, and healthcare principles. It aims to

determine what makes physical and therapeutic environments work well by examining various case

studies, obtaining actual data, and interviewing residents and staff.

The findings of this research will not only help advance the field of architecture but will

also help healthcare workers and planners who are developing and constructing senior homes. By

making the physical and mental settings as good as possible, this study hopes to improve seniors'

general quality of life in retirement homes and encourage healthy aging. Ultimately, this research

intends to create a more caring, helpful, and welcoming setting for our seniors.

Keywords: Aging, Assisted Living, Therapeutic, Community-based, Geriatric Architecture

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank and admire everyone who has contributed in any way to the completion

of this thesis research. The project greatly values and appreciates their contribution.

I want to express my profound appreciation to my thesis advisor, Ar. Junar P. Tablan. His

unwavering guidance, support, and mentorship have been invaluable throughout my academic

journey. I am grateful for his innumerable hours on my thesis and for imparting his broad

knowledge and proficiency in the field. His commitment and encouragement were essential in

molding my research and ensuring its quality. I also wish to thank the Faculty of ARIDBE for

allowing me to pursue my studies at Mapua University.

I want to thank my thesis committee members for their support. Throughout the thesis

defense, their constructive feedback and insightful suggestions were instrumental in augmenting

the quality of the final manuscript and strengthening my research. I appreciate their assistance,

knowledge, and time.

Ultimately, I would like to thank my family, Yolanda Jacob, Benjamin Jacob, Sheenah Mae

Jacob, and Edgar Jacob, for their support, love, and understanding throughout my academic

journey. I also want to express my gratitude to my friends, who have supported and encouraged

me from the beginning of my college career to now. I could not have completed this journey

without their encouragement and inspiration at the most challenging times.

6
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The author, Benjamin G. Jacob Jr., is an aspiring architect currently in his fifth year of

pursuing Bachelor of Science in Architecture at Mapua University. With a strong foundation in

architecture, he has chosen to specialize in Project Construction Management, an area that perfectly

aligns with his passion for both the technical and managerial aspects of project planning and

building construction. Through this specialization, he has developed a comprehensive

understanding of the intricate processes that drive construction projects, from initial design to final

completion.

Benjamin has honed his technical skills across a wide range of architectural software,

including AutoCAD, Sketchup, Lumion, Enscape, Revit, and ArchiCAD. Driven by a vision to make a

positive impact on the environment, he aims to integrate sustainable practices into his architectural

projects, prioritizing energy efficiency, resource conservation and environmentally friendly

materials. His goal is to contribute to the industry’s shift toward greener building practices and to

design structures that harmonize with the natural world, reflecting his belief that architecture should

serve both people and the planet.

7
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

1.1.1 Background of the Study 12
1.1.2 Introduction 13
1.1.3 Statement of the Problem 16
1.1.4 Research Goals, Objectives, and Strategies 17
1.1.5 Assumptions and Hypotheses 18
1.1.6 Significance of the Study 18
1.1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study 20
1.1.8 Conceptual Framework 21
1.1.9 Definition of Terms 22
1.1.10 Acronyms 22

1.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1.2.1 Review of Related Literature 23
1.2.2 Review of Related Studies 37

CHAPTER 2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1.1 Research Instrument and Design 44
2.1.2 Population, Sampling, and Research Locale 45

2.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

2.2.1 Building Case Studies 47
2.2.2 Results & Discussion 51
2.2.3 Statistics/Population of Resident 55
2.2.4 Statistic/Population of Staff 56
2.2.5 Satisfaction Survey 57
2.2.6 Retirement Community Preference Survey 62

2.3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.3.1 Conclusion 67
2.3.2 Recommendations 69

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT PROFILE AND ANALYSIS

3.0.1 Description of the Project 70
3.0.2 Project Rationale 71
3.0.3 Project Practicability 73

CHAPTER 3.1 SITE SELECTION

3.1.1 Site Selection Process 74
3.1.2 Site Justification 75
3.1.3 Criteria for Site Selection 78
3.1.4 Site Option Description 85
3.1.5 Site Criteria Evaluation 90

3.2 SITE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS

3.2.1 MACRO SETTING - CITY OF BACOOR 96
3.2.2 Topography 97
3.2.3 Soil Map 98
3.2.4 Land Use Map 99
3.2.5 Climate 100
3.2.6 Traffic Choke Points and Road Map 102

8
 3.2.7 Flood Hazard Map 103
3.2.8 Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 104
3.2.9 Ground Shaking Hazard Map 105
3.2.10 Social Sector Institutional Facilities 106

3.3 MICRO SETTING

3.3.1 Site Location and Conditions 108
3.3.2 Topography 109
3.3.3 Water Bodies & Flood Hazard 110
3.3.4 Sun Path & Wind Rose Diagrams 111
3.3.5 Existing Man-Made Structures 112
3.3.6 Sensory Qualities 114
3.3.7 Proximity to Community Facilities 116
3.3.8 Related Laws and Ordinances 117

CHAPTER 4 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION

4.1 Design Program
4.1.1 Problem Diagnosis 128
4.1.2 Design Criteria 129
4.1.3 Space Programming and Space Allocation 133
4.1.4 Adjacency Matrix & Interrelationship Diagram 136

4.2 Concept Development

4.2.1 Architectural Concept 137
4.2.2 Form Development 138
4.2.3 Site Concept 140
4.2.4 User Analysis 141
4.2.5 Design Considerations 143
4.2.6 Structural and Material Concept 144
4.2.7 Utility Concept 146

4.3 Presentation Drawings

4.3.1 Site Development Plan 149
4.3.2 Floor Plans 150
4.3.3 Elevations 159
4.3.4 Sections 166
4.3.5 Perspectives 170
4.3.6 Concept Boards 179

References 182

Appendices
Supporting Documents 186
Letters, Memoranda, Notices 192
Research Instruments, Questionnaires 206
Photo of Survey/ Interview & Ocular Visit 212
Conformity of Revisions 213
Actual Photo of Deliberation 214
Turnitin and Grammarly Report 215

9
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Statistics and Population of Residents from Administrative Office 53

of Haven for the Elderly
Table 2 Statistics and Population of Staff 53
Table 3 Site Criteria Factors 75
Table 4 Site Criteria Ranking 78
Table 5 Site Criteria Evaluation 87
Table 6 Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking 115
Slot, Parking, and Loading/ Unloading Space Requirements by
Allowed Use or Occupancy
Table 7 Reference Table of Maximum Allowable PSO, Maximum Allowable 117
ISA, the MACA, the Minimum USA, and the TOSL by Type of Land
Use Zoning per Lot
Table 8 General Requirement for Occupant Loads 118
Table 9 Ramp Ratio 119

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework 18

Figure 2 Alcove Studio 29
Figure 3 The Small one-bedroom 29
Figure 4 The Large one-bedroom 30
Figure 5 The Double Master 30
Figure 6 The Suite Model Unit 30
Figure 7 The Bedroom Unit 30
Figure 8 The one-bedroom with den units with an additional powder 31
room (950-1,100 sq. ft.) Perkins Eastman
Figure 9 Two-bedroom/two-bath unit with bedrooms on either side 31
of the living areas (1,100 – 1,400 sq. ft.) Perkins Eastman
Figure 10 Rain Tree Care Services and Senior Residences 44
Figure 11 Life Care Assisted and Independent Living 45
Figure 12 Santa Rita Geriatric Center 46
Figure 13 The Alcacer do Sal Nursing Home 47
Figure 14 Haven for the Elderly 48
Figure 15 HE Guard Post 49
Figure 16 HE Administration Building 49
Figure 17 HE Cottages 49
Figure 18 HE Cottages and Communal Room 50

10
Figure 19 HE Infirmary 50
Figure 20 HE Productivity and Training Center 50
Figure 21 HE Events Area 51
Figure 22 HE Therapeutic Gardens 52
Figure 23 Age Distribution – Dasmariñas City 71
Figure 24 Population by age group – CALABARZON 71
Figure 25 Base Map of Dasmariñas City 72
Figure 26 Proposed Site A 82
Figure 27 Proposed Site B 83
Figure 28 Proposed Site C 85
Figure 29 Certificate of Land Use – City of Bacoor 91
Figure 30 Certificate of Land Use – Dasmariñas City 91
Figure 31 Certificate of Land Use – Dasmariñas City 92
Figure 32 Tax Declaration 92
Figure 33 Base Map of Dasmariñas City 93
Figure 34 Slope Map of Dasmariñas City 94
Figure 35 Soil Type Map 95
Figure 36 Existing Land Use Map of Dasmariñas City 96
Figure 37 Average High and Low-Temperature Dasmariñas City 97
Figure 38 Average Hourly Temperature Dasmariñas City 97
Figure 39 Daily Chance of Precipitation Dasmariñas City 97
Figure 40 Average Monthly Rainfall Dasmariñas City 97
Figure 41 Road Network Map of the City of Dasmariñas 99
Figure 42 Flood Susceptibility Map 100
Figure 43 City of Dasmariñas Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 101
Figure 44 City of Dasmariñas Ground Shaking Hazard Map 102
Figure 45 City of Dasmariñas Infrastructure and Utilities Map 103
Figure 46 Proposed Site A – Pasong Bayog, Brgy. Burol Main , 105
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Figure 47 Contour/ Elevation Map of the Site 106
Figure 48 Flood Hazard Map of the Proposed Site 107
Figure 49 Sun Path and Prevailing Winds of Proposed Site 108
Figure 50 Sun Path Diagram of Dasmariñas, City 108
Figure 51 Wind Rose Diagram of Dasmariñas, Cavite 109
Figure 52 View of Road towards Southwest of the Proposed Site 109
Figure 53 View of the Northeast of the Proposed Site 110
Figure 54 View of the Proposed Site 112
Figure 55 Community Facilities 113

11
 CHAPTER 1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

1.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Eco-therapeutic design is an emerging architectural approach that promotes healing and well-being

by incorporating natural components and sustainable practices into the built environment (Kellert

et al., 2011). Implementing eco-therapeutic design principles in retirement homes may significantly

enhance the standard of life for elderly individuals who often face physical, emotional, and mental

health challenges (Ryan, 2014).

Retirement homes, also known as senior living communities or assisted living facilities, are

specifically created to offer a nurturing setting for older individuals who may need help with their

daily tasks or who desire a community of individuals their age for socializing and involvement

(World Health Organization, 2015). These establishments generally provide a variety of

conveniences and provisions, such as accommodations, dining options, recreational spaces, and

healthcare assistance.

The efficient use of physical and therapeutic spaces within retirement homes is crucial for

guaranteeing the welfare and satisfaction of residents. Nevertheless, conventional architectural

design methods in these establishments frequently need to consider the potential advantages of

eco-therapeutic design concepts, including biophilic design, sustainable materials, and natural

lighting and ventilation (Ulrich, 1984).

This study aims to investigate using eco-therapeutic design to improve the effectiveness of physical

and therapeutic environments in senior homes. This research seeks to examine how nature-inspired

design elements affect the physiological, emotional, and mental health of elderly residents. The

objective is to enhance architectural design methodologies that prioritize sustainability and address

the requirements of elders in residential communities (Cimprich, 1992).

12
1.1.2 INTRODUCTION

In most nations, the elderly population is increasing relative to other age groups due to increased

life expectancies (Cracknell, 2010). Retirement homes, also known as senior living communities or

assisted living facilities, help older adults who need help with everyday tasks or want a social

community. As in many nations, the Philippines' aging population is growing, emphasizing the need

for innovative and sustainable solutions (World Health Organisation, 2015). There were four million

persons over 65 in the Philippines in 2010; by 2022, there will be about seven million. This

significantly increases the strain currently being put on public resources.

Growing older is inevitable, and as people age, their physiological, psychological, and safety

requirements become increasingly important issues for seniors who gradually lose their sense of

independence (Caldeira, 2012). Our living requirements and other conditions change as people

age. The three physiological needs of food, water, and air are essential for human life. According

to Omarjee (2013), the human body cannot continue to operate at its best when these physiological

necessities, security, safety, and primary healthcare, are not supplied. In the Philippines, the

importance of senior citizens to the community is recognized by R.A. 9994.

Retirement homes in the Philippines typically have institutionalized designs that promote

functionality over aesthetics and do not entirely consider the physiological, emotional, and mental

health of the residents. Nevertheless, as the understanding of eco-therapeutic design principles

increases, there is a distinct chance to reconsider the design and functionality of retirement homes

in a manner that not only improves the efficiency of physical and therapeutic spaces but also fosters

the overall well-being of elderly residents.

Both social care and the environment in which older people live are crucial aspects of their lives.

Older people frequently age in place, which is the habit of remaining in one place as one age. Many

nations support older people in reaching this goal by different methods, such as including older

people in assisted living communities. An assisted living facility is a residential option for elderly

13
individuals who need support with certain activities of daily living, including meal preparation,

nighttime toileting, home maintenance, and attending medical appointments (Saisan, 2022).

Demands on public resources and excessive energy usage have prompted authorities to explore

alternatives to provide more affordable, energy-efficient, and high-quality housing for the elderly

to address health problems. According to Bergstrom (2010), the built environment must do more

than it presently does to accommodate and adapt to increase accessibility for the rising number of

elderly persons to address this issue successfully. However, today's Philippines’ built environment

must be prepared for future demands. Many things still need to be improved, including the standard

requirement of retirement homes and skilled nursing institutions. Older men and women will require

care. Thus, it is essential to build physical and therapeutic environments appropriately.

Delivering quality clinical care in an environment that resembles a home may seem challenging.

Establishing a sense of home for elders in modern retirement facilities is a significant problem. The

home experience is profoundly affected by social and individual characteristics and the site's

physical surroundings or architecture. Bland (2005) believes home is associated with personal

experiences and emotions. Growth requires time and is achieved by individuals prioritizing

independence, security, autonomy in decision-making, control, and memory retention.

Rijnaard et al. (2016) assert that multiple factors influence the perception of home among older

inhabitants in retirement facilities. The initial aspect includes psychological factors, such as coping

mechanisms, autonomy, preserving personal habits and beliefs, and the experience of being

recognized. The social dimension encompasses interactions and relationships with staff, residents,

relatives, acquaintances, pets, and activities. The built environment represents the third aspect,

including personal possessions, technology, the aesthetics and atmosphere of a site, its

geographical location, and the distinction between public and private spaces. Consequently,

integrating a design specification that addresses the architectural components fosters a sense of

home and community, accessibility, and sustainability in retirement home design while considering

residents' physiological and therapeutic requirements.

14
Therefore, the concept of eco-therapeutic design highlights integrating natural materials and

sustainable approaches into constructed surroundings, aiming to foster healing and promote well-

being. Retirement homes can enhance residents' living experience by integrating biophilic design,

sustainable materials, and natural lighting and ventilation.

Furthermore, the traditional Bahay Kubo architectural design in the Philippines emphasizes open

spaces, natural ventilation, and environmental integration, providing a solid cultural basis for

developing eco-therapeutic retirement homes. By integrating Bahay Kubo's design components,

like raised floors, expansive windows, and thatched roofs, retirement houses can derive

environmental sustainability and inspire a sense of nostalgia and cultural identity for seniors.

15
1.1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Retirement facilities in the Philippines consistently face the problem of establishing a living

environment that fulfills seniors' fundamental needs while enhancing their physical, emotional, and

mental well-being. Traditional designs frequently emphasize practicality and effectiveness, leading

to institutional environments needing more human touch. This strategy can harm the resident's

quality of life, resulting in feelings of isolation, depression, and a decline in overall health.

Given these challenges, there is an increasing understanding of the potential advantages of using

eco-therapeutic design principles. Eco-therapeutic design, which integrates natural elements and

sustainable practices into built environments, offers a holistic method for enhancing living

conditions in retirement homes. Despite its potential, its application in Philippine retirement homes

has yet to be extensively researched.

The specific problems this study seeks to address include:

a. Insufficient Engagement with Nature:

Numerous retirement homes in the Philippines are constructed with limited access to natural

components, such as vegetation, sunlight, and outdoor areas. The absence of interaction with

Nature can harm the mental and emotional health of elderly individuals, who derive significant

advantages from being exposed to natural surroundings.

b. Institutional Atmosphere:

Traditional designs sometimes create an institutional atmosphere that can make sense of being

patient rather than individuals residing in a community. This setting can result in higher feelings of

isolation and less social interaction among inhabitants.

16
c. Cultural Disconnect:

Numerous retirement facilities must integrate aspects of Filipino culture and traditional building

techniques, such as those exemplified in the Bahay Kubo design. This cultural gap may make

individuals feel alienated and disconnected from their cultural heritage and identity.

This research seeks to address the subsequent questions:

1. To what extent does the physical and therapeutic environment of retirement homes affect

the health of elderly residents?

2. What are the conditions for architectural design and strategies that can be implemented to

improve the design of a retirement home?

3. How can the design of a retirement facility create a sense of community and connectivity

for its residents?

1.1.4 RESEARCH GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND STRATEGIES

Goal:

The research seeks to develop an eco-therapeutic retirement community that promotes older

people's physiological, emotional, and social wellness by analyzing the facility's architectural

elements and the efficacy of its physical and therapeutic environments.

Objectives:

a) To identify the needs of the elderly users.

b) To show how their requirements can be fulfilled through suitable measures in the built

environment.

c) To establish a design that would accommodate the medical requirements of elderly users

without compromising the homely environment.

d) To provide older people with activities to improve their social well-being.

e) To examine and evaluate how the Philippines' existing elder care facilities have adapted to

the design requirements for older people and elements of geriatric architecture.

17
Strategies:

a) I read literature from various sources, including books, case studies, publications, and

articles, and investigated innovative, practical ideas and technologies.

b) Analyze the architecture of the current retirement facilities in the Philippines using a variety

of papers and data from interviews, surveys, and the collection of background knowledge.

1.1.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

By analyzing relevant data regarding the social, psychological, and physical needs of the elderly,

alongside a grasp of associated elements in both constructed and natural environments, the

proponent can implement modifications and cultivate spaces that promote elderly care. This is done

by understanding the architectural factors and their impacts on the users' experience. The research

is based on the presumption that the data collected is thoroughly investigated and studied to see

if any logical patterns exist and that reasonable hypotheses are developed to answer and predict

various data. There is a general assumption that there is a relationship between architecture and

the elderly and that this relationship can influence how well older adults live.

1.1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Philippines' development of retirement facilities for the elderly will benefit from the findings of

this study. Through a thorough examination of geriatric architecture and evaluation of the effects

of architectural aspects on the experiences of senior users, this study will be of profound

significance for improving living conditions for the elderly in these facilities. The study will analyze

the existing physical and therapeutic environments of retirement homes, considering factors such

as the layout and design of the space, the accessibility of the amenities, the quality of the

furnishings, and the safety features. The following will benefit from the study:

1. Residents of retirement homes and their families who will benefit from improved physical

and therapeutic environments

2. Government agencies responsible for the review and regulation of retirement home

standards

18
 3. Researchers and academics seeking to gain insights into the effectiveness of retirement

home environments

4. Architects and designers who will gain knowledge of how to improve the physical and

therapeutic environments of retirement homes

5. Healthcare professionals who work with elderly populations will be able to understand

better the impact of retirement home environments on health.

6. Policymakers and government organizations who will have a better understanding of the

impact of retirement home environments on elderly populations

Furthermore, this study will demonstrate how well this approach will hold up to the most current

economic situation in the Philippines. The study will also make it possible to promote innovative

architectural ideas that might lessen the different issues and problems that elderly communities in

the Philippines experience. It will also discuss new ways to address similar situations or problems

globally. The findings of this study possess the potential to improve the design and functionality of

retirement homes, making them more comfortable and enjoyable. This study's framework will help

advance better perspectives that are useful for current local discussions and future research on

geriatric architecture, enabling a more thorough analysis.

19
1.1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The research focuses on senior users, and it is limited to seniors (varying in age from 60 and above)

who wish to live dependently and whose needs were not addressed by living alone or with their

immediate family. The study's scope limits itself to senior homes in the Philippines. The study will

examine the physical and therapeutic dimensions of the environment, including the home's

structural integrity, room configuration, illumination, design of communal areas, and the availability

of recreational and therapeutic activities. The study will evaluate the influence of the physiological

and therapeutic surroundings on residents' health and well-being, encompassing their physical and

mental health, social engagement, standard of life, and overall contentment with their living

conditions. This study will evaluate the psychological, physical, and therapeutic aspects of spaces

in these institutions to understand the effects of architecture on how the elderly live in these

assisted living situations.

The scope of this study is limited as it only looks at the architectural aspects of retirement homes

and how their interior spaces affect the inhabitants and the community. The main objective of this

research is to develop strategies for aiding and supporting older adults living in these facilities. To

provide a recommended design for an assisted living facility, the research will consider pertinent

architectural and environmental concepts, as well as cultural and social background studies, public

opinions, and activities that may result in the possibility of a better facility.

20
1.1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Fig 1: Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The Eco-Therapeutic Design

Elements encompass natural elements, ecological practices, therapeutic activities, and cultural

integration. Environmental efficiency includes energy efficiency, resource utilization, and

maintenance operations. The use of eco-therapeutic design aspects influences it. Social and

psychological factors comprise the feeling of belonging to a community, interpersonal relationships,

and mental health, all of which are influenced by design aspects that promote eco-therapeutic

effects. Living environment efficiency refers to assessing how effectively space is utilized, managing

operating costs, and considering sustainability criteria, all of which are influenced by environmental

efficiency. Resident well-being refers to the overall state of physiological and mental health and the

standard of life, which various social and psychological factors can influence.

21
1.1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

● Aging - A decline in biological function and the individual's ability to respond to metabolic

stress results from a sequence of physiological changes that transpire over time.

● Assisted Living—A residential or assisted living establishment for the elderly or disabled

that provides elderly care, housekeeping, and prepared meals as required.

● Care - is the responsibility of a single entity or means to fulfill the physical and social

requirements of another.

● Community - a collection of individuals who share a common attribute or reside in the same

vicinity

● Elderly—People over 60 who need some care but do not have significant illnesses that

require round-the-clock monitoring and medicines.

● Gerontology - The study of multidisciplinary aging research primarily examines the

biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

● Geriatric Architecture - an architecture that is inclusive to older populations.

● Retirement Home - a residence for elderly individuals who are incapable of self-care and

require support.

● Therapeutic - having the potential to heal; having the potential to improve health.

1.1.9 ACRONYMS

● WHO - World Health Organization

● QoL - Quality of Life

● LTC - Long-term Care

● ADL - Activities of Daily Living

● IADL - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

22
 1.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter evaluates the material acquired to explore the studies linked with the issue being

researched that have been published in the literature by multiple researchers. The literature and

research mainly concern the effectiveness of physical and therapeutic environments or spaces in

Philippine retirement homes. This will provide a comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge,

allowing the study to identify relevant concepts, methodologies, and topics for additional

investigation. This enables the learner to determine what has previously been identified, what has

already been attempted to be sought, what approaches were effective or ineffective, and what

difficulties still need to be handled.

1.2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The population of older adults has risen significantly in recent decades due to declining birth rates,

higher life expectancy, and shifts in marriage patterns. According to Lee (2021), the effects of a

rising and more elderly population are predicted to have a multi-faceted impact on the societies of

numerous nations in the Asia-Pacific region.

Long-term care facilities, often known as LTCs, are a phrase that, according to Lee (2009), may

refer to various residential LTC-providing structures. Nursing homes serve elderly individuals who

rely entirely on others for their care, and assisted living facilities serve seniors who retain some

capacity for self-care. Residential care facilities provide the predominant sustained care provision

for older individuals in the Asia-Pacific region. These facilities offer multiple types of sustained

assistance to meet the varied physiological, emotional, and environmental requirements of elderly

individuals (Cheng, 2011).

A sustained care setting encompasses a constructed environment characterized by its geographical

position, architectural or spatial arrangement, and various micro-environmental factors, including

light, air circulation, and furnishings' spatial configuration. Lee (2009) asserts that the standard of

the architectural environment in nursing homes profoundly impacts the quality of life of elderly

23
patients, particularly those with dementia. A well-designed physical environment can significantly

influence the standard of care provided and residents' overall standard of life.

According to Xu (2022), there is a lack of study about the standards of the sustained care-built

environment and its influence on the quality/standard of life of residents in Asian nations. In

contrast to nursing homes in the West, nursing facilities in Asia are often administered by the

government and include a more significant number of available beds in addition to higher

occupancy rates. Typically, they are smaller, accommodate a higher density of occupants in a single

bedroom, and exhibit a more institutional atmosphere characterized by limited social spaces and

reduced variety in available activities (Cheng, 2011). A comprehensive study of the built

environment in nursing homes and its effect on citizens' quality of life in regional countries is

essential. Asian countries possess unique attributes regarding the nursing home, the environment,

prevailing conceptions of elder care homes, and socio-cultural norms. Moreover, there is a necessity

for an improved knowledge of the built environment of nursing homes.

24
The Reality in an Elderly Facility

The increasing elderly population globally is a significant health challenge (WHO, 2011; Black &

Hawk, 2005). As the elderly population increases annually, the demand for sufficient care and

health needs gets increasingly intricate. They were frailer and more vulnerable to disease and

damage as they aged. Because of a variety of complex personal reasons, a growing number of

older adults are increasingly being put to institutional facilities by their children and significant

others, and as a result, caring for the elderly transfers to nursing facilities and their staff. As a

result, upgrading becomes necessary to satisfy their clients' needs. However, regarding standards,

the Philippines' elderly care institutions remain undeveloped, posing a significant challenge to future

gerontologists.

According to the World Health Organization (2011), reports of unintentional accidents happening

within institutionalized settings are standard but may be avoided by taking the appropriate

precautions. Falls represent the second leading cause of accidents in most elder care facilities, yet

numerous incidents remain unreported nationwide. Even a minor fall may result in significant

injuries such as fractures to the hip or other bones, injuries to the limbs, or even catastrophic

damage to the brain and spine. Because of the psychological and physiological issues, those in

administrative roles should make the protection of their homes a top priority.

Gladstone and Wexler (2007) assert that these situations that threaten life may often recur if not

addressed promptly. Nursing home administrators can avert this occurrence with suitable and

effective facility measures. These residences should function as "healing centers," incorporating a

structured hierarchy for long-term care to enhance patient outcomes.

According to WHO (2011), as new in-patients increase, internal accidents become more common,

virtually doubling in the previous decade. Falls were the second primary cause of unintentional

deaths among elderly individuals in nursing institutions globally. People over 65 accounted for 28 -

35% of all falls yearly, while those over 70 accounted for 32 - 42%. (WHO, 2011). This injury alone

causes a slew of minor to severe consequences, ranging from brain and spine to limb damage, at

25
a rate of 20 to 30%. The duration of hospitalization for injuries caused by falls varied from 4 to 15

days.

Padayao, Guazon, Apuhin, and Cabatana (2017) conducted a study to evaluate satisfaction levels

among elderly residents at designated care facilities in Cebu City, Philippines. Their research found

that most older residents were dissatisfied with their living amenities, notably the signs, restrooms,

pathways, and furnishings.

According to the study's findings by Padayo, Guazon, Apuhin, and Cabatana (2017), signage and

directional graphics were unfavorable among senior inhabitants. According to their observations,

most of the signage needed to be more explicit had reduced text sizes and had incorrect color

choices. Toilets and bathrooms were likewise mechanically unplanned, and privacy needed to be

organized in these facilities. The absence of sliding doors, handrails, or urinals for males was

observed. On the walkways, residents were also dissatisfied.

Furthermore, the furniture needed to be revised. Some pieces of furniture could have been more

practical in some places, particularly in size and mobility. Residents have left scratches and

accidents on the furniture.

According to the Nursing Home Standards Group (2014), directional signage and posters are critical

for re-orientation and safety among the elderly. Colors, materials, text size, font kinds, graphics,

and design components should be carefully chosen for these signages. Accidents frequently occur

in restrooms and showers; thus, it is essential to adhere to appropriate widths for railing vestibules,

utilize non-slip rubber flooring mats, and guarantee larger or wheelchair-accessible areas. The

furniture must be multifunctional and flexible to the tenants' physical capabilities. Furniture must

be devoid of sharp edges, exhibit colors that contrast with the walls and flooring, and provide

stability.

Padayo, Guazon, Apuhin, and Cabatana (2017) assert that the living conditions of the senior center

significantly fall short of local and international requirements. The satisfaction level among senior

26
inhabitants at the elderly institution was determined to be diminished, namely with signage,

restrooms, pathways, and furnishings. The identified factors contributing to the non-parallelism

between senior requirements and the facilitation of excellent living needed revised standards and

financial limitations inside geriatric institutions.

Perceptions of Nursing Homes

In Asia, residents of long-term care facilities aged over 65 and their family members often perceive

the ambiance of nursing homes as akin to that of a hospital. They perceive nursing homes as

primarily a " patient care facility" rather than a "second residence or a place for the enjoyment of

the elderly." Various environmental factors, such as spatial configuration, room organization, and

decor, were considered inappropriate since they were thought to convey the perception that elderly

adults were being treated as patients (Tsai & Tsai, 2008; Cheng, 2011).

Research indicates that numerous individuals perceived the built environment as insufficiently

supportive of their daily activities. The inhabitants, especially individuals with dementia or

disabilities, had challenges in daily activities and advocated for accessible designs (Kasai, 2015).

This indicated that the atmosphere of the setting failed to accommodate the residents' reduced

mobility or cognition. Furthermore, there was a widespread sentiment that the environment needed

to be more varied and vital, resulting in diminished enthusiasm among residents.

However, several older individuals and their families liked the nursing home's safety, emergency

treatment, and interaction. When choosing a residential care facility, older people and their families

considered the physical environment and management. Economic and socio-cultural variables

influenced. Remarkably, older individuals in rural areas have the same views of nursing facilities as

those in cities: monotonous, inadequate, and institutional (Cheng, 2011).

27
Influence of the Built Environment on Residents' Standard of Life

Lee (2009) asserts that the designed environmental components of sustained care facilities can

significantly affect the quality of life of older adults through intricate mechanisms. This influence

would mostly manifest in the effectiveness and quality of care and the resident's perceived

independence and uniqueness. From a comprehensive wellness perspective, strategic planning

(including the location and configuration of facilities), spatial organization (encompassing spatial

proximities, space dimensions, and layout), and interior design (covering furnishings, illumination,

and thermal conditions) can potentially foster favorable behavioral patterns and enhance overall

health (comprising physical, mental, and social well-being) for elderly residents (Lee, 2013).

Natural environments and expansive areas, including bodies of water and landscapes, were

observed as therapeutic functions, which might give the residents comfort and enhance social

contact, as stated by Hsieh (2012). Hsieh (2012) asserts that interior environmental variables

significantly influence residents' well-being. Indoor illumination enhances safety and

maneuverability for the elderly, while indoor temperature and airflow contribute to residents'

comfort (Yu, 2017). The auditory environment was believed to influence the functionality of elderly

individuals with dementia significantly. It was thought that excessive noise levels in communal

places contributed to feelings of anxiety and disorientation (Wong, 2014).

28
Over the previous ten years, there has been an observable increase in community-oriented

retirement alternatives driven by technological advancements, as many individuals elect to remain

in their residences owing to financial limitations. Retirement home providers are strategically

broadening their wellness, food, and leisure offerings in response to the growing desire among

retirees for a more health-conscious way of life. The increasing need for sustainable and

ecologically conscious design is driven by market demands for reduced expenses and a more

environmentally friendly atmosphere.

By 2050, a substantial rise in the worldwide population of adults aged 65 and older is anticipated.

This demographic transition will significantly increase elderly individuals living independently or

lacking adequate access to support services. The previously mentioned demographic transition,

along with evolving aspirations for enhanced standards of living throughout the latter stages of life,

is fueling the need for new care and housing alternatives tailored to the needs of elderly individuals.

In addition, these solutions must consider the accessibility needs of the most vulnerable people,

who may want help beyond using wheelchairs.

29
Biological Aging and Population Aging Challenges

Individuals' body systems begin to degrade in predictable ways as they age. It is crucial to consider

these tangible modifications when designing facilities for the elderly. Not only should well-designed

facilities accommodate the physical and psychological changes associated with aging, but they

should also enable residents to maximize their remaining abilities.

Communication Systems

Changes in the endocrine system, which regulates hormones, can impact body temperature

regulation and responsiveness to stimuli, heightening susceptibility. The nervous system

deteriorates, resulting in diminished reflexes, delayed reaction times, and diminished memory

capacity. Memory loss can be a natural aspect of aging or exacerbated by diseases such as

Alzheimer's.

Mechanical Systems

After the age of 30, the muscular system weakens and loses mass. Lack of movement can lead to

muscle atrophy, influencing posture, endurance, and joint flexibility. Exercise and fitness programs

can halt this decline and preserve daily independence. The skeletal system loses calcium, rendering

bones fragile and accident-prone. In addition, it loses elasticity, which hinders flexibility and

mobility. Reduced physical capacity can impact a person's gait, increasing their risk of falling.

Control Systems

Aging diminishes the effectiveness of control systems, impacting the digestive system with

decreased bladder control, digestion difficulties, and the possibility of malnutrition without a proper

diet. Declining respiratory system and oxygenation efficiency can limit mobility and energy.

Reduced physical activity can impact food absorption and elimination, exacerbating poor health.

The efficacy of the cardiovascular system declines with age, potentially resulting in a diminished

blood supply to the brain and symptoms such as vertigo and blurred vision.

30
Sensory Variations

Aging affects all five senses, particularly sight and hearing. Most individuals experience hearing

loss, particularly at higher frequencies. Alterations to the inner ear can affect equilibrium and

increase the risk of falling. Vision impairment modifies perception and utilization of the

environment. Some vision problems can be corrected surgically, while others require alternative

assistance.

Specific Eye-Related Problems:

• It takes aging eyes longer to differentiate between near and far objects.

• Glare can result in temporary blindness.

• Vision impairment necessitates increased illumination.

• As the lens of the eye yellows and thickens, color perception is altered.

• Perception of depth is changed.

Age-related changes to the senses of taste, scent, and sensation diminish the ability to detect pain

or pressure. Due to the close relationship between taste and aroma, some elderly individuals may

experience reduced food enjoyment.

31
Assisted Living Communities

Assisted living residences, also known as assisted care communities, elder homes, domiciliary,

personal care homes, home care, and catered living, are designed for seniors who can no longer

live independently but do not require the comprehensive care offered by elder care homes. They

consistently manage medication and assist with daily life activities, meal preparation, and

housekeeping services.

Assisted living facilities have four major program components:

1. Resident unit

Typical unit types:

• Semiprivate.

It is an extended version of semiprivate nursing-home accommodations and anticipates its

reduced cost will make it supportive housing for specific individuals. It is also suitable for

a dementia wing or institution where individuals bond and need communal living.

• Small studio

This 23.23 sqm unit is popular and includes numerous hotel room characteristics. It lacks

a private sleeping place but saves money because of its small floor area and building

perimeter.

• Alcove Studio

The alcove studio, typically 32.52 square meters, is famous for its

more secluded sleeping area. However, it requires

16–18 feet of perimeter, which can be problematic

Fig. 2. The Alcove Studio
when minimizing a building's size.

• Small one-bedroom

The smallest completely accessible one-bedroom is approximately 41.81

sqm and requires a perimeter of 22–24 feet. It has the characteristics of

Fig. 3. The small one-
bedroom an apartment, but the dimensions have been reduced.

32
 • Large one-bedrooms

LeadingAge prototype research shows that a complete one-

bedroom unit is approximately 51.10 square meters. The

living and sleeping areas are typically more prominent, and

there is usually a walk-in wardrobe. Fig. 4. The large one-

bedroom

• Two bedroom/double master

This model has two bedrooms and two bathrooms. It is becoming increasingly

popular among couples (especially those who no longer sleep together),

siblings, colleagues, and even people who did not previously know each other.

Typically, this facility is in higher-income markets and assisted living sections

of retirement communities.

Fig. 5. The double

master
• Suite hotel unit

This unit is modeled after a hotel suite, with two chambers flanking a

toilet. The suite is shaped like a dumbbell and contains one room with no

natural light that typically exits onto a hallway. Depending on the market,

these suites can accommodate one or two people.

Fig. 6. The suite hotel

unit
• Bedroom unit

This unit has historically been used in room-and-board settings

where residents share common areas. In newer variants, this unit

type has been utilized in special initiatives for residents with

dementia. These specially designed dementia programs combine

Fig. 7. The bedroom unit
this unit type with a family-sized house or hamlet where 8–12

residents share the common areas.

33
Independent Living

People without extensive healthcare support have numerous residential living choices. Residents

are typically in their 70s or 80s. Though health or lifestyle changes have raised worries, they wish

to maintain their quality of life. While still alive, some desire to plan their futures. Others want to

cut costs and shrink. Independence with services usually includes apartment-style living, food,

activities, and limited personal care services like housekeeping and transportation.

Residential units

1. One bedroom. A typical 650–900-square-foot apartment with a living area, bedroom, bathroom,

and complete kitchen. New models usually have bathrooms off the bedrooms.

2. One bedroom with den. One bedroom (750–1,100 sq ft) with a den (90–120 sq ft). A powder

room or half-bath is included in some versions.

Fig 8. One-bedroom with den units with

an additional powder room (950-1,100 sq ft.). Perkins Eastman

3. Two bedrooms. A two-bedroom flat (1,100–1,400 sq ft) has all the characteristics of a one-

bedroom plus a second bedroom that may be used as a bedroom, office, or studio. Most models

have two full baths or one full and a powder room.

Fig 9. Two-bedroom/two bath unit with bedrooms

on either side of the living areas (1,100-1,400 sq ft.). Perkins
Eastman.

34
4. The two-bedroom/double master unit (1250-1500 sq ft) features two-bedroom suites with

complete bathrooms, often positioned on each side of the living area.

5. Two bedrooms with a den. This is a 1,200–1,800-square-foot unit with two bedrooms and a 90–

100-square-foot den.

6. Deluxe unit. These versions might have a dining alcove, eat-in kitchen, dining room, or bigger

living room.

Interior design

The successful interior design blends landscape and architecture, enables seamless transitions

between care levels, establishes a sense of place, represents a lifestyle, embraces senior living

standards, builds a brand, and makes the space marketable. Interior design may affect behavior,

provoke emotion, improve cognitive awareness, enable aging in place, and improve accessibility.

Interior Design Guidelines

Most experienced elder care facility designers follow industry-wide goals:

• A safe, comfortable atmosphere that promotes resident independence.

• Integrate support devices (e.g., grab bars and handrails) into the design without being

noticeable.

• An internal space free of institutional stigma typical of medical and hospital environments.

• A design that addresses six qualities of aging: balance, cognition, strength, eyesight,

hearing, and heightened sensitivity to cold, drafts, and direct sunlight.

There are at least ten significant senior housing and care environments. Although varieties vary,

all interior spaces should suit this population's needs:

• Provide task-specific lighting with proper footcandle levels to avoid glare.

• Increase contrast between horizontal and vertical planes to enhance visual discrimination

and balance. Residents may see a hallway with comparable floor and wall finishes as a

muddy river. Without contrast between planes, walls, and floors are hard to distinguish.

35
 • Consider acoustics when planning and selecting finishes to prevent background noise and

improve hearing at social events.

• Ensure smooth transitions between flooring materials. Plan slab recesses to decrease trip

risks.

• Prevent sharp angles and edges in millwork, wood trim, furniture, hardware, and interior

components.

• Select flooring goods with low-contrast patterns and similar colors to avoid dizziness and

falls.

• Choose moisture-resistant fabrics and wall coverings like Nano-tex and Crypton.

• Specify hues that are not too dark or subtle for the aging eye.

• Select floor finishes with a non-slippery or high gloss look.

• Install carpets with fiber structure and moisture-barrier backing for incontinence.

• Reduce the usage of mirrors on walls to avoid confusion and disorientation.

• Install assistance equipment like grab bars and handrails discreetly.

Consider these, too:

• Contrast aids the elderly in finding assistance equipment like grab bars in showers and

entrances. Color may be used to identify yourself visually, not only decorate. Too many

restrooms are white on top, making grab bars, toilets, and shower edges hard to see.

• Design high-traffic areas with wall-protection measures like corner guards and lean rails

to maintain a domestic feel.

36
1.2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Ryan et al. (2014) investigate the concept of biophilic design, which integrates natural elements

into artificial environments to improve overall wellness and health significantly. The article

methodically finds and classifies different biophilic design patterns that can be utilized in

architectural and interior design to establish settings that promote physiological and mental health.

The patterns are categorized into three main groups: Nature in the Space, Natural Analogues, and

Nature of the Space.

Space with Nature combines natural components, such as plants, water, and natural light, into

artificial structures. This category highlights the tangible manifestation of the natural environment,

encompassing elements such as indoor gardens, vertical greenery, and water installations. These

features have demonstrated the ability to reduce stress, enhance mood, and boost productivity by

establishing a direct link to the natural environment. Indoor environments can experience improved

air quality, sensory stimulation, and a relaxing mood with the presence of plants. This is particularly

beneficial in urban environments where access to Nature is restricted (Ryan, 2014).

Natural analogs are organic, inanimate representations of Nature, including natural materials,

colors, and patterns that imitate natural shapes. This area encompasses the utilization of wood,

stone, and natural textiles, as well as the incorporation of designs that mimic the fractal geometry

discovered in Nature. These aspects can suggest the fundamental Nature of the natural world, even

when direct natural features are not possible. This creates a feeling of comfort and familiarity. For

instance, including wood and stone materials in interior finishes can establish a cozy and welcoming

atmosphere that strongly appeals to the inherent human connection with Nature (Ryan et al.,

2014).

37
The Nature of Space pertains to spatial configurations replicating natural environments,

encompassing vast vistas, sheltered spaces, and captivating features that incite interest and

encourage exploration. This category focuses on the intentional design of rooms to embody the

characteristics of natural environments that humans instinctively find stimulating and relaxing.

Features such as spacious windows that allow panoramic vistas, secluded nooks that create a

feeling of isolation, and walkways that promote exploration and movement can significantly

enhance the overall experience of the occupants. Within the context of retirement homes, these

spatial characteristics can generate simultaneously exciting and reassuring environments. This, in

turn, promotes residents’ mental and emotional health by providing diverse and captivating

surroundings. (Ryan, 2014)

The authors highlight the importance of including biophilic design components since doing so can

effectively mitigate stress, boost cognitive function, and promote general well-being. The research

highlights increasing evidence affirming the significance of biophilic design in fostering healthier

and more conducive living and working environments. Biophilic design, via cultivating a robust bond

with Nature, can alleviate the adverse effects of urban living and enhance overall well-being.

Biophilic design elements are linked to numerous health advantages, including reduced stress

levels, lowered blood pressure, and improved cognitive clarity. The benefits of these modifications

are particularly significant for senior adults living in retirement homes since they can enhance

quality of life and potentially reduce the incidence of age-related ailments.

Biophilic design enhances human well-being and conforms to sustainable design principles. Utilizing

sustainable materials and implementing energy-efficient systems can minimize buildings' ecological

impact while promoting healthier interior environments. The simultaneous emphasis on

sustainability and well-being is crucial in contemporary architectural practice.

38
Biophilic design can increase social interaction by creating appealing communal spaces that foster

community and encourage people to engage with one another. Outdoor areas like gardens,

courtyards, and shared green spaces promote residents' engagement with the outdoors, cultivating

a feeling of community and inclusion. Spaces essential in addressing loneliness and encouraging

social interaction among residents are critical in retirement homes. (Ryan et al., 2014)

Design Flexibility: Biophilic design ideas can be applied to different architectural styles and types

of buildings. These concepts may be customized to suit various situations and requirements, making

them adaptable tools for architects and designers, whether they are working on urban high-rises

or rural retirement villages.

Architects can enhance the health and well-being of senior inhabitants by incorporating biophilic

design ideas into retirement home facilities, promoting environmental sustainability. Biophilic

design, by imitating the healing qualities of Nature, can assist in reducing the physical and

psychological strains linked to aging, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life for inhabitants

(Ryan et al., 2014).

39
How interaction with the environment can promote active, healthy aging

Duedahl, Blichfeldt, and Liburd (2022) examine how interacting with Nature facilitates a physically

and mentally healthy aging process. The research published in the journal Tourism Geographies

emphasizes the importance of natural landscapes as essential locations for older individuals to

participate in physical, mental, and social activities that enhance their overall well-being. By

examining diverse case studies and implementing interviews with senior individuals, the authors

demonstrate that consistent engagement with the natural environment can result in heightened

physical well-being, such as increased mobility and decreased susceptibility to long-term illnesses.

The significance of creating outdoor environments that are easily accessible and welcoming for

elderly individuals is emphasized by these research findings. (Duedahl et al., 2022)

The study highlights the psychological advantages of engaging with Nature in the lives of elderly

individuals. Studies have shown that immersion in natural environments can significantly reduce

stress, anxiety, and sadness while enhancing mood and cognitive functions. The authors highlight

the inherent serenity and calmness found in natural areas, which are challenging to replicate in

urban settings. Consequently, they argue that these natural settings are exceptionally well-suited

for fostering mental well-being in older individuals. The therapeutic benefits of Nature are

significant for this specific group, as they encounter distinct psychological difficulties related to

aging. (Duedahl et al., 2022)

The study emphasizes that social connection is an additional significant advantage. Green areas,

such as parks and community gardens, allow older persons to engage in social interactions and

group activities, thereby mitigating sensations of solitude and seclusion. The study determined that

these social interactions are essential for preserving mental and emotional well-being in later life.

Engagement in nature-related activities fosters a communal and inclusive environment that

improves the general health of older persons. (Duedahl et al., 2022)

As a result, the research conducted by Duedahl, Blichfeldt, and Liburd (2022) presents convincing

proof that interacting with the natural environment is essential for maintaining a lively and vigorous

40
lifestyle as one age. The extensive documentation of the physical, psychological, and social

advantages of engaging with Nature emphasizes the importance for urban planners, designers, and

policymakers to provide and preserve accessible natural areas for the elderly. By cultivating

surroundings that promote frequent engagement with the natural world, society can improve health

and overall standard of life for its elderly population (Duedahl et al., 2022).

Therapeutic Architecture Design Index

Omar Youssef's "Therapeutic Architecture Design Index" study thoroughly examines how

architectural design influences human performance, specifically in therapeutic settings. Youssef

highlights the significance of considering social, physiological, and psychological elements in

architectural design to improve human productivity and well-being. The essay highlights the

substantial impact of the built environment on human performance. It suggests that architects

prioritize design concepts centered around humans, focusing on designing places that foster

physical and mental well-being. (Youssef, n.d.)

A vital aspect of Youssef's research is the utilization of photometric analysis, which was carried out

in a conference room at the University of Arizona. This study investigated the impact of natural

daylight on human performance, finding that some design features resulted in visual discomfort

due to insufficient light intensity and glare despite the expectation of high performance. This

observation emphasizes the importance of meticulously evaluating the dispersion and strength of

light while creating therapeutic environments to guarantee visual satisfaction and overall well-being

for individuals. (Youssef, n.d.)

Youssef's work also thoroughly examines glare and its impact on human eyesight. It included a

combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to evaluate glare, emphasizing the necessity

for design solutions that reduce high light intensity while ensuring sufficient illumination levels. The

results indicate that a suitable lighting design that effectively combines natural and artificial light

sources is essential for establishing comfortable and therapeutic settings (Youssef, n.d.).

41
In addition, Youssef's paper provides practical suggestions for enhancing the brightness and

evenness of light in architectural environments. The study showed efficient techniques for

improving light quality and minimizing discomfort by experimenting with different window

conditions and implementing transitional zones. The article offers helpful ideas for architects who

want to create places that promote human health and performance by implementing well-

considered lighting solutions.

Omar Youssef's "Therapeutic Architecture Design Index" offers an extensive examination of the

influence of architectural design on human well-being, particularly on therapeutic surroundings.

The article's findings about the intensity of light, glare, and interaction between people emphasize

the crucial significance of design in establishing surroundings that promote health and productivity.

Youssef's guidelines for enhancing lighting design provide a pragmatic manual for architects

dedicated to creating healing environments that prioritize concepts centered around human well-

being (Youssef, n.d.).

42
 CHAPTER 2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This architectural study will employ a blend of quantitative and qualitative methodologies.

According to specific criteria, a survey will be administered to assess the efficacy of retirement

homes' physical and therapeutic surroundings. Furthermore, focus groups and interviews will be

employed to obtain additional insights into the perceptions of residents, staff, and other critical

stakeholders on retirement facilities' physical and therapeutic surroundings. The survey results,

discussion groups, and interviews will be utilized to evaluate the efficacy of retirement homes'

physical and therapeutic environments. Finally, recommendations will be developed to assess the

efficiency of retirement homes' physical and therapeutic environments.

1. Literature and Case Study Review: A thorough literature review analyzes prior studies and

relevant literature to enhance comprehension of the idea.

2. Qualitative interview: Qualitative interviews will be conducted with residents and staff better to

understand the retirement homes' physical and therapeutic environments.

3. Surveys: Surveys will be administered to both residents and staff to understand their level of

satisfaction with the physical and therapeutic environments of the homes and what possible

features or amenities the residents might prefer or need to be included in an elder care facility.

4. Observations: The residences' physical and therapeutic surroundings will be assessed to enhance

comprehension of the homes' configuration, design, and ambiance.

5. Analysis: The data from the literature review, interviews, surveys, and observations will be

examined to determine the efficiency of retirement homes' physical and therapeutic environments.

43
2.1.1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND DESIGN

This research design will employ a combined methods approach, integrating quantitative and

qualitative data to evaluate the efficacy of retirement homes' physical and therapeutic

environments. The study will be conducted in a senior facility in the Philippines.

First, a survey will be administered to a sample of residents in each retirement home. The survey

will assess the perceived efficiency of the living environments of the retirement home, including

the safety, cleanliness, and accessibility of the building and grounds. It will also assess the

therapeutic environment's perceived efficiency, including the staff's quality, programming, and

available resources. Following the survey, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a

sample of residents, staff, and family members of residents in each retirement home. The

interviews will enhance comprehension of the physical and therapeutic settings of the elderly homes

and will serve to triangulate the survey findings.

The quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data will be analyzed together to conclude

the efficiency of retirement homes' physical and therapeutic environments. The research findings

will inform recommendations for enhancing these environments' efficiency.

44
2.1.2 POPULATION, SAMPLING AND RESEARCH LOCALE

This population sampling for architectural research seeks to explore the impact of retirement

homes' physical and therapeutic environments on the health and well-being of elderly occupants—

Haven for the Elderly at Brgy. Sampaloc, Tanay, Rizal will serve as the location for the study that

will be conducted. Haven for the Elderly is a care institution that offers temporary assistance to

neglected and unattached individuals aged 60 and older.

The primary research participants of this study will be the elderly occupants of the selected

retirement home. The participants will be between 60 and 85 years old and will be chosen by the

retirement homes' administrators. All participants must provide written consent before participating

in the study.

The methods used to assess the efficiency of the physical and therapeutic environments of the

retirement homes will include an oral survey consisting of a survey questionnaire, interviews, and

site observations. Surveys will be used to obtain demographic information about the participants,

their perceptions of their physical and therapeutic environments, and the services and amenities

they receive. A survey will also be used to understand their preferences and needs regarding facility

amenities and features.

45
 2.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents building case studies for local and international retirement homes. Examining

the building case studies of local and foreign retirement homes is essential because it gives insight

into the design decisions, materials, and methods to develop a successful retirement home. It also

assists in identifying the common characteristics that should be addressed while building a

retirement home, such as accessibility, durability, and safety. The case studies allow architects and

designers to learn from the accomplishments and mistakes of other retirement homes, allowing

them to develop houses that fulfill the requirements of the elderly. By knowing the architectural

concepts of other retirement homes, architects and designers may construct a house that meets

their client's needs.

The survey findings were given to senior citizens residing at Haven for the Elderly, a retirement

home in Brgy. Sampaloc, Tanay, Rizal are also presented in this chapter. The objective of this

research was to gain a deeper understanding of the needs, opinions, and behaviors of elderly

residents within the community at large. The study aimed to assess the residents' satisfaction with

their residence and to pinpoint areas for potential enhancement.

46
2.2.1 BUILDING CASE STUDIES

Local

Rain Tree Care Services and Senior Residences

Fig 10. Rain Tree Care Services and

Senior Residences

Those searching for Rain Tree Care Service Care and Residences can find them in the Dona Rosario

Heights at Sucat, Muntinlupa. The residential area is less than 15 minutes from Alabang’s

commercial core and less than 5 Minutes from the Sucat Exit of the South Luzon Expressway. It

sits immediately following the Manpalasan Toll Plaza. Getting to Makati, Alabang, and the Lakefront

from the facility is very convenient.

The property features a tropical landscape with a 70-square-meter swimming pool and four

individual homes spread out over a 2,400-square-meter lot. It was formerly a bright and airy Filipino

family home. However, it has been renovated into a residential care facility that adheres to

European standards while retaining some of the homey, Filipino atmosphere of the original

structure. The 28 residents will find a safe, secure, serene, and comfortable home in one of Bahay

Dona Rosario's several residential cottages. There are four separate homes here, with 27 rooms of

varying sizes. The complex also features many large standard rooms where residents gather for

group activities, entertainment, and meals. Residents also have the option of spending time in a

tropical garden.

47
Geriatric care is the focus at Rain Tree Care Services and Residences. The highly trained workforce,

especially the nurses, is a significant advantage. Because of the high prevalence of Alzheimer's

disease and various types of degeneration among the facility's residents, the nursing staff must be

able to give not just medical attention but also psychological and emotional support to their

patients.

Life Care Assisted and Independent Living

Fig 11. Life Care Assisted and

Independent Living

The Life Care Assisted and Independent Living Facility at Morong, Rizal, Philippines, is an ideal

alternative for senior citizens who require a safe and secure living environment. The facility offers

many services to accommodate its inhabitants' needs, and the staff is well-qualified and skilled in

providing exceptional care and assistance for the elderly and disabled clients. The facility is situated

near hospitals, universities, retail malls, and other conveniences, providing a home-like atmosphere

for its inhabitants.

The facility's services include round-the-clock nursing care, individualized care plans, physical

therapy, occupational therapy, and social activities. Life Care provides on-site medical and clinical

care and additional services, including transportation, housekeeping, and food preparation.

Life Care also provides a home-like environment for its residents. In addition to separate bedrooms

and bathrooms, the facility features a kitchen, dining room, and entertainment area. Residents can

enjoy various activities, including exercise programs, arts and crafts, and leisure activities.

48
Life Care's personnel are highly qualified and skilled in delivering excellent care and assistance to

their elderly and Alzheimer's customers. The staff members are attentive and empathetic and aim

to ensure their customers receive the best treatment possible. They recognize the necessity of

providing customers with a safe and secure setting and attempt to establish an atmosphere of trust

and comfort.

International

Santa Rita Geriatric Center

The Santa Rita Geriatric Centre, located in

Menorca, Spain, was designed by architect

Manuel Ocaña to meet the needs of the

elderly community there as they near the final

stages of their lives. Built in 2009, its 5900

square meters can house 70 patients and 20-

day workers (Feddersen, 2009). Ocaña designed the area to provide patients with more

independence, freedom, and privacy than in a traditional hospital setting. OcaaOcaña has also

incorporated contour lines generated from the topography of the quarry on the concrete ceiling of

the circulation, making the site extremely reflective of its setting. The shape itself is a topographical

loop of the filled-in pit on which it is situated.

Four key components comprise the two-story building: patient rooms, which may be accessed from

either the interior or external courtyards; three internal courtyards; health care and recreational

amenities; and the circulation route that links these areas together. There are three primary living

loops', each with its own set of patient rooms and associated services, all of which revolve around

a central courtyard (Feddersen, 2009).

The top, a plain slab of reinforced concrete, is marked with orientation lines, representing the

projected geographical terrain of the quarry on which the structure is situated. This enables the

delineation of three distinct zones through three different color palettes, the exterior adapted

49
restrooms being one of these. The user may choose "which direction to go" and "where to remain"

based on the atmosphere's density and brightness level.

The Alcácer do Sal Nursing Home

The Alcácer do Sal Nursing Home in Portugal,

designed by Aires Mateus Arquitectos, is a

compact, unified housing for the elderly that

blends with its natural setting. Its simple

form provides an attractive contrast to the

more organic surroundings, resulting in an

atmosphere that is at once soothing and

Fig 13. The Alcacer do Sal
uncomplicated.
Nursing Home

Each private area is treated as if it were a little house, volume, or unit, and these "rooms" appear

to stack atop one another, together with their empty terraces, to form a single, distinctive structure.

The architects' assertion about the significance of the separate areas is reflected virtually word for

word in the project's final shape or composition.

Private terraces may be accessed from each room or " house." As a bonus, this design element

effectively blocks the sun's rays from the south, allowing inhabitants to enjoy the outdoors in

private. White walls serve as mirrors, reflecting the light into the spaces. Each home's ultimate

shape synthesizes its void/built sequence.

At every turn of this walk, more windows and doorways strengthen the link between indoors and

outside. The main floor contains recreational and communal amenities, including the lobby,

standard rooms, dining, kitchen, and technical sections like locker rooms. The upper stories house

single and double bedrooms and a few familiar places for residents to gather.

50
2.2.2 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This section presents the findings derived from the qualitative and quantitative surveys and the

interviews conducted with five abled residents of the Haven for the Elderly located in Sampaloc,

Tanay, Rizal. The actual statistics of the inhabitants and personnel, as well as the number of beds

and the architecture and buildings/facilities of the site or facility, are included in the several parts

that make up this chapter.

The Facility

Haven for the Elderly is a premier retirement community

that provides outstanding activities and services to

safeguard the elderly from harm and promote their rights

and privileges to live a full life. Its purpose is to deliver

high-quality, client-centered social protection services in

which the client's specific requirements are examined,

understood, and met by knowledgeable and respectful

Figure 14. Haven for the Elderly
personnel. Photo taken: February 28, 2023

The facility aims to deliver superior programs and services,

along with care for the abandoned, neglected, homeless, and vagrant individuals during their stay

at the institution.

Its aim is to:

1. Provide a method for the elderly to enhance and sustain their physical, social, emotional, and

mental well-being.

2. Conduct knowledge-enhancement activities to increase their production efficiency.

3. Be able to give channels or opportunities for participation in civic, social, and cultural activities

to retain a sense of belonging and fight feelings of isolation, difference, and deficiency.

4. If required, offer the elderly access to alternative welfare and social agencies that can provide

the proper assistance to suit their requirements.

5. Reunification with their family/relatives or transfer to another institution.

6. Provide facilities for training in social work, health, nutrition, and related areas.

51
7. Conduct research and study on successful social development tactics, innovations, and

methodologies for older individuals.

Buildings and Facilities

1. Guard Post

A guard post is a designated area where security

personnel are stationed to monitor a facility and

prevent unauthorized access. The guard may be

required to conduct entrance inspections, vehicle

searches, or access control. Also, a guard station is

responsible for maintaining order and providing Figure 15. HE Guard Post
Photo taken: February 28, 2023
general facility security.

2. Administration Building

The administration building houses the offices of the

executive and administrative personnel and acts as a

hub for internal communications, meetings, and other

events.

Figure 16. HE Administration Building

5. Cottages/Communal Room
Photo taken: February 28, 2023

The facility has 14 cottages divided into two wings, each

with 15 bedrooms and a shared bathroom. There is a

common area between the two wings of the cottages

where they may have meals and do various activities.

Each cottage includes two designated staff members

who provide care and assistance to the elderly. The large

windows provide ample natural daylight and ventilation

Figure 17. HE Cottages
Photo taken: February 28, 2023

52
to the cottage. The sliding windows have an awning window that enables more natural illumination

and ventilation. PWD ramps at the entrances and higher levels provide wheelchair-bound people

convenient access.

Figure 18. HE Cottage and Communal Room

Photo taken: February 28, 2023

4. Infirmary

The infirmary provides medical care and treatment for

injured or unwell elderly residents. Also, the hospital

offers mental health treatments and referrals to other

medical specialists. The building has adequate ventilation

and follows health protocols; it is also accessible for Figure 19. HE Infirmary
Photo taken: February 28, 2023
wheelchairs through the PWD ramps.

6. Productivity and Training Center

The Productivity and Training Center involves elderly

residents in activities such as weaving and rug making.

The facility helps them acquire new skills and provides

programs for skill enhancement.

Figure 20. HE Productivity and
Training Center
Photo taken: February 28, 2023

53
6. Events Area

The events area provides a space for elderly

residents to participate in programs such as exercise

and Zumba and a leisure area for the inhabitants.

Outreach programs and other facilities activities are

also hosted in the events area. The events area is

situated in the center of each cottage and is accessible

to all residents, including those with wheelchairs,

Figure 21. HE Events Area
thanks to the inclusion of PWD ramps. Photo taken: February 28, 2023

7. Central Kitchen

The facility's central kitchen provides and prepares meals for the elderly residents, who are then

delivered to their cottages individually.

8. Laundry Room

The facility also has a washing room. The laundry of the elderly residents is collected and taken to

the laundry facility with the help of the staff.

9. Chapel

A chapel in the institution acts as a place of worship and a meeting space for the facility's senior

inhabitants. Special activities and events, such as Bible studies, religious services, and talks, may

also be held there. Furthermore, the chapel may serve as a place of relaxation and contemplation

for residents and a welcoming and familiar environment for relatives and friends during visits.

10. Therapeutic Gardens

The facility includes a therapeutic garden where residents can enjoy outdoor activities in a safe and

nurturing atmosphere. The garden can serve as a location for inhabitants to relax and

socialize, reducing loneliness and depression. It also allows for physical activities, which helps

seniors stay active and engaged. The gardens can also provide sensory stimulation with various

54
sights, sounds, and smells. The general setting of the facility offers inhabitants a direct connection

to nature due to the abundance of flora.

Figure 22. HE Therapeutic Gardens

Photo taken: February 28, 2023

2.2.3 Statistics/Population of Residents

COTTAGE F M TOTAL
Lily A - - -
Lily B - -
DAHLIA A - - -
DAHLIA B - -
SAMPAGUITA Masayahin 14 - 30
Maasahan 16 -
ROSAL Maagap 15 - 30
Mapamaraan 15 -
ILANG-ILANG Masikap - 18 34
Matapat - 16
NARRA Malikhain - 19 35
Mapag-impok - 16
YAKAL Mabait - - -
- -

55
 ACACIA Maingat - 16 34
Matatag - 18
CAMIA Mapayapa 17 - 34
Matulungin 17 -
CHAMPACA Masipag 15 - 32
Mahinahon 17 -
JASMINE Jasmine B 15 - 32
Jasmine A 17 -
Infirmary Ward 3 - 3

TOTAL: 161 103 264

Table 1. Statistics and Population of Residents

Source: Administrative Office of Haven for the Elderly

2.2.4 Statistics/Population of Staff

Staff Statistics Male Female

42 73

TOTAL: 115

Table 2. Statistics and Population of Staff

Source: Administrative Office of Haven for the Elderly

56
2.2.5 Satisfaction Survey

I. FACILITY CARE RESPONSE

Respondents: 5

Question Yes No Unsure

Q1 Did you feel welcomed when you moved into the 100% 0% 0%
retirement/nursing home?
Q2 Did you feel comfortable in the new environment? 100% 0% 0%
Q3 Did you have any difficulties with the staff? 80% 20% 0%
Q4 Did you feel respected by the staff? 100% 0% 0%
Q5 Did you receive any assistance with groceries,
medications, or other needs? 80% 20% 0%
Q6 Can you acquire the necessary medical attention
and treatment when needed? 100% 0% 0%
Q7 Do members of staff encourage you to continue to
practice your independence? 80% 20% 0%
Q8 Do you trust and have confidence in the medical staff
caring for you? 100% 0% 0%
Q9 Have you met any new friends while you have been here? 100% 0% 0%
Q10 Is it easy to contact a member of the staff with whom
you may discuss your concerns and questions? 100% 0% 0%

“We are well-taken care of. I suggest having more manpower, especially house parents
(caregivers), and also more outreach programs.”

“Fully satisfied with the services here. And I am very happy and grateful to our doctors and nurses,
to all our social workers and house parents (caregivers) for their dedication to their respective tasks
of helping us improve ourselves in mind, body, and soul.”

“On medical services, more nurses must be provided.”

The evaluation's findings indicated that most elderly residents of the facility were content with the

care provided. The average satisfaction rating for this part is 94%, with a dissatisfaction score of

6%. This indicates overall satisfaction with the facility's care.

57
 II. Assessment of the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Respondents: 5

Activity Completes Need Some Needs Significant

Alone Help Help

A1 Bathing/Showering 80% 20% 0%

A2 Dressing 80% 20% 0%
A3 Grooming 80% 20% 0%
A4 Toileting 80% 20% 0%
A5 Eating Meals 100% 0% 0%
A6 Getting out of Bed 100% 0% 0%
A7 Getting out of Chair 80% 20% 0%
A8 Walking Around 60% 40% 0%

Based on the assessment of daily living (ADLs), 82.5% of elderly respondents execute their tasks

independently, while 17.5% require assistance. The results indicate that older individuals can do

ADLs independently with relative ease.

III. Assessment of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

Activity Completes Need Some Needs Significant

Alone Help Help

A1 Operating a Telephone 80% (n=4) 20% (n=1) 0%

A2 Grocery Shopping 0% 100% (n=5) 0%
A3 Transportation 66.67% (n=2) 33.33% (n=1) 0%
A4 Money Management 33.33% (n=1) 66.67% (n=2) 0%
A5 Doing Laundry 100% (n=3) 0% 0%
A6 Light House Work 50% (n=1) 50% (n=1) 0%
A7 Getting out of Chair 80% (n=4) 20% (n=1) 0%
A8 Preparing Meals 0% 100% (n=5) 0%

Based on the instrumental assessment of daily living (IADLs), 51.25 percent of seniors execute

their activities without assistance, while 48.75 percent require assistance. The results indicate that

elderly persons nearly never require assistance to do IADLs independently

58
 IV. ENVIRONMENT SATISFACTION RESPONSE

Question Yes No Unsure

Q1 Are you satisfied with the environmental conditions

that have been maintained inside the facility? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q2 Are you comfortable with the temperature that has
been maintained within the care facility? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q3 Are you satisfied with the cleanliness of the facility? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q4 Are you satisfied with the quantity of natural light
that is available? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q5 Are you pleased with the level of noise that is present? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q6 Are you free from unpleasant odors? 80% (n=4) 20% (n=1) 0%
Q7 Do you have an opportunity to enjoy physical
exercise and outdoor activities? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q8 Do you feel you are protected
and safe at this care facility? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q9 Are your things and personal belongings safe here? 100% (n=5) 0% 0%
Q10 Is it easy for you to walk within the spaces in the
facility? 100% (n=4) 0% 0%

According to the evaluation's findings, the majority of the facility's elderly residents were satisfied

with the environment. The average satisfaction rating for this part is 98%, with a dissatisfaction

score of 2%. This indicates overall satisfaction with the facility's environment.

V. RESPONSE ON THE BUILDING SPACES AND AMENITIES

Medical/Therapeutic Spaces Agree Disagree

1 Positive Healing Spaces 100% (n=5) 0%

2 Clean and Hygienic 100% (n=5) 0%
3 Well-equipped, with medical supplies 100% (n=5) 0%
4 Appropriately Ventilated 100% (n=5) 0%
5 Secure and Safe 100% (n=5) 0%
6 Well-lit and Accessible 100% (n=5) 0%

The elderly survey respondents have expressed complete contentment with the therapeutic areas

provided by the facility.

Stairs Agree Disagree

1 Free of Obstacles 66.67% (n=2) 33.33%

(n=1)
2 Well-lit 100% (n=3) 0%
3 Handrails on both sides 50% (n=2) 50%
(n=2)
4 In good repair and non-skid 100% (n=3) 0%
5 Clearly Marked 100% (n=3) 0%

59
According to the study's findings, 66.67% of respondents think that stairs have no obstacles;

nevertheless, most respondents do not utilize stairs and instead use ramps. Most ramps are also

equipped with railings for users' protection. The findings in this section indicate that the facility

provides safety measures on any ramps or steps that may be present.

Flooring Agree Disagree

1 Non-skid level surfaces 80% (n=4) 20% (n=1)

2 Non-glare surfaces 100% (n=5) 0%
3 No loose rugs 100% (n=5) 0%

Most elderly people surveyed perceive the flooring as non-skid, reassuring them regarding their

mobility within their rooms and external areas.

Lighting Agree Disagree

1 Light switches reachable 100% (n=5) 0%

2 Entries/Walkways are well-lit 100% (n=5) 0%
3 Reading areas well-lit 100% (n=5) 0%

The elderly survey respondents had stated 100% satisfaction with the facility's lighting, including

natural lighting.

Kitchen Agree Disagree

1 Lever Handles on sink --- ---

2 Rubber mat by sink --- ---
3 Items are easily accessible --- ---
4 Storage is accessible --- ---
5 No objects over stove area --- ---
6 Well-lit space --- ---

There is no response from the elderly residents because their meals are served by staff

individually.

60
Bathroom Agree Disagree

1 Grab bars firmly attached 100% (n=5) 0%

2 Non-skid mat in tub/shower 0% 100% (n=5)
3 Hand-held shower head 40% (n=2) 60% (n=3)
4 Non-slip bathroom rug 0% 100% (n=5)

“We need better toilet facilities, standard toilet bowls, and bidets”

The facility's bathrooms do not have rubber mats or non-skid mats on the flooring, including the

common restrooms. According to the survey respondents, some residents have slipped and fallen

on the restroom surfaces. In addition, certain toilets do not come equipped with shower heads or

bidets, and their bowls do not have flushing mechanisms.

Furnishing Agree Disagree

1 Couch/Chairs easy to use 100% (n=5) 0%
2 Tables the right height 100% (n=5) 0%
3 Bed easy to get in/out of 100% (n=5) 0%

The elderly survey respondents have expressed complete contentment with the furnishings at the

facility as the size and height are of standard. According to them, getting in and out of chairs and

beds is easy without any help.

Two respondents noted the design of their cottages' entry doors, where the top ventilation opening

is not screened, allowing mosquitoes and other bugs to enter and make them uncomfortable at

night:

”Screen or glass at the main entrance door.”

Three respondents mentioned minor repairs to the gutters and other amenities:

“Need maintenance, especially on gutters.”

“Some repairs are going on from time to time, which are taken care of by our maintenance unit.”

61
2.2.6 Retirement Community Preference Survey

The next part outlines the survey results concerning the architectural attributes and amenities

favored or required by the elderly inhabitants of the Haven for the Elderly. The survey comprises

qualitative data collected from 30 elderly respondents. The collected data will serve as the

foundation for designing a proposed retirement community that aligns with the desires and

requirements of elderly citizens.

Q1: How often do you utilize the common areas in the retirement community / elder care facility,

such as the study rooms, common lounges and dining areas, kitchens, and outdoor spaces?

* The graph reveals that a significant majority,

75%, of residents consistently utilize the common
areas within the elderly care facility. This
suggests a strong preference or need for
communal spaces among the residents.

Q2: What are your typical activities in Common Spaces?

* The insights indicate that elderly residents value a

well-rounded lifestyle, emphasizing not just physical
activities like exercising and socializing but also
mental stimulation through studying and relaxation.
Integrating spaces that cater to these activities
could enhance their overall well-being and
satisfaction.

Q3: What features encourage you to use the common spaces?

* Residents prioritize accessibility,

comfortable sitting, scenic vistas and
aesthetics, gardens, acoustics, technology
integration, and natural lighting in their living
spaces. These components not only improve
their physical comfort but also add to their
overall well-being and contentment.

62
Q4: To what extent does the facility's design make you feel at home?

* Accessibility, thoughtful layout, comfortable

materials, personalized spaces, soothing colors,
ample lighting, effective acoustic design, privacy
considerations, access to natural light, captivating
views, and appropriately sized rooms all
contribute significantly to residents' sense of
belonging. These aspects work together to create
a living environment that promotes older
residents' happiness and well-being.

Q5: How well does the design of the retirement home accommodate your specific mobility

needs (e.g., wheelchair accessibility, handrails)?

* Based on the survey results, it is evident that a

great majority (83%) of residents consider the
retirement home meets their individual mobility
needs. However, a lesser percentage (16.7%)
indicates that it only performs adequately. This
indicates a high emphasis on providing excellent
mobility amenities to all residents.

Q6: How often do you feel that the environment's design supports your physical, emotional, and

mental health?

* A considerable majority (60%) of respondents

constantly believe that the environment's design
contributes to their general well-being,
demonstrating a strong positive view toward the
current design. However, a significant proportion
(40%) feel less regularly supported, indicating
opportunities for development.

63
Q7: Which of these amenities or features would you PREFER/NEED to be implemented in the design

of a proposed retirement community/facility?

Most features or services residents desire for a proposed retirement community emphasize holistic

well-being and social involvement. They highlight recreational spaces like a game room, library,

and sports area and practical amenities like a salon and barbershop, laundry room, and convenience

store. Furthermore, a workshop, cafe, classroom, and church presence indicate a desire for spaces

that promote creativity, learning, and spiritual well-being. Including medical facilities demonstrates

a focus on health and access to care, emphasizing the entire approach to community design.

1 – Strongly Disagree 2 – Disagree 3 – Neutral 4 – Agree 5 – Strongly

Agree

Q8: The layout of my living space promotes ease of movement and navigation.

* A majority of the residents (over 60%) feel that their

living spaces effectively support ease of movement
and navigation, indicating a positive trend in the
design's functionality for mobility. However, a notable
portion (over 16%) either disagree or strongly
disagree, suggesting a need for improvement in this
aspect to cater to a more diverse range of preferences
and needs.

64
Q9: The design of the common areas encourages social interaction among residents.

* A significant majority of 63.3% of the residents find

that the design of the common areas effectively fosters
social interaction among them, indicating a positive
response to the community layout. However, it's
noteworthy that 10% of residents disagree, suggesting
a potential area for improvement in the communal space
design to better accommodate social engagement.

Q10: The lighting in my living space is sufficient and well-designed.

* The majority of residents (76.7%) are satisfied with

the lighting in their living spaces, indicating a well-
designed and sufficient lighting system. However, a
notable portion (10%) feels that improvements could be
made, suggesting a potential area for enhancement in
the community's design.

Q11: There is enough ventilation and natural lighting in the rooms and amenities in the facility.

* 63.3% strongly agree that rooms and amenities have

sufficient ventilation and natural lighting, suggesting
overall satisfaction. However, 26.7% only agree,
indicating room for improvement. A small percentage,
6.67%, is neutral, and 3.33% disagree, highlighting
varying perspectives to consider in design
enhancements.

Q12: There are no foul odors in my living space.

* The majority of residents (75.9%) strongly agree that
there are no foul odors in their living spaces, indicating
a high level of satisfaction with the cleanliness and
maintenance of their environment. However, a small
percentage (6.9%) disagree, suggesting that there may
be room for improvement in odor control measures.

65
Q13: The noise levels in my living space are conducive to relaxation.

* A majority of 70% of the residents strongly agree that

the noise levels in their living space support relaxation
and rest, indicating a high level of satisfaction with the
current acoustic environment. However, a notable 20%
express varying degrees of disagreement or neutrality,
suggesting a need for further investigation into noise
management strategies to enhance the overall living
experience.

Q14: The outdoor spaces in the facility are accessible and inviting.

* The majority of residents (76.7%) find the outdoor

spaces highly accessible and inviting, suggesting that
these areas are well-designed and cater to the residents'
needs. However, there is still a notable minority (10%)
who do not share this sentiment, indicating a potential
area for improvement to enhance overall resident
satisfaction experience.

Q15: The facility's layout allows easy access to amenities and services.

* A significant majority (76.7%) of residents are highly

satisfied with the facility's layout, indicating that it
effectively enables access to amenities and services.
However, a small percentage (6.67%) expresses
dissatisfaction, suggesting room for improvement in this
area.

66
 2.3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

2.3.1 Conclusion

The findings of the previous study indicate that the living conditions and design of the elder care

facility represent the ideal standard for establishing a retirement home regarding the services

offered and the architectural features and amenities available. Because of the criteria existing in

the institution, one can argue that the government implemented its protocol guidelines to improve

the conditions of the elder care facility. There are a few possibilities for improvement, such as the

bathroom design and privacy in residential dwellings, and another is the workforce, which is due

to a need for more government funds. However, the facility could serve as a solid foundation or a

basis for a standard design for an elder care facility. The facility demonstrated its effectiveness in

both its physical and therapeutic environments, as evidenced by the favorable reactions or

satisfaction of its elderly residents. The facility guaranteed that its members did not feel isolated

and that they could live in a community where they felt protected and safe, where their health,

social, and mental well-being needs were met.

The study reveals a high level of satisfaction among residents, with a 94% satisfaction rate,

indicating that the institution effectively meets the fundamental care needs of its residents. In

addition, the assessment of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily

Living (IADLs) indicates that many older individuals can carry out chores without assistance,

improving their self-governance and self-respect. Nevertheless, around 50% of the inhabitants still

require aid with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), suggesting an ongoing requirement

for support and potentially a higher percentage of staff to assist with these responsibilities.

This study has explored retirement homes' physical and therapeutic environment and their

effectiveness. This study revealed that the living environment of retirement homes is generally of

a high standard, with ample access to natural light, clean air, and appropriate temperatures. It was

also determined that the therapeutic environment of the retirement homes was of high quality,

with numerous activities that promote physical, mental, and social well-being. Nonetheless, several

67
areas for development were highlighted, such as the lack of privacy, the need for better direction

throughout the home, additional workforce, and the want for more community activities.

The significance of community spaces and facilities that enhance overall well-being underscores

the necessity of social interaction and comprehensive support in elevating senior citizens' living

standards. The results suggest that accessibility, comfortable sitting, scenic views, and adequate

lighting are essential elements that enhance a happy living experience. Nevertheless, different

reactions concerning noise levels, odor management, and the availability of outside spaces indicate

potential areas for improving the facility's design to cater to the various needs of its residents more

effectively.

This study has demonstrated that the physical and therapeutic environment of retirement homes

may be improved to fulfill the requirements of the inhabitants. Retirement homes must be designed

and managed to foster autonomy and social engagement while ensuring a secure and comfortable

atmosphere. With suitable approaches, retirement homes can offer a pleasant and stimulating

environment where residents can enjoy their golden years.

68
2.3.2 Recommendations

The following suggestions are made to address the problems that have been found and improve

the effectiveness of the physical and therapeutic areas in retirement homes:

Enhance Bathroom Safety and Fixtures. Implement the installation of non-skid mats in all

restrooms, check the proper operation of flushing mechanisms in all toilets, and equip bathrooms

with either shower heads or bidets. Implementing these steps will effectively decrease the likelihood

of falls and enhance the overall hygiene and comfort of the residents. Improve Assistance for

Movement. Enhance the accessibility of ramps by installing railings and ensure that all walking

surfaces have a non-skid feature.

Furthermore, it is advisable to redevelop areas that can pose mobility difficulties to guarantee

effortless movement for every resident. Also, the facility should create a safe and secure living

environment. The design should have secure entryways and exits, and the facility should have

surveillance cameras and other security measures as required. Enhance the efficiency of lighting

and acoustics. Solutions such as installing adjustable lighting systems and soundproofing measures

in living and common areas are recommended to address the concerns surrounding lighting and

noise levels. This will establish a more pleasant and tranquil atmosphere that promotes the

residents' welfare. Enhance the scope of communal and therapeutic environments. Create

additional common spaces that foster social engagement and offer physical and cognitive

stimulation prospects. Integrate gardens, scenic vistas, and tranquil areas to accommodate the

varied interests of residents. Incorporate cultural and natural components. Utilize the conventional

Bahay Kubo design concepts to establish a feeling of familiarity and cultural affinity among

residents. Including natural elements such as plants, ample natural sunlight, and proper ventilation

can amplify the therapeutic advantages of the living environment. Create customized living

environments. Consider people's specific requirements and preferences when creating living

environments. Choosing customized decorations, adaptable furnishings, and private spaces can

significantly enhance residents' feelings of ownership and contentment. Implementing these

recommendations can enable retirement homes to establish a more conducive, secure, and fulfilling

setting for senior inhabitants, thereby augmenting their standard of living and general welfare.

69
 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT PROFILE AND ANALYSIS

3.0.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The elderly demographic in the Philippines is rising, necessitating the demand for high-quality aged

care solutions. Seniors who wish to retain their independence while receiving assistance with

activities of daily living are increasingly choosing retirement communities. This project proposes a

retirement home in Pasong Bayog, Brgy. Burol Main, Dasmariñas, 4)Cavite accommodates senior

citizens' physical and therapeutic requirements.

Researchers and experts have noticed a demand for high-quality, adequate physical and

therapeutic environments in retirement homes. The project aims to establish a retirement

community that caters to senior citizens' physical and therapeutic requirements.

Project Description:

The proposed retirement home focuses on providing a physical and therapeutic environment that

enhances the welfare of the residents. The residents' interests and preferences will influence the

design of the facility. The suggested idea is to guarantee that the senior living facility functions as

a residence and a genuine home.

The facility will feature a cottage-style housing unit with spacious, comfortable spaces to assist

residents with daily activities. Every room will feature abundant natural light and ventilation to

foster a tranquil atmosphere conducive to relaxation. The communal restrooms will be outfitted

with safety measures and cushioned shower chairs to guarantee the safety and comfort of elders

throughout their daily routines. The proposed retirement community will also include a dining hall

serving as the residents' communal dining area. The kitchen will be completely equipped to provide

nutritionally balanced meals, low-sodium diets, low-fat meals, and vegetarian options.

The proposed facility will be outfitted with utility and maintenance services and sanitary

treatment to be utilized effectively. Also included will be a space for physical activities and other

70
programs designed to keep senior residents active. The facility will also have a shared social space

where seniors can participate in social activities, develop social relationships, and share their

experiences. Senior citizens can engage in recreational activities and games within this common

area, enhancing their emotional well-being.

The facility will have a therapeutic garden, fostering a sustainable environment that enhances

wellness in aging and elevates the quality of life for seniors. Incorporating a therapeutic garden in

a retirement home is vital for improving the health and well-being of its residents. The garden

provides a safe and pleasant outdoor setting for seniors to experience relaxation, socialization, and

meaningful engagement, all promoting cognitive function, reducing anxiety and stress, and

promoting physical health.

In addition, the retirement home will have an on-site medical clinic or infirmary staffed by

experienced medical professionals who provide residents with medical consultations, examinations,

check-ups, and treatments to residents. The facility will also feature counseling and therapy rooms

to promote and ensure the mental health of the residents.

3.0.2 PROJECT RATIONALE

As the elderly population in the Philippines continues to grow, the demand for retirement homes

increases. The proposed retirement home in Dasmariñas, Cavite, will meet this demand by

providing high-quality physical and therapeutic environments. The proposed retirement home

intends to address the absence of efficient physical and therapeutic environments in retirement

homes to guarantee the well-being and satisfaction of senior citizens.

"A Study on Eco-Therapeutic Design in Enhancing the Efficiency of the Living Environments in

Retirement Homes" is an integral part of the proposed project. The study intends to evaluate the

efficacy of retirement facilities' physical and therapeutic environments currently on the market.

The findings of this study will assist in identifying and addressing extant voids in this industry,

thereby ensuring that the proposed retirement community meets the highest standards.

71
The assessment of the physical environment will evaluate the proposed retirement home's layout,

design, and overall functionality. The evaluation will consider accessibility, safety, and the

environment's capacity to promote resident individuality. The study will also assess the therapeutic

environment, encompassing life's social, cognitive, and affective aspects. The findings of this study

will impact the architecture of the retirement home and guarantee that residents receive the most

efficacious therapy services. The proposed retirement community will offer residents a variety of

mental and emotional health-promoting activities.

In conclusion, the proposed retirement home and the study "A Study on Eco-Therapeutic Design

in Efficiency of the Living Environments in Retirement Homes" will help satisfy the increasing

demand for high-quality retirement living in the Philippines. The study's findings will aid in the

design of a house that fosters effective therapeutic and physical environments, enhancing the

inhabitants' overall well-being and satisfaction. Access to natural light and ventilation, pleasant

surroundings, comfortable living areas, easy access to social spaces, and inclusive design, and

essential factors influencing senior health and satisfaction will also be included in the facility's

design. The retirement home's strategic location and design features are intended to provide

seniors with a dignified living environment.

72
3.0.3 Project Practicability

The proposed retirement home is an efficient initiative that provides significant advantages to the

surrounding community. This project offers an optimal solution that can effectively meet the

growing demand for quality retirement homes that address the requirements of elderly individuals.

The World Health Organization projects that the population over 60 will quadruple by

2050, increasing the necessity for retirement facilities. When constructing a retirement home, it is

essential to consider the effectiveness of its living environment and therapeutic features to ensure

that the residents experience the utmost quality of life possible. The proposed retirement home

could meet the increasing demand for safe, secure, and comfortable living spaces designed

specifically for seniors. With a growing senior population, the demand for specialized care is

increasing, and this initiative provides seniors with individualized, high-quality care services.

The location proposed for the retirement home is also highly practical, as it is accessible and close

to various social amenities. With convenient access to major roads and public transportation

networks, residents of this residence can maintain their independence. Moreover, the home's

proximity to social amenities such as retail complexes, restaurants, and hospitals enables seniors

to remain active in their communities.

Another significant practical advantage of the proposed retirement home is that it will be designed

to promote residents' optimal health and wellness. The facility will be equipped with quality services

that allow the elderly to receive the best care possible on an ongoing basis. Furthermore, the

retirement home’s design emphasizes environmental sustainability and therapeutic benefits,

ensuring residents have a functional and comfortable living space.

Overall, the proposed retirement home is an efficient project that satisfies the rising demand for

high-quality living spaces for seniors. The project can deliver substantial social and economic

advantages to the local community, guaranteeing that older residents maintain a high quality of

life throughout their later years.

73