State of Equilibrium

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 25

State of

Equilibrium
REVERSE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, THE EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT, PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF A REACTION, LE
CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
OBJECTIVES:

AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:


a. Describe the reversible reactions
b. Write expressions for the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant
c. Calculate the equilibrium constant and the pressure or concentration of reactants
and products of a system in equilibrium.
d. State the Le Chatelier’s Principle and apply it qualitatively to describe the
effects of changes in pressure, concentration, and temperature to a system in
equilibrium.
Chemical Kinetics – describes how fast or
slow a chemical reaction occurs.

Chemical Thermodynamics – tells


whether a reaction is spontaneous or not.

THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM | REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS


Two outcomes are possible:

The reaction will It will reach a


either go to state of
completion. equilibrium.

THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM | REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS


Example of a Reversible Reaction
The decomposition of colorless dinitrogen
tetroxide gas into the brown nitrogen
dioxide gas.

THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM | REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS


Rate law in Chemical Kinetics
The rate of reaction increases at
higher concentrations of the
reactants.

THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM | REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS


Law of mass Action
At equilibrium, no apparent change in the state
of the system is observed.
 Rates of the forward and reverse reactions
become equal.
The concentrations of the reactants and products
remain constant over time.

THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM | REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS


The Equilibrium
Constant
The concentrations of the reactants and
products remain constant at equilibrium.
Reversible Reaction with the general equation:

At Equilibrium Rate law


𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒇 =𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒓 𝒌 𝒇 [ 𝑨]𝒂 [ 𝑩]𝒃=𝒌 𝒓 [𝑪 ]𝒄 [𝑫 ]𝒅
Equilibrium constant (K)
HIGH K VALUE (>>1) LOW K VALUE (<<1)
 there are relatively more products Places the equilibrium for the left
than reactants at equilibrium.
Only a smaller portion of the
Forward reaction reactants are being converted to
products
For every portion of the products
that are being converted back to
reactants.
𝑁 2 𝑂 4 − 𝑁 𝑂2
Equilibrium constant is equal to
The equilibrium constant expression at
25

𝑲 =¿ ¿
The equilibrium constant (K)
 unitless value.
 Temperature- dependent.
 Reaction is constant for a given temperature, it allows for
the determination of the equilibrium concentrations of
reactants and products.
EXAMPLE
THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION OF IS 0.025 M AT 25

]=
HOMOGENOUS EQUILIBRIA

Involves reactants and products that are present in only one phase.
The equilibrium constant of gaseous system can be expressed in terms of the concentrations and
the partial pressures of the gases involved.
Two expressions for equilibrium constant instead of K.
 - partial pressures
 - molar concentrations
are related to this equation:

Where R is the universal constant (0.0821 L


T is absolute temperature (in K)
the difference between the number of moles
of gaseous products and gaseous reactants.
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Consists of reactants and products that exist in different phases.

Example : The decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and


carbon dioxide.

 Pure solid and liquid substances do not appear in the equilibrium constant
expression.
 Molar concentrations of these substances are always constant (having a value
equal to 1)
Predicting the
Direction of a reaction
Consider again the reversible reaction

At non equilibrium conditions (e.g., at the start of a


reaction), the instantaneous ratio of the
concentrations of the products and reactants gives the
reaction quotient (Q) expressed as
Q=
Q < K FAVORS THE FORWARD REACTION
Q > K FAVORS THE REVERSE REACTION
Q = K THE REACTION IS IN EQUILIBRIUM
A container initially contains gases with
concentrations of 0.82 M, 0.54 M, and 0.3 M,
respectively. The mixture was heated to 375C and
allowed to attain equilibrium. If is 1.2 at this
temperature, to which direction did the reaction
proceed (forward or reverse) to reach equilibrium?

𝑵 𝟐 ( 𝒈 )+𝟑 𝑯 𝟐 ( 𝒈 ) ⇌ 𝟐 𝑵𝑯 𝟑(𝒈)
Le Chateliers
Principle
Le Chateliers Principle
States that when stress is introduced to a system in
equilibrium, the system will adjust to relieve the stress
and regain equilibrium.

Stress – is relieved as the reaction shifts either to the


left ( reverse) or to the right (forward) of the reversible
reaction.
One Factor that can affect systems in
equilibrium
Is the change in the amount of either the
reactants or the products.
ACTION SHIFT IN EQUILIBRIUM

Adding more reactants Favors the forward reaction

Adding more products Favors the reverse reaction

Removing a reactant Favors the reverse reaction

Removing a product Favors the forward reaction

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy