Academic Year: 2022-2023

III Matrix Algebra- I

Classwork Examples
3.1 Definition of Matrix, types of matrices and their properties
3.2 Determinant and their properties

Determinant:

1 1 −2
Find the determinant of ( ). C.W.
3 0
Answer: 𝟔.

2 1 −2 3
Find the determinant of (1 −1 2). C.W.
2 1 3
Answer: 𝟐.

3 2 0 0 3
4 −3 1 2
Find the determinant of ( ). C.W.
3 1 2 1
0 −4 0 7
Answer: −𝟏𝟑𝟒.

4 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 1 1
Prove that the 𝑑𝑒𝑡 (𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 ) = −𝑑𝑒𝑡 (𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 ). C.W.
𝑐2 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

5 2 0 −1 3
0 −3 0 2
Find the determinant of ( ). H.W.
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0
Answer: 𝟎.

6 9 9 12
Find the determinant of (1 3 −4). H.W.
1 9 12
Answer: 𝟓𝟕𝟔.

1
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

3.3 Rank and nullity of a matrix

3.4 Determination of rank

Rank using minors:

1 2 3 4
Find the rank of ( ) using minors. C.W.
3 5 7
Answer: 𝟐.

2 1 3 −4
Find the rank of (−1 −3 4 ) using minors. C.W.
2 6 −8
Answer: 𝟏.

3 1 1 𝑎
Find the rank of (1 𝑎 1) using minors. C.W.
𝑎 1 1
Answer:
If 𝒂 ≠ −𝟐 and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 then rank is 𝟑.
If 𝒂 = 𝟏 then rank is 𝟏.
If 𝒂 = −𝟐 then rank is 𝟐.

4 2 1 5 −1
Find the rank of (−1 2 5 3 ) using minors. C.W.
3 2 9 −1
Answer: 𝟐.

5 2 0 0 3
0 −3 0 2
Find the rank of ( ) using minors. H.W.
0 2 7 0
0 0 0 0
Answer: 𝟑.

6 1 −1 2
Find the rank of ( 2 2 −4 ) using minors. H.W.
−5 5 −10
3 −3 6
Answer: 𝟏.

2
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

Row-echelon/ Reduced row-echelon form:

1 1 −1 2 3 −2
Reduce the matrix (0 1 −1 −6 6) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form
0 −2 2 4 −4
and hence determine the rank. C.W.
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Answer: (𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟔 𝟔), (𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎), rank is 𝟑.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏

2 1 3 5
Reduce the matrix ( 2 −1 4) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form and hence
−2 8 2
determine the rank. H.W.

𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏𝟕/𝟕
Answer: (𝟎 𝟏 𝟔/𝟕), (𝟎 𝟏 𝟔/𝟕 ), rank is 𝟐.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

3 1 2 3 4
Reduce the matrix (2 1 4 5 ) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form and
1 5 5 7
8 1 14 17
hence determine the rank. C.W.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟓/𝟑 𝟐
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 −𝟏
Answer: ( ), (𝟎 𝟏 ), rank is 𝟐.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

4 3 1 7
Reduce the matrix (1 2 4) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form and hence
4 −1 7
4 −1 5
determine the rank. C.W.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Answer: (𝟎 𝟏 𝟏), (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎), rank is 𝟑.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

5 3 0 2 2
Reduce the matrix (−6 42 24 54 ) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form
21 −21 0 −15
and hence determine the rank. H.W.

3
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

𝟏 𝟎 𝟐/𝟑 𝟐/𝟑
Answer: (𝟎 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟐𝟗/𝟏𝟒), rank is 𝟐.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

6 1 1 2
Reduce the matrix (1 2 2) to row-echelon/reduced row-echelon form and hence
2 2 3
determine the rank. H.W.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Answer: (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎), (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎), rank is 𝟑.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

3.5 Solution of a system of linear equations by Gauss elimination and Gauss Jordan Methods.

System of linear equations:

1 Solve the system:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4,
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2,
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. H.W.
Answer: (𝟏, 𝟏, −𝟏).

2 Solve the system:

2𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3,
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3
by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. C.W.
Answer: The system is inconsistent.

3 Solve the system:

4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 9𝑧 + 6𝑤 = 0,
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 6𝑤 = 6,
4𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 39𝑧 − 6𝑤 = −24
by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. C.W.

4
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

𝟏
Answer: {(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 , 𝟑 (𝟒 − 𝟐𝒌𝟏 − 𝟓𝒌𝟐 ) , 𝒌𝟏 )| 𝒌𝟏 , 𝒌𝟐 ∈ ℝ}.

4 Solve the system:

3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0,
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0
by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method. C.W.
Answer: {(−𝒌, 𝒌, 𝒌)| 𝒌 ∈ ℝ}.

5 Consider the system of linear equations:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6,
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇.
Find the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 so that the system
(a) has unique solution (b) has infinite number of solutions (c) is inconsistent. C.W.
Answer:
(a) If 𝝀 ≠ 𝟑 and 𝝁 ∈ ℝ, then it has unique solution.
(b) If 𝝀 = 𝟑 and 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟎, then it has infinitely many solutions.
(c) If 𝝀 = 𝟑 and 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟎, then it is inconsistent.

6 Investigate for what values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the equations

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8; 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13; 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇 have (𝑖) a unique solution,
(𝑖𝑖) infinite solutions, and (𝑖𝑖𝑖) no solution. H.W.
Answer:
(i) If 𝝀 ≠ 𝟑 and 𝝁 ∈ ℝ, then it has unique solution.
(ii) If 𝝀 = 𝟑 and 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟏, then it has infinite solutions.
(iii)If 𝝀 = 𝟑 and 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟏, then it has no solution.

7 Find the value of 𝑘 so that the equations

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
have a non-trivial solution. C.W.
Answer: 𝒌 = 𝟖

8 Solve the system:

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1

5
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 + 14𝑦 − 12𝑧 = 5
by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. H.W.
Answer: (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏)

9 By applying Kirchhoff’s law to a circuit we obtain the following equations:

7𝑖1 + 9𝑖2 = 3
5𝑖1 + 7𝑖2 = 1
where 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 represents currents. Find the values of 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 by Gauss
elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. H.W.
Answer: (𝟑, −𝟐)

10 A pulley system gives the following equations

𝑥̈ 1 + 𝑥̈ 2 = 0
2𝑥̈ 1 = 20 − 𝑇
5𝑥̈ 2 = 50 − 𝑇
where 𝑥̈ 1 , 𝑥̈ 2 represent acceleration and 𝑇 represents tension in the rope. Determine
𝑥̈ 1 , 𝑥̈ 2 and 𝑇 by Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method, if it is consistent. C.W.
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Answer: (− , , )
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

11 The prices of three commodities 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ₹ 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 per units respectively. A
person 𝑃 purchases 4 units of 𝐵 and sells 2 units of 𝐴 and 5 units of 𝐶. Person 𝑄
purchases 2 units of 𝐶 and sells 3 units of 𝐴 and 1 unit of 𝐵. Person 𝑅 purchases 1 unit
of 𝐴 and sells 3 unit of 𝐵 and one unit of 𝐶. In the process, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 earn
₹ 15,000, ₹ 1,000 and ₹ 4,000 respectively. Find the prices per unit of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶. (Use
Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method to solve the problem.) C.W.
Answer: (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎)

12 The upward speed 𝑣(𝑡) of a rocket at time 𝑡 is approximated by

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 100 where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are constants.
It has been found that the speed at times 𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6, and 𝑡 = 9 seconds are 64, 133,
and 208 miles per second respectively. Find the speed at time 𝑡 = 15 seconds. (Use
Gauss elimination/Gauss-Jordan method) H.W.

6
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

Answer: 𝒗(𝟏𝟓) = 𝟑𝟕𝟔.