Development of Quantum-Assisted State Estimation for

Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

A Research Proposal

Submitted by
SALAM ZUNAID IBN

Submitted to
Dr. Cheng Ximing

Beijing Institute of Technology

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Abstract
In the recent years of this ultramodern century, due to huge amount of environmental pollution
mostly because of vehicles run by fossil fuel, the world has already tended towards renewable
energy and electric vehicle systems (EVs). One of whose power sources is Lithium-Ion Battery
(LIB). Starting from the ground vehicles to the flying aircrafts, to be fully dependent on LIB as a
main power source, it requires a huge capacity of voltage and high power and energy applications.
At the same time an excellent design of Battery Management System (BMS) is needed to develop
for enhancing safety control, monitoring and optimization efficiently. Our focus of research is
aimed to develop a quantum-assisted method based BMS for state estimation of LIB. The
applications of quantum mechanics-computing methods such as superposition, entanglement and
interference are the fundamental principles to make a framework for state estimation. It integrates
quantum algorithms with advanced filters in order to enhance real-time monitoring the state-of-
charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and state-of-power (SOP), etc. The research will focus on
leveraging quantum computing’s computational strengths to solve nonlinear estimation challenges
under dynamic and extreme operating conditions, creating a foundation for next-generation battery
management systems (BMS).

Why Did I Choose to Do the Research under Your Supervision for

my Master’s Degree?
As I am pursuing my Bachelor’s Study in Mechanical Engineering, I had an interest towards
renewable energy sectors from the very beginning of my Engineering Study. Since then, I
searched and research a lot about the current trends of the world and tried to understand the future
perspectives of Vehicle Engineering. Apart from the traditional mechanical and hydraulic control
system, I have developed fundamental knowledge about complex electro-mechanical control
systems. In addition, as I was previously interested towards renewable energy sectors, I grew my
deep interest towards Electric batteries and its management systems during my Bachelor’s Study.
Right now I am preparing for my final graduation thesis with an aim to do a Master’s Degree in
this topic. However, it was a really very tough job to search and hunt Supervisors for my Master’s
degree. I search so many teachers’ profiles from different University Websites and didn’t find my
desired research direction related professors. Finally, I found YOUR profile to be the most suitable
for my desired research aim. While, I found that your research focus is exactly on the same track
of lithium-ion battery prognostics and health management for electric vehicles. Model-based state
estimation methods that are used to monitor and predict electrical, mechanical, and thermal
behaviors of lithium-ion battery which is exactly my targeted approach for this research. However,
in the use of advanced adaptive filters, recursive least squares and Kaltman filtering approaches,
the quantum assisted algorithm clearly shows a straight relationship with state estimations such as
state-of-charge (SOC), state-of health (SOH), state-of-energy (SOE) and state-of-power (SOP)
adaptive to their operating conditions. Therefore, I am deeply motivated and determined to join
your research team and projects to implement my proposed algorithm. I am hopeful that you will
accept me to join your research team and I promise to give the best possible feedback to you and
your research team.

Research Objectives
1. The first and foremost objective is to do a profound Literature Review on Battery
management systems BMS and Lithium-Ion Battery LIB by summarizing the existing
methods, algorithms, challenges and opportunities, research gaps, and the future
tendencies of LIB.
2. Secondly we will develop our own design and quantum-assisted algorithm for a combined
method of SOC, SOH, and SOP estimations focusing on the solution for current
complexities and challenges to be diagnosed.
3. Thirdly, we will develop a hybrid quantum-classical framework for LIB with improved
computational efficiency in order to perform matrix operations (e.g., matrix inversion)
aiming to make it faster than classical methods.
4. Finally, we will test and validate the framework under various real-world scenarios and
extreme operating conditions.

Literature Review
In Lithium-Ion Battery Management System (LIBMS), monitoring the power system with state
estimation is one of the key functions. The commonly estimated battery states include the state-of-
charge (SOC) [1], state-of-health (SOH) [2], state-of-power (SOP) [3], state-of-energy (SOE) [4],
and state-of-safety (SOS) [5]. In most of the electrochemical energy storage systems, the internal
battery states cannot be measured directly by calculation. Rather, it can only be estimated and
predicted indirectly from the battery output signals such as voltage, current, and temperature [6].
Because of the complex electrochemical reaction inside the battery, the internal states show a
highly nonlinear relationship with the external measured signals, and this issue becomes severe
under complex working conditions [7]. However, due to the degradation of battery-life during the
cycle affects the overall state estimation reliability and increases the difficulty of state estimation.
Therefore, an accurate battery state estimation is still a technical challenge, especially since the
battery performances can be changed by increasing their aging, durability and at the same time a
stable-exactitude estimation is required for the whole battery life.
Basically, the battery state estimation methods are very rich and profound. There is hardly any
major technical difficulty arises in realizing a single battery state estimation. Therefore, many
algorithms can achieve high theoretical estimation accuracy. In contrast, as the measurement
signal is very limited under the actual and complex vehicle conditions, this is a problem that is
badly in need to improve the actual estimation accuracy of the battery state. The capacity and
internal resistance used to characterize the battery SOH are essential parameters for battery SOC
estimation. SOC and model parameters are the critical parameters for SOP estimation. The SOC,
capacity, and internal resistance directly affect the SOE estimation. These interrelationships are
shown in Figure 1 [8].

Figure 1: Interrelationships among the estimation states.

Therefore, the joint estimation methods are being developed and widely used to improve the
accuracy of sate estimation. They can generally include the different types such as, Joint
estimation of model parameters and a single state [9], Joint estimation of two battery states; the
joint estimation of SOC and SOH [10], and the joint estimation of SOC and SOP, SOC, and SOE
[11] are widely used. Based on this combined joint frame of SOC, SOH, SOE, and SOP different
methods have been proposed with some principles such as; Firstly, the model parameters and
open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve are updated in real-time using the forgetting-factor-recursive-
least-square (FFRLS) algorithm. Then, the SOC is updated using the extended-kalman-filtering
(EKF) or unscented-kalman-filter (UKF) algorithm by the updated model parameters and the
battery capacity. Thirdly, the SOC-electric quantity method is used to estimate the SOH in real-
time based on the updated SOC, and the SOE-SOC curve and the total energy are updated in real-
time using the ordinary least squares (OLS) algorithm [12]. Fourthly, SOC and SOE-SOC curve is
used to estimate SOE using the UKF algorithm. Finally, the limit condition method is used to
estimate the SOP in real time. The above algorithm framework cooperatively estimates multiple
battery states with high accuracy and robustness, which can adapt to battery aging and
environmental temperature changes better.
However, as off the literature review, we can first understand all these principles of combined
joint frame and finally develop our own method and algorithm. Thus, we can proceed to writing
the research paper.

My Two-Year Research Plan

Since, the research program is of two years, we must set our objective month by month in each
semester. Here is an estimation of my research plan and program during the two years stay at BIT.

Year 1: Algorithm Design and Initial Testing

1. Literature Review and Feasibility Study (2025 Autumn Semester-Months 1-3):

 At the very beginning, we must conduct an extensive review of current state
estimation techniques and quantum algorithms. At the same time we will arise at
least two to three research questions as our targeted task to modify or develop.
 After that, we will examine and note down the State of Art such as, development
sectors, fact based analysis, identifying gaps in existing methodologies and
validate the feasibility of quantum integration. In total it will take approximately
two months.
2. Development of Quantum-Adaptive Algorithms (2025 Autumn Semester-Months 3-
6):
 After the careful review, we will start to develop the design of quantum-enhanced
adaptive filters. For example, we can name the algorithm as, ‘quantum-
approximate-optimization-algorithm’ (QAOA).
 Then we can integrate our quantum algorithms with model-based estimation
methods. Here we can use the Kalman filters and recursive least squares. This
will recuire approximately four to five months.
3. Prototype Framework Implementation (2026 Spring Semester Months 1 -3):
 We will also build a prototype of the hybrid quantum-classical framework. Then,
we will simulate the framework using quantum computing platforms like IBM
Qiskit or Google Quantum AI, etc.
 In the last stage of first year, we will test the initial performance with simulated
battery data and check whether it is ok or not.

Year 2: Framework Optimization and Validation

1. Refinement and Optimization (2026 Spring Semester Months 3-6):

 At the very beginning of second year. We will optimize the framework for real-
time processing speed and energy efficiency in the lab.
 As per need, we will improve the algorithms to handle nonlinearities and
 dynamic operating conditions.
2. Integration with Real Battery Systems (2026 Autumn Semester Months 1-3):
 After a comprehensive analysis and algorithm development, we can finally
implement the framework in a physical test environment using real EV lithium-
ion battery systems. Or, we can also buy the battery and directly apply our
method to see its’s performance. Later we will record the behavioral data and
signals in our article.
 Collecting all these real-time data from onboard sensors for validation will be our
focal work during this semester..
3. Validation and Comparative Analysis (2026 Autumn Semester Months 3-6):
 In this Semester, we will fully validate the quantum-assisted framework’s
accuracy against conventional estimation methods.
 Lastly, we will conduct performance benchmarking under varying environmental
and operational conditions, including extreme temperatures and high-load
scenarios to compare its ultimate performance and add the results in our paper.
4. Final Semester for Revision and Graduation Thesis Completion (2027 Spring
Semester Months 1-6)
 The final semester I will be preparing for final graduation thesis and also I will
apply for PhD program to continue my research work or I will join any company
as an engineer.

Expected Outcomes
1. A functional hybrid quantum-classical framework will be finally developed for lithium-
ion battery diagnostics.
2. We will upload the scientific paper for further publication detailing the development and
entire validation processes.
3. A demonstration model will be raised for industry stakeholders, showcasing enhanced
real-time monitoring and prediction capabilities.

Reference
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strong tracking adaptive fading-extended Kalman filter for the state of charge estimation
of lithium-ion batteries. Int. J. Energy Res. 2022, 46, 16427–16444.
2. Tang, X.; Gao, F.; Liu, K.; Liu, Q.; Foley, A.M. A balancing current ratio based state-of-
health estimation solution for lithium-ion battery pack. IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron. 2021, 69, 8055–8065.
3. Guo, R.; Shen, W. A data-model fusion method for online state of power estimation of
lithium-ion batteries at high discharge rate in electric vehicles. Energy 2022, 254, 124270.
4. Chen, Y.; Yang, X.; Luo, D.; Wen, R. Remaining available energy prediction for lithium-
ion batteries considering electrothermal effect and energy conversion efficiency. J.
Energy Storage 2021, 40, 102728.
5. Cabrera-Castillo, E.; Niedermeier, F.; Jossen, A. Calculation of the state of safety (SOS)
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energy of lithium-ion battery under various temperatures. J. Power Sources 2021, 506,
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THE END

Thank You