General Physics II: Tutorial Material 9

1) There are 20 kg of ice at −10˚C and 50 kg of water at 10˚C.

a) How much heat is needed to increase the temperature of the ice to 0˚C and
how much heat is needed to melt all the ice at 0˚C? How much heat is
needed to decrease the temperature of water to 0˚C?
b) What is the thermal equilibrium state when the 20 kg of ice at −10˚C is put
into the 50 kg of water at 10˚C?
Note that the specific heats of water and ice are, 1 kcal/kg·C˚ and 0.5 kcal/kg·C˚,
respectively. Further more, heat of fusion for water is 80 kcal/kg with a melting
point at 0˚C.

a) Heat, Q, needed to increase the temperature of a material by ΔT˚C is given by

Q = m⋅ c⋅ ΔT
where m and c are the mass and specific heat of the material, respectively. For
20kg of ice to increase its temperature from −10˚C to 0˚C, it requires heat of

€ kcal !
Q = 20kg × 0.5 ! × (0 +10) C = 100kcal
kg⋅ C
Heat, Q', needed to melt a material is given by

Qʹ = m⋅ L
where
€ L is latent heat of the material. For 20kg of ice at 0˚C to melt,
kcal
Q
€ʹ = 20kg × 80 kg = 1600kcal
of heat is needed. In order to cool down 50 kg of water from 10˚C to 0˚C, heat
required, Q'' is given by

€ kcal !
Qʹ = 50kg × 1 ! × (0 −10) C = −500kcal
kg⋅ C

b) If we put the ice and water together, Q < Qʹ tells that the water does not cool
down€ to 0˚C when the ice reaches at 0˚C. Since Qʹ > Qʹ − Q , not all the ice
can melt after reaching at 0˚C with the remaining heat of the water cooling
down to 0˚C. Therefore, the€equilibrium state will be a mixture of some ice
and some water at 0˚C. After the ice reached at 0˚C, the water still has heat in
€
order to reach to 0˚C,

Q + Qʹ = 100kcal − 500kcal = −400kcal

which should be cancelled by the heat of melting of ice at 0˚C. Therefore,
400kcal
€ = 5kg
kcal
80
kg

€
 of the ice must melt. We finally have the 15kg of ice and 55kg of water at 0˚C
in a thermal equilibrium state.

2) Suppose 2.60 mol of an ideal gas with a volume and temperature, V1 = 3.50 m3
and T1 = 290 K , respectively, is allowed to expand isothermally to V2 = 7.00 m3
at T2 = 290 K . Determine (a) the work done by the gas, (b) the heat into the gas,
and (c) the change in the internal energy of the gas.
€
€ €
€ For the isothermal process of an ideal gas, the work is given by
V J 7
W = nRT ln 2 = 2.6 mol × 8.314 × 290 K × ln = 4345 J
V1 mol⋅ K 3.5
Since the temperature does not change, there is no change in the internal energy.
From the first law of thermodynamics, ΔE int = Q − W with ΔE int = 0 , the heat is
€ given by
Q = W = 4345 J .
€ €
3
3) An audience of 1800 € people fills a concert hall with a volume of 22000 m . In
average, each person emits 70 W of energy due to metabolism. The concert hall
is well isolated and the air can be considered as an ideal gas of diatomic
molecules. At the beginning of the concert, the temperature and pressure of the
€
air in the hall are 20° C and 1 atm, respectively. With no ventilation, by how
much the temperature of the hall will raise after two hours?

Since the€room is thermally isolated, there is no heat exchange with outside.

Furthermore, the air is inside of the room, thus kept in a constant volume and no
work is done. From the first law of dynamics, Q = nCV ΔT = ΔE int , where Q must
be generated by the people inside. It follows that
Q
ΔT =
€ nCV
The heat generated by the people in the hall in two hours is given by
Q = 2 hour × 70 W × 1800 = 9.07 × 10 8 J
The mole number, n, can € be obtained from the ideal gas law as
PV
n= 0 0
€ RT0
where P , V , and T are the initial pressure, volume and temperature of the room
0 0 0

respectively. The molar specific heat under constant volume, C , for a diatomic
V

5 2
gas is given by CV = 5R € 2 . By taking 293 K and 1 atm = 1.013 × 10 N m as
initial temperature and pressure of the room, nC is given by
V

PV 5 5 1.013 × 10 5 N m2 × 22000 m3
nCV = R= × = 1.90 × 10 7 J K
€ RT 2 2 293 K€
Combining them, it leads to

€
 Q 9.06 × 10 8 J
ΔT = = = 47.7 K
nCV 1.90 × 10 7 J K
Therefore, the temperature of the room will increase by 47.7 ˚C.

€
4) An n mole of ideal gas expands adiabatically from a volume of Vi to Vf . Initially,
the pressure was Pi . Determine (a) the work of the gas, (b) the heat of the gas, (c)
the change of internal energy from the first law of thermal dynamics and (d)
show that the internal energy obtained in (c) is identical to ΔEint = nCV ΔT .

(a) From the definition, work is given by

Vf
W= ∫ P dV
Vi

Using a relation valid for the adiabatic process, PV γ = a , where a = PiViγ = PfVfγ
and γ = CP CV , it follows that
Vf a 1−γ ⎤Vf a
W = a ∫ V −γ dV =
Vi
1− γ
V ⎦ =
Vi 1− γ
Vf1−γ −Vi1−γ( )
(b) Since this is an adiabatic process, there is no heat, i.e. Q = 0.
(c) From the first law of the thermodynamics, the work done by the gas is
−a 1−γ
Eint = Q −W = −W =
1− γ
(
Vf −Vi1−γ )
(d) Using the definition of a and γ, W can be written as
−a 1−γ CV C
ΔEint =
1− γ
(Vf −Vi1−γ = ) CP − CV
( ) (
PfVf − PiVi = V Tf − Ti nR = nCV ΔT
R
)

5) An ideal gas is at the state A: (Va , Pa, T0 ) . By expanding the volume to Vb

through isothermal process, the state changes to B: (Vb , Pb , T0 ) , while with the
adiabatic process to C: (Vb , Pc, Tc ) . Which pressure is higher, Pb or Pc ? Which
temperature is higher, T0 or Tc ? Why the temperature changes in the adiabatic
process? € €
€
€ process, A: (V , P , T ) to C: (V , P , € €
For the adiabatic a a 0 b c Tc ) , we have,
€ €
⎛ Va ⎞γ
Pc = ⎜ ⎟ Pa
⎝ Vb ⎠
while for the isothermal
€ process, A:€ (Va, Pa, T0 ) to B: (Vb, Pb, T0 ) ,
⎛V ⎞
Pb = ⎜ a ⎟ Pa
€ ⎝ Vb ⎠
Since Va Vb < 1 and γ > 1,€we have €
Pb > Pc ,
i.e. the pressure difference needed for the adiabatic process is higher than that for
the isothermal process€for the same volume changes. This leads to
€ € Vb Pc Vb Pb
€ Tc = < = T0 ,
nR nR

€
 i.e. T0 > Tc and the temperature decreases when the volume increases
adiabatically. This is because there is no heat in the adiabatic process and the
work due to the expansion of the volume has to be taken out from the internal
energy. This results in the decrease of the temperature. This is related to the
€ formation of the cloud, for example.

6) For an n-mole of ideal gas, two isothermal lines, t and t′, at temperatures T1 and
T2 in Kelvin respectively, and two adiabatic lines, a and a′, are crossing at the
four points, A, B, C and D, in the volume (V) versus pressure (P) diagram, as
shown in the plot below. The heat in the process A→B is denoted by Qab and in
the process C→D Qcd . Show that the ratio, Qab Qcd , depends only € on T and T .
1 2
€

€
€ € € €

Volumes and pressures of the four crossing points, A, B, C and D are given by
Va , Vb , Vc , Vd and Pa , Pb , Pc , Pd , respectively. Along the isothermal line, t, we

€ € € € € € € €
 have PV = nRT1 and since A and B are on the line t, PaVa = nRT1 = PbVb . The
work in the process A→B is then given by
V V dV V
W ab = ∫ V b PdV = nRT1 ∫ V b = nRT1 ln b
a a V Va
€ €
Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔE int = Q − W , and knowing that there is
no change in the internal energy along the isothermal line, we have
V
€ Qab = W ab = nRT1 ln b .
€ Va
Similarly for the C→D process, we obtain
V
Qcd = W cd = nRT2 ln d .
€ Vc
γ
Along the adiabatic line, a, we have PV = constant , where γ = CP CV . With a
help of the ideal gas law, PV = nRT , this can be written as TV γ −1 = constant .
γ −1 γ −1
Since D and A are € on the line a, it follows that T1Va = T2Vd . Equally for B
and C on line a', we have T1€ Vbγ −1 = T2Vcγ −1 , thus Vb €
Va = Vc Vd . Finally, the ratio
of the two heats is€given by €
Qab T1 lnVb€Va T
= =− 1
€ Qcd T2 lnV€ d Vc T2
thus it depends only on the two temperatures.