Introduction to Electrical Circuits

Final Term
Lecture - 07

Faculty Name: S M Tanvir Hassan Shovon

Email ID: thshovon@aiub.edu

Reference Book:
[1] A Textbook of Electrical Technology , Volume- II, - B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja
[2] Principles of Electrical Machines -V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta

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 Electromagnetism and Fundamental Laws
Magnets
• A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
• This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet:
a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels
other magnets.
• A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its
own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold
notes on a refrigerator door.

Classification of Magnetic Materials:

Most materials are classified either as
• ferromagnetic,
• diamagnetic or
• paramagnetic.

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 Magnetic Field

The area around the magnetic field where the poles experience the
force of attraction and repulsion is known as magnetic field

Most magnets have magnetic fields and electromagnets create such fields from
electric current moving through coils.
The alternative name of magnetic field is magnetic flux density that is represented by
Magnetic Flux density, B = φ/A
The unit of magnetic flux density is Wb/m2 or T (Tesla).

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 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field
which passes through a given area.
Magnetic flux is commonly denoted by φ.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is Wb (Weber).
Magnetic Flux, φ = AB

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Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday's First Law
Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an EMF to be
induced in the coil. This EMF induced is called induced EMF and if the
conductor circuit is closed, a current will also circulate through the circuit and
this current is called induced current.

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 Faraday's Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal
to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux
linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil
and flux associated with the coil.
It can be represented mathematically by the following equation:

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 Lenz’s Law
Lenz's law states that when an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such, that it
produces a current that's magnetic field opposes change which produces it. The
negative sign used in Lenz's law, indicates that the induced emf (ε) and the
change in magnetic flux (dΦ) have opposite signs.

Its mathematical notation is given below.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_M83gNOOEg

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 DC Generator
An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or
power) intoelectrical energy(or power). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic
flux dynamically induced e.m.f is produced in it according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor
circuit is closed.

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 Basic Working Principle of a Single Loop DC Generator
 When a conductor is rotated in a magnetic field EMF is generated in that conductor
according to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
 When the conductor portion A-B is at position 1, it produces zero EMF because the rate
of change in flux is zero though the flux linkage is maximum. As it moves in the
clockwise direction, the rate of change in flux increases so does the EMF.
 When the conductor portion is at position 2, it produces maximum EMF because at that
position the flux linkage is minimum but the rate of change in flux is maximum.
 At position 3, the EMF is zero, at position 4 negative maximum and at position 5 zero
again.
 The wave shape of the generated EMF is given alongside the construction of the simple
loop generator.

Fig. 1: Construction and Basic Working Principle of a DC Generator

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 EMF Equation of DC Generator

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 Total Losses In a Generator

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 Loss and Efficiency Equations

Loss

Input

Efficiency

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 Power Stages of a DC Generator
The various power stages in a DC generator are represented diagrammatically in
Figure below.
A - B = Iron and friction losses
B - C = Copper losses

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 Applications of DC Generator

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 DC Motor
An electrical motor is a machine which converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
Working Principle of a DC Motor:
An electrical motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule.

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 When the field magnets are excited and its armature conductors are supplied
with the current, they experience a force tending to rotate the armature.
 Each conductor experiences a force which tends to rotate the armature in
one direction only.
 These forces collectively produces a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating.

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 Classification of DC Motor

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 Back EMF
 When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence cut the flux.
 In accordance with the laws of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced in them
whose direction, as found by Fleming’s Right-hand Rule, is in opposition to the
applied voltage.
 Because of its opposing direction, it is referred to as counter emf or back emf (Vb).

Significance of back EMF:

 The armature current will be established by the resultant voltage (algebraic sum of
applied voltage and back EMF) and armature resistance as follows

Back EMF depends on several factors.

 It is directly related to the armature speed. If speed is high, Vb is large, hence
armature current Ia, seen from the above equation, is small.
 If the speed is less, then Vb is less, hence more current flows which develops more
torque. So, it is observed that Vb acts like a governor i.e, it makes a motor self-
regulating so that it draws as much current as is just necessary.

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 Equations

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 Applications

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