CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ESSIP A JUNE 2023

PHYSICAL SCIENCES – P2
ESSIP A TRAINING 2023
TOPIC: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
DATE: 3 JUNE 2023

Diagnostic Analysis 2021
Diagnostic Report 2022
Content
Graphs
Rates & Concentration
Chemical equilibrium and factors affecting equilibrium
• Explain what is meant by:

• Open and closed systems:
Forward reaction
 An open system continuously interacts with its environment,
H2O(l) ⇌ H2O(g)
 while a closed system is isolated from its surroundings.
Reverse reaction
 A reversible reaction:
 A reaction is reversible when products can be converted back to reactants.
 Chemical equilibrium: It is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
 List the factors that influence the position of equilibrium, i.e., pressure (gases only),
concentration, and temperature. (CPT)
Chemical Equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the reverse reaction.
concentration
t1 t1
 In both figures 1 and 2, a chemical reaction has reached chemical equilibrium at t1.
 (Where the curves flatten out or become horizontal)
 After t1 the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction.
 After t1 the concentration of products and reactants remains constant.
 After t1, the reaction has reached a state of dynamic chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium
• Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the reverse reaction.
concentration
t1 t1
Avoid saying the following:
 Forward reaction is equal to the reverse reaction.
 Concentration of the forward reaction is equal to the concentration of the reverse
reaction.
 Change in concentration of reactants and products are the same.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE POSITION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM
• There are three factors that influence the position of an equilibrium
i. Temperature
ii. Concentration (Only applies to aqueous(aq) solutions and gases (g)
• Note: Concentrations of pure liquids and solids remain constant throughout the reaction
hence they do not affect the chemical equilibrium.
iii. Pressure (gases)

o Note that pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
Factors affecting Chemical Equilibrium
• Make sure you first know how to explain the factors affecting chemical
equilibrium position using Le Châtelier’s principle.
• Use the mnemonic CPT (Cape Town) to remember the factors that
affect the position of equilibrium. (CPT – Concentration, Pressure, and
Temperature)
Application of equilibrium principles
 State Le Châtelier's principle: When the equilibrium in a closed system
is disturbed, the system will re-instate a new equilibrium by favoring the
reaction that will oppose the disturbance.
 Use Le Châtelier's principle to explain changes in equilibria qualitatively.
 Interpret graphs of equilibrium, e.g., concentration/rate/number of

moles/mass/volume versus time.
CONCENTRATION
.
Increasing concentration of reactant/products
Favours the reaction that uses up the substance.
Adding a reactant: Favours the forward reaction

2. CONCENTRATION (AQUEOUS Adding a product: Favours the reverse reaction.
(aq)) AND GASES (g) )
Decreasing the concentration of reactant/products

Favours the reaction that increases the concentration of a
substance.
Removing reactant: the reverse reaction will be favoured.
Removing product: the forward reaction will be favoured.
Pressure
.
Increasing pressure/by decreasing volume
 It favours the least / lowest number of moles
3. Pressure (gases)
NOTE: PRESSURE OF GASES WILL

NOT AFFECT EQUILIBRIUM
If: no gas molecules
no. of moles of gas in reactants =
no. of moles of gas in products.
Decreasing pressure of reactant/products.
It favours the highest number of moles
Change in Pressure
• Pressure affects only gas molecules
NB: PV = nRT (RT is constant : P = n/V)
• How the change in pressure affects the chemical equilibrium
• Increase in pressure (decrease in volume) favors a greater number of moles
• Decrease in pressure (increase in volume) favors
Increasing Pressure
• Pressure affects only gases

• The ratio is 4 molecules of reactant gas to 2 molecules of product gas
 An increase in pressure will:
• Favor the least number of moles.
• The forward reaction is favored.
• the yield of NH3 will increase

Decreasing Pressure
• Pressure affects only gases

• The ratio is 4 molecules of reactant gas to 2 molecules of product gas
 Decrease in pressure will:
• Favor a greater number of moles.
• The reverse reaction is favored.
• the yield of NH3 will decrease

Temperature
.
Increase in Temperature
Favours endothermic reaction.
(INTEMENDO)
Hint: Reaction that decreases the
temperature of the system.
1. TEMPERATURE
Decrease in Temperature
 Favours exothermic reaction.
(DETEMEXO)
Hint: Reaction that increases the
temperature of the system.
Factors affecting chemical equilibrium (CPT)
Equilibrium constant
 List the factors that influence the value of the equilibrium constant,
Kc.
 Write down an expression for the equilibrium constant, having been
given the equation for the reaction.
 Perform calculations based on Kc values.
 Explain the significance of high and low values of the equilibrium
constant.
Kc expression
 Make sure that when writing the Kc expression, you must show the
concentration(s) of the products on the numerator and the concentration of the
reactants as the denominator.
• Remember the concentration in the Kc expression is raised to the power of the
coefficient.
• Concentration of Solid and Liquid is 1
 Always represent concentration using square brackets.
 You must know that the yield depends on the change in temperature only.
• Hence, the value of K.
.
Note: Reason:
Do not include Solids and pure The concentration of solids and pure
liquids substances in the Kc liquids remains constant throughout
expression. the reaction.
Always remember the following:
. 1. Kc = 1
The concentrations of the reactants are equal to the concentration of the products.
2. Kc > 1
 Higher concentration of the products formed than reactants.
 Forward Reaction is favoured.
 High yield
 The reaction is likely to be economically viable.
3. Kc < 1
 Higher concentration of the reactants formed than products.
 reverse reaction is favoured.
 Low yield
 Reaction is likely to be economically not viable.
Activity
Write the Kc expression of the following equations

chemical equations.
1.1 H2 (g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl (g)
1.2 N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)
1.3 2A(s) + B(l) ⇌ 2C(s) + D(aq)

KC CALCULATIONS
• Consider the hypothetical equation below
• A (g) + 2B (g) ⇌ C (g)
If 1 mol of A and 2 mol of B react in a 2 dm3 container. If

at equilibrium 0,75 mol of C has formed, calculate the
value of Kc.
Note to the Learner
• All definitions should be taken from Examination guidelines.
 Avoid omitting keywords from the definitions. (Open and Closed system, Reversible
reaction, Chemical Equilibrium, Homogenous, and Heterogenous as well as Le
Châtelier's principle)
 Make sure that you know the types of reactions like endothermic and exothermic
reactions.
 Work through the worked examples first so that you are more comfortable with questions
and answers.
 Work through the exercises given on your own before looking at the answers. When you
are done compare your answer to the memorandum.
Physical Sciences P2 November 2022: Question 6
Chemical Equilibrium Graphs
The chemical equation for this process is:
(a) What is happening at t1? How many chemical species change in concentration instantaneously?
(b) What is happening at t2? How many chemical species change in concentration instantaneously?
(c) What is happening at t3? Is the change in concentration instantaneous?
t1
(a) At t1, only [N2] increased instantaneously which suggests this is not a change in
pressure/volume as it would otherwise affect concentrations of all chemical species in the
reaction.
This is also not a change in temperature as changes in temperature do not change
concentrations of species instantaneously.
Therefore, the change at t1 is likely to be the addition of nitrogen gas.
t2
(b) At t2, concentrations of all chemical species of the reaction have increased
instantaneously. This suggests an increase in pressure on the system (or a decrease in the
volume of the vessel).
t3
(c) No chemical species changed their concentrations instantaneously at t3. This means the
change is associated with temperature. The concentrations of N2 and H2 gradually
increased, and that of NH3 decreased. This indicates that the temperature change favors
the reverse reaction. Since the reverse reaction is endothermic, the change must be an
increase in temperature.
Increasing Temperature
Increasing concentration
Increasing Pressure
Adding a catalyst
Activity 1
• 1. Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the following:
CO(g) + 2H2 (g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH< 0

The conditions necessary to maximize the equilibrium yield of
CH3OH are:
A low temperature and low pressure
B high temperature and low pressure
C low temperature and high pressure
D high temperature and high pressure (2)
Activity 2
Consider the following reaction taking place in a closed container:
The addition of a suitable catalyst would:

A speed up the reverse reaction only.
B decreases the rate of the reverse reaction.
C results in a higher yield of product.
D allows equilibrium to be reached in a shorter time period. (2)
Activity 3
Activity 4
Activity 5
Activity 6

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PHYSICAL SCIENCES – P2

ESSIP A TRAINING 2023

TOPIC: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

DATE: 3 JUNE 2023

• Explain what is meant by:

iii. Pressure (gases)

 Use Le Châtelier's principle to explain changes in equilibria qualitatively.

 Interpret graphs of equilibrium, e.g., concentration/rate/number of

Adding a reactant: Favours the forward reaction

Decreasing the concentration of reactant/products

NOTE: PRESSURE OF GASES WILL

• Pressure affects only gases

 An increase in pressure will:

• Favor the least number of moles.

• The forward reaction is favored.

• the yield of NH3 will increase

• Pressure affects only gases

 Decrease in pressure will:

• Favor a greater number of moles.

• The reverse reaction is favored.

• the yield of NH3 will decrease

Write the Kc expression of the following equations

1.1 H2 (g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl (g)

1.2 N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)

1.3 2A(s) + B(l) ⇌ 2C(s) + D(aq)

If 1 mol of A and 2 mol of B react in a 2 dm3 container. If

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH< 0

The addition of a suitable catalyst would:

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