1. Explain in detail about Effort Estimation Techniques.

Effort estimation techniques are used to predict the amount of work required to complete a software
project. Here are some common techniques:

• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Breaking down the project into smaller, more
manageable tasks.
• Three-Point Estimation: Using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates to
calculate an expected value.
• Function Point Analysis (FPA): Measuring software size based on its functional
characteristics.
• COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model): A parametric model that estimates software
development effort based on factors like project size, complexity, and development team
experience.
• Expert Judgment: Relying on the experience and expertise of experienced professionals.
• Analogous Estimating: Using historical data from similar projects to estimate effort.
• Parametric Estimating: Using statistical models to estimate effort based on project
parameters.
2. What is software technical engineering management?
Software technical engineering management involves overseeing the technical aspects of software
development, including architecture, design, coding, testing, and deployment. It focuses on ensuring
the quality, performance, and security of software products.
3. Conducting brainstorming sessions with the project team and arriving at consensus figures
for effort estimates. Recognize the Statement belongs to the technique (Answer : Wide band
Delphi technique)
This statement accurately describes the Wideband Delphi technique, which involves a structured
iterative process of expert judgment to reach a consensus estimate.
4. Explain in detail about major types of risks.

• Technical Risks: Related to the technical complexity of the project.

• Schedule Risks: Related to the project timeline and deadlines.
• Cost Risks: Related to the project budget and resource allocation.
• Organizational Risks: Related to the organizational structure, policies, and procedures.
• External Risks: Related to factors outside the project's control, such as economic conditions
or regulatory changes.
5. List out two types of software requirements.

• Functional Requirements: Describe the specific functions and behaviors that the software
must exhibit.
• Non-Functional Requirements: Specify constraints and quality attributes, such as
performance, security, usability, and reliability.
6. Can you give two importance of Risk Management for organizations’?

• Reduced Project Failure: Proactive risk management can help identify and mitigate
potential risks, reducing the likelihood of project failure.
• Improved Decision-Making: Risk analysis provides valuable information for making
informed decisions.
7. List out five basic parameters of software cost estimation model.

• Product attributes: Size, complexity, and risk.

• Project attributes: Platform, personnel, and tools.
• Process attributes: Development process and team experience.
• Platform attributes: Hardware, software, and network infrastructure.
• Personnel attributes: Skills, experience, and productivity.
8. If you are encountering changes in customer requirements, technical dependencies,
resource constraints, market competition, or regulatory compliance. What type of risks this
scenario belongs to?
This scenario primarily involves external risks and organizational risks. External factors like
market competition and regulatory compliance can impact the project, while internal factors like
resource constraints and changing requirements can also contribute to project risks.
9. If the Project to be completed with one year but it extended to two years. Illustrate the type
of risks suits this scenario.
This scenario primarily involves schedule risks. The project's timeline has exceeded the original
plan, indicating a failure to manage time effectively.
10. Explain the role of configuration management in maintaining software integrity.
Configuration management helps maintain software integrity by:

• Tracking changes to software components and versions.

• Ensuring consistency and reliability.
• Reducing the risk of errors and defects.
• Facilitating collaboration among team members.
• Managing releases and deployments effectively.
11. Briefly explain the steps involved in risk planning in project development.
1. Risk Identification: Identifying potential risks that could impact the project.
2. Risk Assessment: Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk.
3. Risk Response Planning: Developing strategies to mitigate, transfer, avoid, or accept risks.
4. Risk Monitoring and Control: Tracking identified risks, monitoring changes, and taking
corrective actions.
12. Explain how you will identify the major risks and identify the strategies for minimizing
each of those risks.
To identify major risks, you can use techniques like brainstorming, checklists, and risk assessment
tools. Once identified, you can develop mitigation strategies, such as:

• Risk Avoidance: Eliminating the risk altogether.

• Risk Reduction: Implementing measures to reduce the likelihood or impact of the risk.
• Risk Transfer: Shifting the risk to a third party, such as through insurance or outsourcing.
• Risk Acceptance: Accepting the risk and its potential consequences.
13. List out any four configuration management techniques.

• Version Control: Tracking changes to files and code.

• Change Management: A formal process for reviewing and approving changes.
• Baseline Management: Establishing baselines for software components at specific points in
time.
• Build Management: Automating the process of building software from source code.
14. Why is project monitoring required? Project monitoring is essential to track progress, identify
potential issues, and take corrective actions to ensure the project stays on track. It helps to:

• Identify deviations from the project plan.

• Assess the project's overall health.
• Make timely decisions to mitigate risks and optimize resources.
• Provide accurate and timely updates to stakeholders.
15. Define functional and non-functional requirements in software development.

• Functional Requirements: Describe the specific functions and behaviors that the software
must exhibit. They define what the software should do.
• Non-Functional Requirements: Specify constraints and quality attributes, such as
performance, security, usability, and reliability. They define how well the software should perform.
16. Explain in detail about categories of risks.
Risks can be categorized based on their source, impact, or other factors. Here are some common
categories:

• Technical Risks: Related to the technical complexity of the project, such as software bugs,
hardware failures, or compatibility issues.
• Schedule Risks: Related to the project timeline and deadlines, such as delays in tasks,
resource constraints, or unexpected events.
• Cost Risks: Related to the project budget and resource allocation, such as cost overruns,
inflation, or unexpected expenses.
• Organizational Risks: Related to the organizational structure, policies, and procedures,
such as changes in management, lack of support, or inadequate resources.
• External Risks: Related to factors outside the project's control, such as economic
conditions, natural disasters, political instability, or regulatory changes.
• Human Resource Risks: Related to the skills, experience, and availability of project team
members, such as turnover, lack of expertise, or poor communication.
17. “To track the project execution against the plan”. Which Project Process explains this
statement?
(Answer: Project Monitoring)
18. Explain in about Project Data Management in Project Closure.
Project data management during project closure involves organizing, archiving, and transferring
project documentation and data. This includes:

• Documenting Lessons Learned: Capturing insights and experiences gained during the
project.
• Archiving Project Records: Storing project documents, reports, and other relevant
information.
• Transferring Project Data: Sharing relevant data with other projects or departments.
• Purging Sensitive Information: Deleting or securely destroying confidential data.
19. Classify the applications for Project Closure.

• Formal Acceptance: Obtaining formal acceptance from the customer or sponsor.

• Release of Project Resources: Reassigning team members and releasing resources.
• Project Evaluation: Assessing the project's performance and identifying lessons learned.
• Archiving Project Documents: Storing project documentation for future reference.
• Closing Contracts: Finalizing contracts and resolving any outstanding issues.
20. Describe in detail about the Software Life cycle Management Process in different models.
Different software development models have different life cycle processes, but they typically
involve the following phases:

• Waterfall Model: Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and

Maintenance.
• Agile Model: Planning, Design, Development, Testing, and Deployment, with iterative and
incremental development.
• DevOps Model: Continuous Development, Integration, Testing, and Deployment.
21. Explain the phases of project life cycle.
The phases of a typical project life cycle are:

• Initiation: Defining the project scope, objectives, and goals.

• Planning: Developing a detailed project plan, including schedules, budgets, and resource
allocation.
• Execution: Carrying out the project tasks and activities.
• Monitoring and Control: Tracking project progress, identifying issues, and taking
corrective actions.
• Closure: Finalizing the project, evaluating performance, and archiving project
documentation.
22. Briefly explain the Concept Work Product.
Work products are the tangible outputs of software development activities. They include documents,
code, test cases, and other artifacts.
23. What is Unit testing?
Unit testing involves testing individual software components or modules to ensure they function
correctly.
24. What are the types of software product release?

• Major Release: A significant release with new features and functionalities.

• Minor Release: A smaller release with bug fixes and minor enhancements.
• Patch Release: A quick fix for a specific problem.
• Service Pack: A collection of patches and minor updates.
25. Explain about Requirement Life – Cycle Management in detail.
Requirement Life Cycle Management involves the following steps:

• Requirement Elicitation: Gathering requirements from stakeholders.

• Requirement Analysis: Analyzing requirements to ensure they are clear, consistent, and
feasible.
• Requirement Specification: Documenting requirements in a clear and concise manner.
• Requirement Validation: Verifying that requirements are correct and complete.
• Requirement Verification: Ensuring that requirements are testable and traceable.
26. Differentiate Top Down and Bottom up Approach.

• Top-Down Design: Starts with the overall system and breaks it down into smaller
subsystems.
• Bottom-Up Design: Starts with the smallest components and builds them into larger
subsystems.
27. Discuss in detail about Software Design characteristics.

• Modularity: Breaking down the software into smaller, independent modules.

• Coupling: Minimizing the dependencies between modules.
• Cohesion: Maximizing the focus of each module on a specific task.
• Efficiency: Designing software to use resources efficiently.
• Maintainability: Designing software that is easy to understand, modify, and test.
• Reusability: Designing software components that can be reused in other projects.
28. Explain about Coding Methods of Software Construction.

• Procedural Programming: Breaking down a program into procedures or functions.

• Object-Oriented Programming: Organizing code into objects with properties and
methods.
• Functional Programming: Treating computation as the evaluation of mathematical
functions.
29. Write short notes on Coding methods.
(Refer to question 28)
30. Briefly explain the Concept Software Testing.
Software testing is the process of evaluating software to identify defects and ensure it meets quality
standards. It involves various techniques, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing,
and acceptance testing.
31. Discuss in detail about Maintenance types in Product Release.
Software maintenance involves modifying existing software to correct errors, improve performance,
or add new features. There are four primary types of software maintenance:

• Corrective Maintenance: Fixing errors and bugs in the software.

• Adaptive Maintenance: Modifying the software to adapt to changes in the environment or
requirements.
• Perfective Maintenance: Improving the software's performance or functionality.
• Preventive Maintenance: Modifying the software to prevent future problems.
32. Explain in detail about Organization structure and policies of Team Management.
Team management involves organizing, leading, and motivating teams to achieve project
objectives. Effective team management requires:

• Clear Roles and Responsibilities: Defining the roles and responsibilities of each team
member.
• Effective Communication: Establishing clear communication channels and encouraging
open communication.
• Conflict Resolution: Addressing and resolving conflicts in a constructive manner.
• Team Building: Fostering teamwork and collaboration.
• Performance Management: Setting performance expectations, providing feedback, and
recognizing achievements.
33. Summarize the concept Team Management.
Team management involves leading and coordinating a team to achieve specific goals. It includes
activities such as planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling the team's work.
34. Write short notes on Negotiation Management, Rapport Building Management, Reporting
Management and Bottom Line in Customer Management.
• Negotiation Management: The process of resolving conflicts and reaching agreements.
• Rapport Building Management: Establishing positive relationships with customers.
• Reporting Management: Providing regular updates and reports to customers.
• Bottom Line in Customer Management: Prioritizing customer satisfaction and meeting
their needs.
35. Differentiate RFP (Request for Proposal) and RFI (Request for information).

• RFP (Request for Proposal): A formal document soliciting proposals from vendors to
provide specific goods or services.
• RFI (Request for Information): A formal document requesting information from vendors
to gather information and assess their capabilities.
36. Explain in detail about Software Testing Management Tools.
Software testing management tools help in planning, executing, and tracking software testing
activities. Some popular tools include:

• TestRail: A test case management tool for organizing, managing, and executing test cases.
• JUnit: A testing framework for Java.
• Selenium: A tool for automating web browser testing.
• JMeter: A performance testing tool.
• Bugzilla: A bug tracking tool.
37. Classify the responsibilities of project monitoring and control?

• Tracking Project Progress: Monitoring the progress of tasks and milestones.

• Identifying and Managing Risks: Identifying potential risks and developing mitigation
strategies.
• Controlling Costs: Monitoring project costs and taking corrective actions to stay within
budget.
• Managing Changes: Evaluating and approving changes to the project scope, schedule, or
budget.
• Reporting Progress: Providing regular updates to stakeholders.
38. Discuss in detail about Software Life-cycle Template Guidelines.
Software life-cycle templates provide a structured approach to software development, including:

• Project Planning Templates: Templates for creating project plans, work breakdown
structures, and Gantt charts.
• Requirement Gathering Templates: Templates for eliciting, analyzing, and documenting
requirements.
• Design Templates: Templates for designing software architecture, system design, and
detailed design.
• Coding Standards and Guidelines: Templates for coding standards, naming conventions,
and commenting practices.
• Testing Templates: Templates for test plans, test cases, and test reports.
39. Explain in detail about Project Management Template Guidelines.
Project management templates provide a structured approach to project management, including:

• Project Charter Template: A template for creating a formal document authorizing the
project.
• Project Plan Template: A template for creating a detailed project plan, including schedules,
budgets, and resource allocation.
• Status Report Template: A template for creating regular project status reports.
• Risk Management Template: A template for identifying, assessing, and mitigating project
risks.
• Issue Tracking Template: A template for tracking and resolving project issues.
40. Examine the Statement “When a test case passes, this means that the application is
working fine and vice versa”. Discuss in detail (Answer: Defect Tracking pg.311)
This statement is not entirely accurate. A passing test case indicates that the specific functionality
tested is working as expected, but it does not guarantee that the entire application is free of defects.
Other testing techniques, such as integration testing and system testing, are necessary to identify
defects that may not be apparent in unit tests.
41. How to calculate cost and effort for a Software Project during software development.
Various techniques can be used to estimate cost and effort, including:

• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Breaking down the project into smaller tasks and
estimating the effort and cost for each task.
• Three-Point Estimation: Using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates to
calculate an expected value.
• Function Point Analysis (FPA): Measuring software size based on its functional
characteristics.
• COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model): A parametric model that estimates software
development effort and cost based on factors like project size, complexity, and development team
experience.
42. Why is continuous monitoring important in the software testing process?
Continuous monitoring is essential to identify and address issues early in the development process.
It helps to:

• Improve Software Quality: By identifying and fixing defects early on.

• Reduce Costs: By preventing costly defects from reaching production.
• Enhance Customer Satisfaction: By delivering high-quality software that meets customer
needs.
43. Identify major security flaws and their criticality of Configuration Management.

• Weak Password Policies: Lack of strong password requirements can lead to unauthorized
access. (High Criticality)
• Missing Security Patches: Outdated software with vulnerabilities can be exploited. (High
Criticality)
• Insecure Network Configurations: Misconfigured network settings can expose systems to
attacks. (High Criticality)
• Lack of Access Controls: Insufficient access controls can allow unauthorized users to
access sensitive information. (Medium Criticality)
44. Examine the Statement “One major area where the project team needs to do a lot of
rework is the requirement change request that the customer places with the project team”.
Discuss in detail.
Requirement changes can significantly impact project timelines and budgets. To minimize the
impact of requirement changes, it is essential to:

• Establish a Clear Change Management Process: Define a formal process for evaluating
and approving change requests.
• Communicate Effectively with Customers: Maintain open and honest communication
with customers to manage expectations.
• Use Effective Requirements Gathering Techniques: Ensure that requirements are well-
defined and documented.
• Prioritize Change Requests: Prioritize change requests based on their impact on the
project.
• Control Scope Creep: Monitor and control changes to the project scope to avoid scope
creep.
45. Examine the Statement “These standards have been helping software services and
products companies to develop, maintain, and operate software systems in an economical
manner”. (Answer: CMMI Standards pg. 230)
CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a framework that provides organizations with
the essential elements of effective processes. By following CMMI guidelines, organizations can
improve their software development and maintenance processes, leading to higher quality products,
increased productivity, and reduced costs.
46. Examine the Statement “When it comes to software maintenance, some process models
have been defined”. (Answer: Maintenance Process pg. 206)
Maintenance Process involves a series of activities to modify existing software to correct errors,
improve performance, or add new features. While there's no specific standardized model, common
processes include:
1. Problem Identification: Identifying the need for maintenance.
2. Analysis: Analyzing the problem and determining the necessary changes.
3. Design: Designing the modifications to the software.
4. Implementation: Implementing the modifications.
5. Testing: Testing the modified software to ensure it functions correctly.
6. Deployment: Deploying the modified software to the production environment.
47. Explain all deliverables been completed, validated, and signed off by the client.
This indicates that all the project outputs, such as software, documentation, and reports, have been
delivered to the client and formally accepted. It signifies the completion of the project and the
satisfaction of the client with the deliverables.
48. Examine the Statement “ABC Project has time to be rechecked with the components
implemented and executed. Also to be tested with the time scheduled for each process.
(Answer: Test Project Monitoring and control pg. 193)
This statement refers to the monitoring and control phase of project management. During this
phase, the project team tracks progress, identifies potential issues, and takes corrective actions. In
this specific scenario, the project team is monitoring the implementation and testing phases to
ensure they are on schedule and meeting quality standards.
49. Explain in detail about supplier Management.
Supplier management involves the process of identifying, selecting, and managing suppliers to
ensure they deliver goods or services that meet the organization's needs. Key aspects of supplier
management include:

• Supplier Selection: Identifying and evaluating potential suppliers based on factors like
quality, cost, and reliability.
• Contract Negotiation: Negotiating contracts with suppliers to outline terms and conditions.
• Performance Monitoring: Tracking supplier performance and addressing any issues.
• Supplier Relationship Management: Building strong relationships with suppliers.
50. How does effective life-cycle management contribute to project success?
Effective life-cycle management can contribute to project success by:

• Improving Quality: By following structured processes and adhering to quality standards.

• Reducing Costs: By identifying and mitigating risks early on.
• Increasing Efficiency: By optimizing resource utilization and streamlining workflows.
• Enhancing Customer Satisfaction: By delivering high-quality products and services on
time.
• Facilitating Change Management: By adapting to changing requirements and
technologies.
51. List any four techniques used in software cost estimation.
1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Breaking down the project into smaller tasks and
estimating the cost of each task.
2. Three-Point Estimation: Using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates to
calculate an expected value.
3. Function Point Analysis (FPA): Measuring software size based on its functional
characteristics.
4. COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model): A parametric model that estimates software
development effort and cost based on factors like project size, complexity, and development team
experience.
52. What are the steps in software risk management?
1. Risk Identification: Identifying potential risks that could impact the project.
2. Risk Assessment: Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk.
3. Risk Response Planning: Developing strategies to mitigate, transfer, avoid, or accept risks.
4. Risk Monitoring and Control: Tracking identified risks, monitoring changes, and taking
corrective actions.
53. Summarize why software maintenance required? Give any five reasons?
Software maintenance is required to:
1. Correct Errors: Fixing bugs and defects.
2. Improve Performance: Optimizing the software's speed and efficiency.
3. Enhance Functionality: Adding new features and capabilities.
4. Adapt to Changes: Modifying the software to accommodate changes in the environment or
requirements.
5. Prevent Future Problems: Implementing preventive measures to avoid issues.
54. Explain the life cycle of software maintenance with a diagram.
The life cycle of software maintenance typically involves the following phases:
1. Problem Identification: Identifying the need for maintenance.
2. Analysis: Analyzing the problem and determining the necessary changes.
3. Design: Designing the modifications to the software.
4. Implementation: Implementing the modifications.
5. Testing: Testing the modified software to ensure it functions correctly.
6. Deployment: Deploying the modified software to the production environment.
55. List out the software design techniques.

• Structured Design: Breaking down the software into modules and control flow.
• Object-Oriented Design (OOD): Designing software using objects, classes, and
inheritance.
• Component-Based Design: Designing software using pre-built components.
56. What are the product release management process in production support?

• Release Planning: Planning the release schedule and coordinating with stakeholders.
• Build and Deployment: Building and deploying the software to the production
environment.
• Testing and Validation: Testing the deployed software to ensure it functions correctly.
• Post-Release Monitoring: Monitoring the software's performance and addressing any
issues.
57. Explain the difference between a walkthrough and an inspection in software construction.

• Walkthrough: A less formal review process where the author presents the design or code to
a group of peers for feedback.
• Inspection: A more formal review process that involves a team of reviewers carefully
examining the design or code for defects.