Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

In this chapter, we will study the effects of electric current
1. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)

Oersted showed that electricity and magnetism are related to each other. His research later used in radio, television etc.
The unit of magnetic field strength is name Oersted in his honour.
2. Oersted Experiment
On passing the current through the copper wire XY in the circuit, the compass needle which is placed near the conductor gets
deflected. If we reverse the direction of current, the compass needle deflect in reverse direction. If we stop the flow of current, the
needle comes at rest. Hence, it conclude that electricity and magnetism are linked to each other. It shows that whenever the
current will flow through the conductor, then magnetic field around. it will developer
3. Magnetic Field – It is the region surrounding a magnet, in which force of magnet can be detected. It is a vector quantity,
having both direction & magnitude.
4. Compass needle – It is a small bar magnet, whose north end is pointing towards north pole and south end is pointing towards
south pole of earth.
5. Magnetic field lines – When a bar magnet is placed on a card board and iron
fillings are sprinkled, they will arrange themselves in a pattern as shown below.
The lines along which the iron filling align themselves represent magnetic field lines.
6. Characteristics of Magnetic field lines :
(1) The direction of magnetic field lines outside the magnet is always from north pole to south pole of bar magnet and are
indicated by an arrow. Inside the magnetic, the direction of field lines is from its south pole to north pole Thus magnetic field lines
are closed curve.
(2) The strength of magnetic field is expressed by the closeness of magnetic field lines. Closer the lines, more will be the strength
and farther the lines, less will be the magnetic field strength.
(3) No two field lines will intersect each other. If they intersects, then at point of intersection the compass needle will show two
direction of magnetic field which is not possible.
7. Magnetic field due to Current Carrying Conductor :
The above electric circuit in which a copper is placed paralled to a compass needle, shows the deflection in needle gets reversed,
when the direction of current reversed. Hence electricity and magnetism are related to each other.
8. Right Hand Thumb Rule :–

It is a convenient way of finding the direction of magnetic field associated with current carrying conductor. Hold the straight were
carrying current in your right hand such that thumb points towards the direction of current, then your folded fingers around the
conductor will show the direction of magnetic field.
This rule is also called Maxwell’s corkscrew rule.
9. Magnetic Field due to Current through a Straight Conductor
10. Magnetic Field due to Current through a circular Loop

Every point on the wire carrying current give rise to the magnetic field, appearing as a straight line at the centre of loop. By
applying Right hand Thumb rule, we can find the direction of magnetic field at every section of the wire.
11. Solenoid– A Coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped
closely in the shape of a cylinder is called solenoid.
12. Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid–

– Using R.H. Thumb Rule, we can draw the pattern of magnetic field live around a current carrying solenoid.
– One end of the solenoid behaves as a magnetic north pole, white the other end behave as the South Pole.
– The field lines inside the solenoid are in form of parallel straight lines, that implies that magnetic field inside the
solenoid is same at all points i.e. Field is uniform.
13. Electromagnet– Strong magnetic field inside the solenoid can be used to
magnetise a magnetic material for example soft iron, when it is placed inside
the coil. The magnet so formed is called electromagnet.
14. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

Current Carrying
Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) suggested that the magnet also exert an Aluminium rod should
equal and opposite force on the current carrying conductor. lie between the two
poles of magnet
We will observe that the rod will displace i.e. the rod will experience a force,
when it is placed in magnetic field, in a perpendicular direction to its length.
– The direction of the exert force will be reversed if the direction of current
through the conductor is reversed.
– If we change the direction of field by interchanging the two poles of the
magnet, again the direction of exert force will change.
– Therefore the direction of exerted force depends on
(1) direction of current.
(2) direction of magnetic field lines.
15. Left Hand Fleming Rule

16. Michael Faraday– Gave the law of Electromagnetic Induction
17. Galvanometer®It is an instrument that can detect the presence of a current in a circuit. If pointer is at zero (the centre of
scale) the there will be no flow of current. If the pointer deflect on either side right or left, this will show the direction of current.
Represented by
18. ElectroMagnetic Induction – Can be explained by two experiments
(a) FIRST EXPERIMENT–“SELF INDUCTION”

In this experiment, when the north pole of bar magnet is brought closes to the coil or away from the coil, we see momentary
deflection in the needle of galvanometer on either side of null point. First right and then left.
Similarly, if we keep the magnet stationary and coil is made to move towards or away from the north pole of magnet. Again we will
observe deflection in the needle of galvanometer.
If both bar magnet and coil kept stationary, there will be no deflection in galvanometer.
This experiment can also be done with the south pole of magnet, we will observe the deflection in galvanometer, but it would be in
opposite direction to the previous case.
=> It concludes that motion of magnet with respect to coil or vice-versa, changes the magnetic field. Due to this change in
magnetic field lines, potential difference is induced in the same coil, which set up an induced current in the circuit.
(b) SECOND EXPERIMENT– MUTUAL INDUCTION

In this experiment plug in the key that is connect coil with battery and observe the deflection in galvanometer. Now plug out the
key that is disconnect the coil-1 from battery and observe the deflection in galvanometer, which will be in reverse direction.
Hence, we conclude that potential difference is induced in secondary coil (coil-2), whenever there is a change in current, in
primary coil (coil-1) (by on and off of key).
This is because, whenever there is change in current in primary coil
Magnetic field associated with it also changes
Now, magnetic field lines around the secondary coil (coil-2) will change and induces the electric current in it (observed by the
deflection of needle of Galvanometer in secondary circuit)
This process, by which changing of strength of current in primary coil, induces a current in secondary coil is called
Electromagnetic Induction” The induced current is found to be highest when the direction of motion of coil is at right angles to the
magnetic field.
19. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Rule can be defined at– Stretch thumb , forefinger and middle finger of right hand, so that they are perpendicular to each other.
The forefinger indicates direction of magnetic field, thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the middle finger will
shows the direction of induced current. Electrical generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electrical generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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In this chapter, we will study the effects of electric current

1. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)

7. Magnetic field due to Current Carrying Conductor :

8. Right Hand Thumb Rule :–

10. Magnetic Field due to Current through a circular Loop

12. Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid–

14. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

15. Left Hand Fleming Rule

(a) FIRST EXPERIMENT–“SELF INDUCTION”

(b) SECOND EXPERIMENT– MUTUAL INDUCTION

Magnetic field associated with it also changes

19. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

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