Sanjeev Bhat

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(An Autonomous Institution)

Avalahalli, Doddaballapura Main Road, Bengaluru – 560064
CCA PROJECT ON ELECTRONICS
2024-2025/ ODD SEM
NAME : SANJEEV BHAT

SECTION : CSE-3
SEMESTER : I
USN : 24UG1BYCS709-T
ROLL NO. : 57
Submitted to: Dr. RASHMI N
Sign of faculty:
Marks obtained:
Study of Differentiator and Integrator using
Operational Amplifier
Aim of the experiment:

• Explain Differentiator using OPAMP
• Explain Integrator using OPAMP
Theory:
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear electronic device having three terminals, two
high impedance input and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to
different feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive or both. Generally, it is used as voltage amplifier
and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the difference between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier, its open loop gain and input impedance is
infinite (i.e., practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero (i.e., practically very low) and
bandwidth is infinite (i.e., practically limited to frequency where its gain become unity).
The Integrator
It is a circuit designed with Op-Amp in such a way that it performs the mathematical Integration operation,
its output is proportional to the amplitude and time duration of the input applied. The integrator circuit
layout is same as an inverting amplifier but the feedback resistor is replaced by a capacitor which make the
circuit frequency dependent. In this case the circuit is derived by the time duration of input applied which
results in the charging and discharging of the capacitor. Initially when the voltage is applied to integrator the
uncharged capacitor allows maximum current to pass through it and no current flows through the Op-Amp
due to the presence of virtual ground, the capacitor starts to charge at the rate of RC time constant and its
impedance starts to increase with time and a potential difference is develops across the capacitor resulting
in charging current to decrease. This results in the ratio of capacitor's impedance and input resistance
increasing causing a linearly increasing ramp output voltage that continues to increase until the capacitor
becomes fully charged.
where (-) sing indicates 180-degree phase shift.
The Differentiator
In the differentiator circuit the input is connected to the inverting output of the Op-Amp through a
capacitor(C) and negative feedback is provided to the inverting input terminal through a resistor (Rf), which
is same as an integrator circuit with feedback capacitor and input resistor being replaced with each other.
Here the circuit performs a mathematical differentiation operation, and the output is the first derivative of
the input signal, 180' out of phase and amplified with a factor Rf*C. The capacitor on the input allows only
the AC component and restrict the DC, at low frequency the reactance of capacitor is very high causing a low
gain and high frequency vice versa but and high frequency the circuit becomes unstable.
Procedure:
Integrator using OpAmp

1. Connect the components as mentioned below: L1-L7 or L1-L3, L3-L7, L4-L5, L11-L8, L12-L6, L8-L9, L4-
L10 (For e.g. click on 1 and then drag to 3 and so on.)
2. Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
3. If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
4. Set the resistance(R) and the capacitance (C) (Initially set R=10 kΩ and C=0.1 µF).
5. Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
6. Click on 'Square Wave' button to generate input waveform.
7. Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the output waveform.
8. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
9. Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
10. Channel 1 shows the input square waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
11. Repeat the experiment by applying 'Sine wave' as input.
12. Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform.
16. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
17. Note: Sometimes due to page load or cache, the graph may not come exact at one click. So, it is better
to double click on the channel-1 function/ channel-2 function/ dual function/ ground function to get
the respective signals.
Differentiator using OpAmp
1. Connect the components as mentioned below: L1-L7 or L1-L3, L3-L7, L4-L5, L11-L8, L12-L6, L8-L9, L4-
L10 (For e.g. click on 1 and then drag to 3 and so on.)
2. Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
3. If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
4. Set the resistance(R) and the capacitance (C) (Initially set R=1 kΩ and C=0.1 µF).
5. Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
6. Click on 'Square Wave' button to generate input waveform.
10. Channel 1 shows the input square waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
11. Repeat the experiment by applying 'Sine wave' as input.
12. Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform.
16. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output waveform.
17. Note: Sometimes due to page load or cache, the graph may not come exact at one click. So it is better
to double click on the channel-1 function/ channel-2 function/ dual function/ ground function to get
the respective signals.
Simulation:
Inference:
From the experiments performed on the Integrator and Differentiator circuits using operational amplifiers,
the following inferences can be drawn:
Integrator Circuit:
o Converts a square wave input into a triangular wave output and a sine wave input into a
cosine wave output, demonstrating its ability to perform mathematical integration on the
input signal.
o The circuit behaviour is heavily influenced by the RC time constant, which determines the
rate of capacitor charging and the output waveform's slope.
o The frequency dependence of the circuit highlights the importance of component selection
for desired signal processing applications.
Differentiator Circuit:
o Converts a square wave input into sharp pulses and a sine wave input into a cosine wave
output, effectively performing mathematical differentiation.
o The circuit functions as a high-pass filter, amplifying high-frequency signals and attenuating
low-frequency components.
o Stability issues at high frequencies underscore the importance of circuit tuning and feedback
for practical applications.
General Observations:
o Both circuits demonstrate the fundamental principles of op-amp-based analog signal
processing, with practical applications in waveform shaping, signal conditioning, and
filtering.
o The experiments validate the theoretical concepts of integration and differentiation,
showcasing how op-amp configurations can manipulate input signals for desired
transformations.
o Proper tuning of resistance and capacitance values is critical for achieving accurate and
stable circuit performance.

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Sanjeev Bhat

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BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

(An Autonomous Institution)

CCA PROJECT ON ELECTRONICS

2024-2025/ ODD SEM

NAME : SANJEEV BHAT

Submitted to: Dr. RASHMI N

Aim of the experiment:

Integrator using OpAmp

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