4 LINKERS AND CONNECTORS

LINKERS AND CONNECTORS (1) Grammar 2nd Bachiller
Los conectores (connectors) son aquellos términos que usamos para señalar las relaciones entre ideas. Así
pues, los conectores, también llamados en Inglés linking words (nexos), pueden expresar contraste u oposición
de ideas, razón, causa y finalidad. Asimismo, se usan para introducir ejemplos y añadir información adicional,
o también para mostrar una sucesión de hechos y las consecuencias de los mismos.
1. EXPRESIÓN DE LA RAZÓN Y LA CAUSA.-
Expresan la razón o la causa de algo.

because (porque)
as (puesto que) + oración con verbo en formal personal
since (ya que)
Ex: As/ Since it’s late, we should all go home.
NOTA: Si la oración subordinada va al principio, debe ir separada por coma de la oración principal.
Because of (a causa de)
Owing to (debido a) + sustantivo o pronombre
Due to (debido a)
Ex: Because of / Owing to / Due to the weather, we stayed at home.
2. EXPRESIÓN DE LA FINALIDAD.-
Expresan el propósito o la finalidad de algo.
2.1. Oración principal y subordinada con el MISMO sujeto:

To (“para” +infinitivo)
In order to (“para” + infinitivo) + verbo en infinitivo
So as to (“para” + infinitivo)
Ex: She uses her video to / in order to / so as to record her favourite shows.
NOTA: Para negar la oración final, basta con añadir “not” delante de to:
Ex: She took her raincoat not to / in order not to / so as not to get wet.
2.2. Oración principal y subordinada con DISTINTO sujeto:

In order that (para que. . . )
+ oración con verbo modal (can, could, may, might)
So as to (para que. . . )
Ex: I went to Mike´s house in order that / so that he could help me to do my homework.
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3. INTRODUCCIÓN DE EJEMPLOS.-
Se usan para ejemplificar y aclarar lo que estamos explicando.
for example, (por ejemplo)

for instance, (por ejemplo)
Ex: Vegetables are a good sorce of vitamins; for example / for instance, pepper has vitamin C.
Such as (como)
Ex: Singers such as Michael Jackson and Madonna are popular all over the world.
4. INTRODUCCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN ADICIONAL.-
Sirven para añadir algo ADEMÁS de lo que estamos diciendo.

Moreover, (además)
Furthermore, (además)
Besides, (además)
Ex: I’m too busy to take a holiday. Moreover / Furthermore / Besides, I don’t have the money.
In addition to. . . , ( además de )

+ sustantivo o pronombre
. . . as well as. . . ( además de )
Ex: In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.

She likes jazz as well as classical music.
Apart from. . . , (excepto, exceptuando)

+ sustantivo
Except (for) (excepto, exceptuando)
Ex: Apart from English, she speaks three other languages.
He eats nothing except (for) bread and fish.
5. EXPRESIÓN DEL RESULTADO Y LA CONSECUENCIA.-
Expresan el resultado o la consecuencia de una acción o idea anterior.

Therefore, (por ello)
Consequently, (en consecuencia)
For this reason, (por esta razón)
Thus, (así pues)
Ex: Tina gets her car in good condition. Therefore / Consequently / For this reason / Thus, it always
passes its annual road test.
As a result of + sustantivo o pronombre
Ex: As a result of his brave action, he was given a military medal.
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6. EXPRESIÓN DEL CONTRASTE Y LA OPOSICIÓN DE IDEAS.-
Expresan ideas contrarias, una se opone a la otra.
but (pero, sino) + sustantivo o adjetivo

Ex: The book is short but interesting.
She didn’t buy a house but a flat.
, but (pero) + oración con verbo en forma personal

Ex: She loves English, but she hates Maths.
However, (sin embargo)

Nevertheless, (sin embargo)
On the contrary, (por el contrario)
Ex: She was quite ill. However / Nevertheless, she went to school.
She was ill, but she didn’t go to the doctor. On the contrary, she went to work.
, while (mientras que)

+ oración con verbo en forma personal
, whereas (mientras que)
Ex: Last night’s film was very interesting, while / whereas today’s film is very boring.
7. EXPRESIÓN DE LA CONCESIÓN.-
Estos conectores sirven para expresar que algo ocurre a pesar de una contrariedad o una
adversidad.
Although ( aunque, a pesar de que)

Though ( aunque, a pesar de que) + oración
Even though (aunque, a pesar de que)
Ex: Although / Though / Even though the students hadn’t studied, they all passed the exam.
In spite of ( a pesar de )
+ sustantivo o verbo en -ing
Despite ( a pesar de )
Ex: In spite of / Despite the late hour, they went on with the meeting.
He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late.
NOTA: Podemos encontrar las expresiones in spite of the fact that y despite the fact that seguidas de oración
con verbo en forma personal:
Ex: In spite of the fact that / Despite the fact that she was tired, she played the match and won it.
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OPPOSITION EXAMPLES
but This is fun but not worthwhile.
although Although this is fun, it isn’t worthwhile.
however /nevertheless /on This is fun, however / nevertheless /on the other hand it isn’t worthwhile.
the other hand
despite / in spite of Despite/ in spite of the rain, we went downtown.

Despite/ in spite of being fun, this isn’t worthwhile
ADDITION EXAMPLES
and / as well as Running is good for muscle tone and /as well as for stamina.
in addition to/ furthermore Running is good for muscle tone. In addition / furthermore / moreover /also it is
/ moreover /also also good for stamina.
not only...but also Not only running is good for muscle tone, but also for stamina.
in addition to / along with As well as being good for muscle tone, it can also be good for stamina
Running is good for muscle tone along with stamina
CAUSE-EFFECT EXAMPLES
for (cause) / so (effect) We stayed in for it was raining that day / It was raining, so we...
because / since Since you haven’t passed your test, you’ll be in detention today.
I’m going to be in detention today because I haven’t passed my test.
therefore /as a result She’s come late to school for the third day in a row, therefore / as a result she is
/consequently going to be in detention this week.
because of /due to /as a We stayed at a hotel because of / due to / as a result of the bad weather
result of
COMPARISON EXAMPLES
and...too / just as Sport is healthy and educational too / Sport is healthy just as educational.
like, similar to Like the other students, she lived in a shared apartment
CONTRAST EXAMPLES
but She didn’t live in an apartment, but in a hotel
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whereas / while While / whereas the other students lived in apartments, she lived in a hotel.
in contrast / on the other All of her friends were at university, in contrast / on the other hand she worked in
hand a food store.
unlike Unlike her friends, she didn’t have a car.
CONDITIONAL EXAMPLES
if / unless /only if You will stay in unless you clean up your room
only if you clean up your room, you’ll go out with your friends.
otherwise Clean your room now, otherwise you will not go out.
as long as You’ll have your driver’s license as long as you pass the University Admission Test.
PURPOSE EXAMPLES
in order to / to / I opened the window in / order to / to cool the room.

so that/ Please, John, speak out loud so that we all can hear you.
so as not to I closed the window so as not to let the noise in.
TIME AND SEQUENCES EXAMPLES
then / next / after that I did the homework, then, next, after that, I called you.
as / while / as soon as As soon as we arrived, we had a cold shower.

As / while she was cleaning the house, I made some lunch.
first of all, secondly First of all you have no idea, secondly you’re clumsy and ignorant.
at the beginning, At the beginning of each lesson, you have a summary of the contents.
the former… the later Paula loved Sean, the former was 15, the later 25,
EXEMPLIFYING EXAMPLES
such as /for instance / for I can play quite a few musical instruments, such as / for example/ for instance,
example the flute, the guitar, and the piano
like Animals like eagles, crows etc, are called birds.
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LINKERS AND CONNECTIVES EXERCISES Exercises 2ndBachiller
1.- LINK THESE SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. YOU CAN CHANGE THE ORDER OR LEAVE WORDS
OUT.
1.- John bought a second car. He didn’t want his wife to walk to work. (Use “since” and “because”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- I phoned the doctor last night. The baby had a very high fever. (Use “therefore” and “that’s why”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
3.- The policeman gave Lucy a ticket (multa) . She drove over the speed limit. (Use “so” and “because”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.- Peter stole the old woman’s bag. The judge will condemn him. (Use “consequently” and “because”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.- We ran. We wanted to catch the train. (Use “in order to” and “so that”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.- I haven’t heard from John for a long time. I’ll call him tonight (Use “since” and “that’s why)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- LINK THESE SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. YOU CAN CHANGE THE ORDER or LEAVE WORDS
OUT.
7.- Finish your homework. You go out. (Use “unless” and “otherwise”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
8.- They will come to the party. You call them. (Use “only if” and “as long as”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
9.- You apologize. We’re history. (Use “unless” and “otherwise”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
10.- She will kiss you. You tell her you love her. (Use “only if” and “unless”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.- I will stay at home. You make me company. (Use “only if” and “as long as”)
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
12.- You will not pass the test. You stop chatting on the internet. (Use “only if” and “unless”)
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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3.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS.
7.- You didn’t show up. You missed a wonderful game. (Use “since” and “as”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
8.- My father had the car mended. He had had an accident. (Use “due to” and “as a result”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
9.- My friends were feeling very tired. They had been dancing all night. (Use “as a result” and “since”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
10.- I didn’t see my sister at school this morning. I texted your message to her. (Use “so” and “as”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.- The boy she likes didn´t asked her out ask her out. She’s been dating Pau (Use “as” and “because”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
12.- They didn’t bother to call // Few guests went to the party. (Use “as a result” and “that’s why”).
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO WAYS. USE but / whereas / while / unlike / in contrast
1.- John lived in a big country house // His brother lived in a small apartment downtown. while / unlike
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- I loved the party // My boyfriend hated it. but / whereas
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
3.- He was a handsome extroverted guy // His brother was shy and introverted. unlike / in contrast
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.- I was always happy and generous // You were moody and selfish. while / unlike
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.- You // She does her homework every day. In contrast / unlike
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.- You never come to school // Your sister. Whereas / but
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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5.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. USE Just as / similar to / like / and...too
7.- She lives in a small apartment // Me

A.- _____________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _____________________________________________________________________________________________
8.- I only eat vegetables // Your sister
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9.- She doesn’t like parties or balls // You.
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
10.- Your mum // you hate loud music.
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.- I haven’t met the new teacher yet // The other teachers .
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
12.- You never bother to call when you’ll be late // Your sister.
A.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. USE As well as / and / in addition /
furthermore / moreover / also / not only but also / along with/ besides
1.- Your sister is clever / hard working as well as / and

A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- Jane Miller showed up // all my other friends as well as / along with
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
3.- He’s a brilliant student // He can play football quite well not only but also // in addition
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
4.- You skipped school yesterday // You hit Sam outside. furthermore // in addition
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.- I have met the teacher // The headmaster. and / as well as
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6.- I asked her out // I told her I loved her not only but also // in addition
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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7.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. USE but / however / although / despite
/ in spite of / on the other hand.
7.- She’s rich // she doesn’t spend much money but / however
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
8.- I only eat vegetables // I am not too slim despite / in spite of
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9.- My sister has been studying her ass off //She’s failed the test although / despite
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
10.- We are going out tonight // the rain despite / in spite of
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.- Ana doesn’t pay much attention in class // she gets good marks on the other hand // despite
A.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
B.- _______________________________________________________________________________________________
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LINKERS OF PURPOSE Grammar 2nd Bachiller
Purpose with to, in order to and so as to
We use to , so as to, and in order to to express purpose in the affirmative form.
Examples:
• He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.

• She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
• I dropped by Paul’s so as to pick up the book I had left the previous day.
Use so as not to and in order not to to express purpose in the negative form.
Examples:
• They woke up early in order not to be late.

• She works out regularly so as not to get fat.
• He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
Purpose with so that
You can also express purpose with so that. In this case you generally need to use a modal.
Examples:
• She told him to play quietly so that he wouldn't disturb the neighbours.
• He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA.
• He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English.
• In order for you to…
• The test started early in order for the students to have enough time to finish it.
• I was given a laptop in order for me to work full time.
• I worked all day in order for the test to be marked on time.
• She prepared everything in order for the guests to enjoy the party.
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1.- LINK THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN TWO WAYS USING in order to / to / so that / so as not to.
• 1.- I opened the window // Let some sunshine in.

• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• 2.- I closed the curtains // Let any sunshine into the room.
• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• 3.- I liked Martha so, I called her // Ask her out on a date.
• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• 4.- She lowered her voice // The guests couldn’t hear her.
• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• 5.- I locked the door // No one could get in

• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• 6.- I’ll give you some money // You can buy some food.
• A.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
• B.- __________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- EXPRESS PURPOSE WITH THESE PHRASES (USE “TO” ONLY TWICE)
1.- I called the doctor this morning // I make an appointment.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.- My brothers got up early // They catch an early train.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.- She ran to the bus stop // She miss the school bus.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.- She dressed up // She impress her date.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.- I took a taxi // I be late for the concert.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.- The celebrity was wearing a hat and dark sunglasses // He be recognized.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7.- I’m saving some money // I can travel on my holidays.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.- I bought a pair of glasses // I can read better.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.- Maria always listened to low music // She wouldn’t disturb her neighbours.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
10.- I walked slowly into the room // I wake up my brother.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
11.- I’m exhausted. Please, walk the dog for me // I will have a rest.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3.- COMPLETE WITH A LINKER OF PURPOSE
1.- He opened the window. He wanted to let some fresh air in. (in order to)
He opened the window______________________________________________________________________________
2.- I took my camera. I wanted to take some photos. (so that)

I took my camera ___________________________________________________________________________________
3.- He studied really hard. He wanted to get better marks. (in order to)
He studied really hard ______________________________________________________________________________
4.-Jason is learning Chinese. His aim is to work in China. (to)

Jason is learning Chinese ____________________________________________________________________________
5.- I’ve been saving money. I will buy a new car. (so that)
I’ve been saving money _____________________________________________________________________________
6.- Many people left Turkey in 1960s. They wanted to find jobs in Germany.( in order to)
Many people left Turkey in 1960s ____________________________________________________________________
7.- She attends a course. She wants to learn classical dance (to)
She attends a course. _______________________________________________________________________________
8.- Linda turned on the lights. She could read the letter. (so that)
Linda turned on the lights ___________________________________________________________________________
9.- I will come with you. I want to help you. (in order to)
I will come with you.________________________________________________________________________________
10. I'm studying very hard at the moment_________________________ pass my exams next month.
11. I bought a dictionary_____________________________________ enhance my vocabulary.
12. I went to bed early _______________________________________I wouldn't be tired in the morning.
13. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock _______________________________________oversleep.
14. I waited for an hour__________________________________________________ I could meet her.
15. My sister gave English lessons _______________________________________earn some pin money.
16. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt (dispuesta para) ___________________________ help her friends.
17. They took the taxi _____________________________________________waste time.
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TIME LINKERS AND CONNECTIVES Grammar 2nd Bachiller
Time linkers
1.- The past perfect is often used with time linkers, such as : after, before, by the time,
as soon as, once, when, until .
Ex: I couldn't go out until I had done my homework.
2.- The past simple can be used if the order of events is clear:
Ex: He sold his house before he left the country.
or if the second event occurred as a result of the first.
When I realized what time it was, I ran outside.
3.- After/afterwards
• “After” is used to show the order of two or more events in the same sentence.
Ex : After he'd cleaned the house, he went shopping.
• “Afterwards” means after that and can go at the beginning or the end of a clause.
Ex: We had lunch and afterwards we went for a walk.

They sent the result in May and I received the certificate two months afterwards.
4.- At last/in the end/at the end
• At last suggests that something good happens after a long period of time or more
than one attempt.
Ex: I've passed the FCE at last! I failed twice before!
• In the end has a similar meaning and may also suggest there have been one or
more changes or problems. The result may be good or bad. (finalmente)
Ex: The car broke down several times but we got there in the end. / at last
• NB eventually can also be used in this sentence.

• At the end means at the point when something finishes.
Ex: Hand in your books at the end o f the lesson.
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5.- When/as/while
These can all be used with the past continuous to introduce an action which was already
in progress when another action occurred.
Ex: As/When/While I was running, I saw a rabbit.
6.- During/in/for
These are all used as prepositions when referring to time, and are followed by a noun.
• During and in are used to say when something happened.

Ex: It rained a lot during/ in the night.
• For is used to say how long something took or lasted.
Ex: We went to Spain for two weeks during the summer.
SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH

when cuando as time goes on a medida que pasa el tiempo
after después de eventually Finalmente
before antes de recently Recientemente
by the time cuando o un poco antes de during Durante

(nunca después)
by now para ahora / a estas horas meanwhile mientras tanto
ya..
while / as (for short mientras lately Últimamente
actions)
once una vez at first en un primer momento
until hasta (que) / at last al fin

it wasn’t unil…that no (ocurrió algo) hasta que…
now ahora at the moment en este momento
since desde in a given en un momento dado

moment
as soon as tan pronto como day in – day out un día sí y otro también
no sooner…than* expresión de inmediatez de from now on de ahora en adelante

dos acciones*
then luego, después for the first time por primera vez
the last few (months, durante los útimos días.. at some point llegó un punto…
days)
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TIME LINKERS AND CONNECTIVES. Exercises 2nd Bachiller
A.- TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH
1.- You’ll pass English when pigs fly.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.- The police showed up after a neighbor called them.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3.- Don’t forget to wash your hands before sitting at the table.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4.- By now they should be here.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5.- She saw me while I was trying to make up with Julia.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6.- Once you get started, it’s really hard to give up smoking.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7.- Last night I was up until my sister was back.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8.- Now I have to drop by John’s, and then drive to school.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9.- As soon as she gets home, tell her to call me up, please. Thank you.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10.- No sooner had I broken up with Jane than I started dating Julia.
______________________________________________________________________ _________________
11.- As time went on, I eventually made two friends.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13.- Have you seen Angela recently?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
14.- Have I told you lately that I have a crush on you?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15.- I never go online line during the week. I don’t have much time.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16.- Jill got an Erasmus grant in Vienna, meanwhile her parents ran out of money.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
17.- Cool! At last I have come up with a possible solution.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
18.- At the moment I’m shopping around Fifth Avenue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
19.- In a given moment, she got angry, stood up and left the room.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20.- I’m sick and tired of doing the same things day in-day out.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
21.- From now on we’ll eat out on Saturdays.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
22.- I didn’t recognize your sister at first.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
23.- My car broke down for the first time yesterday. I fear the worst. (Should I mention stative verbs here?)
________________________________________________________________________________________
24.- As time went on, I finally made two friends.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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B.- LINK THESE PHRASES WITH A TIME LINKER FROM THE GRID ABOVE. (THERE MAY BE MORE
THAN ONE OPTION). DON NOT USE “WHEN”, “AFTER” OR “BEFORE”.
1.- I went out. It started to rain.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.- I’m really excited. I got my driver’s license!!
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3.- I saw the accident. I called the cops.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4.- It’s really late. She should be here.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5.- I always drive to work. But I think I’ll ride my bike. It’s cheaper.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6.- I’m really excited. I got my driver’s license.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7.- She showed up. The lecture (= class at university) was almost over.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8.- Maria had graduated. He found a well-paid job in a lawyer’s office.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9.- She comes. Tell her to clear her desk, she’s fired.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10.- She was making herself up // Her boyfriend was outside watching the dog play (Do not use while)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11.- After two hours we couldn’t find my friend’s address. We took a taxi to his place.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12.- Do not get online. Your father comes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13.- She’s been upset. I wonder what happens to her.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
14.- The band showed up. The concert started.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15.- I first met your mum. I was living in London.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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USEFUL EXPRESSIONS AND LINKING WORDS/PHRASES
• To list points:
Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To begin/start with, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally
• To list advantages:
One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of… is … The main/ advantage of… is …
• To list disadvantages:
One/Another/ A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of. The main/greatest/most
serious/first disadvantage /drawback of… Another negative aspect of…
• To introduce points/arguments for or against:

One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of… / against, A further common criticism of… / It
could be argued that….. often claimed/suggested
It is widely argued / maintained that….. It is generally felt/believed/held
Some/many/most people/experts/scientist/critics suggest/argue/feel that…..believe/

point out/agree/hold that…
• To add more points to the same topic:

in addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides, apart from, what is more, as well as, not to
mention (the fact) that, also, not only … but also/as well, both … and, There is another side to the
issue/question/argument of…
• To make contrasting points:

on the other hand, however, still, yet, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so, it may be said/argued
that,…
others/many people oppose this viewpoint/strongly disagree…, feel/believe this argument is
incorrect/misguided
although, even though, while, whilst, whereas, despite/in spite of (the fact that), regardless of the
fact that
While it is true to say that…, in fact…
While/Although …, it cannot be denied that…
• To introduce examples:
for example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially, This is (clearly)
illustrated/shown by the fact that… One/A clear/striking/ typical example of (this)…
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• To emphasize a point:
clearly, obviously, it is obvious, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed
• To express reality:
In fact, the fact (of the matter) is, actually, in practice, it is a fact that, in effect
• To make general statements:

as a (general) rule, generally, in general, on the whole, in most cases
• To make partially correct statements:

to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a way/sense, this is partly true (but), to a
limited extent, there is some truth in (this), in some cases, up to a point.
• To explain/clarify a point:
in other words, that is to say, this/which means that
• To express cause: due to (the fact that), on account of, given that, because, as, since
• To express effect: therefore, thus, as a result/consequence, consequently, so, for this reason
• To express intention: to, so as to, in order to, so that, with the intention of (+ing)
• Useful expressions and linking words/phrases to close the text. Conclusion expressing balanced
considerations/opinion indirectly.
In conclusion, On balance, All things considered, Taking everything into account/consideration,
To conclude, To sum up, All in all, Finally/Lastly
20
Expressions for Agreeing and Disagreeing
• In my opinion...
• The way I see it...
• If you want my honest opinion....
Stating an opinion • According to Lisa...
• As far as I'm concerned...
• If you ask me...
• What's your idea?

• What are your thoughts on all of this?
• How do you feel about that?
• Do you have anything to say about this?
Asking for an opinon • What do you think?
• Do you agree?
• Wouldn't you say?
• I agree with you 100 percent.

• I couldn't agree with you more.
• That's so true.
• That's for sure.
• You're absolutely right.
• Absolutely.
• That's exactly how I feel.
• Exactly.
Expressing agreement • I'm afraid I agree with James.
• No doubt about it.
• (agree with negative statement) Me neither.
• (weak) I suppose so./I guess so.
• I was just going to say that.
• I don't think so.

• (strong) No way.
• I'm afraid I disagree.
• (strong) I totally disagree.
• I beg to differ.
• (strong) I'd say the exact opposite.
Expressing disagreement • Not necessarily.
• That's not always true. / That's not always the case.
• No, I'm not so sure about that.
• Can I add something here?

• If I might add something...
• Sorry to interrupt, but...
Interruptions • (after interrupting sb) Sorry, go ahead. Sorry, you were saying...
• (after being interrupted) You didn't let me finish.
• Let's just move on, shall we?

• I think we're going to have to agree to disagree.
Settling an argument • (sarcastic) Whatever you say./ If you say so.
21
EXERCISES ON LINKERS:
A.- Translate the following sentences:
1. He aprobado todos mis exámenes, aún así, no estoy satisfecho con mis resultados.
2. Además de tener dos carreras universitarias, Sara sabe hablar cuatro idiomas.
3. Hoy en día todo el mundo tiene muchas cosas innecesarias tales como video juegos, móviles, ordenadores
portátiles, cámaras digitales…
4. He comprado las entradas por Internet de manera que no es necesario que hagamos cola mañana.
5. A pesar de ser bajito tu hermano juega muy bien a baloncesto.
6. A pesar de su baja estatura tu hermano juega muy bien a baloncesto.
7. Por una parte los móviles son útiles, pero por otra nos hacen malgastar mucho tiempo.
8. A diferencia de lo que piensan los profesores, los alumnos creen que las normas de este colegio son muy estrictas
9. Tuvimos la oportunidad de viajar a Australia hace dos semanas, no obstante, no teníamos bastante dinero para
pagar los gastos del viaje.
10. Me gustó la conferencia pero fue demasiado larga.
11. Como Pedro no entregó la solicitud a tiempo, no pudo conseguir la beca (grant /scholarship).
12. Pedro no pudo conseguir la beca puesto que no entregó la solicitud a tiempo.
13. La gente tiene miedo de ir por la calle debido a la cantidad de agresiones (assaults) que ha habido últimamente.
14. No llevábamos bastante dinero, así que (por lo tanto) no pudimos coger el autobús para volver a casa.
15. Te presto mi coche a condición de que me lo devuelvas dentro de tres horas.
16. En caso de no tener bastante nota para estudiar ingeniería, estudiaré diseño gráfico.
22
B.- TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH.
8.- Como no tenía dinero para el cine, acabé viendo la tele en casa.
_________________________________________________________________________________
9.- Como se suponía que tenía que estar en el aeropuerto a las siete, cogí un taxi.
_________________________________________________________________________________
10.- Yo todavía no había visto “Titanic”, por eso alquilé el DVD.
_________________________________________________________________________________
11.- Yo había averiguado dónde vivía ella, por eso no la llamé
_________________________________________________________________________________
12.- Mi madre solía conducir demasiado rápido, como resultado, acabó en el hospital.
_________________________________________________________________________________
13.- Ya que has vuelto, llama a tu madre.
________________________________________________________________________________
C.- Choose the correct linkers to complete the gaps:
There are several advantages to owning a dog. __________________ (1), dogs are obedient animals.
_________________(2) they come when called and can be trained to obey their owner´s commands.
_______________(3), dogs are very loyal animals. They love their owners and _______________(4), can be very good
company. __________________ (5), dogs help their owners to keep fit __________________ (6) they need regular
exercise. ____________________(7), keeping a dog can be expensive, as there are frequent vet´s bills.
_________________ (8), if you want to go on holiday. You have to pay to put your dog in kennels.
_________________ (9), I believe that, ___________________ (10) dogs are expensive pets, they can provide a lot of
happiness.
1. a) so that b) firstly c) on the whole

2. a) since b) such as c) for example
3. a) besides this b) in order to c) all in all
4. a) because b) wherever c) as a result
5. a) apart from b) furthermore c) to sum up
6. a) because b) and c) so
7. a) since b) in conclusion c) on the other hand
8. a) moreover b) wherever c) as a result
9. a) also b) because c) for this reason
10. a) moreover b) all in all c) due to
D.- Correct the mistakes in bold:
A. There are many reasons why people watch television. Finally, it is very relaxing, but viewers do not have to make
an effort. Whereas, television is entertaining but there are many different shows to watch. Firstly, television
provides useful up-to-date information.
B. The tourist industry has several good points. Then, it brings money to a country and improves its economy.
Firstly, tourism creates jobs in case staff are needed in hotels, restaurants, shops and so on. Moreover, tourism
can lead to peaceful areas being destroyed and make space for hotels or amusement parks.
23
24
USEFUL VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS FOR ESSAYS (1) VOCABULARY 2ND BACHILLER
carry out A little gadget the size of a credit card can carry out thousands of different
tasks.
tend to Young people tend to overestimate the importance of emotions.
it takes…to It takes a lot of practice / determination to become a good pilot.
turn into A good friend may turn into your worst enemy when it comes to getting a job.
be aware of Today’s people are aware of their limitations concerning global warming.
take on Young people have to take on the responsibility for their education.
improve I urgently need to improve my maths.
get worse Pollution of the environment may get worse over the coming few years.
To be capable of Youth are capable of anything in order to have fun.
increase The number of unemployed people has increased dramatically.
encourage Advertising encourage people by means of the media.
Enhance (mejorar) Mobile phones enhance the possibilities of communication.
take place Some graduation parties take place in noisy discos.
be determined to Today’s society is determined to stop global worming.
opt for As they don’t have much money, young people will always opt for the basic
gadget.
there should be As far as I’m concerned I think there should be rules banning drunk people
from..
realize Sometimes people don’t realize how dangerous global warming may be.
end up Some students end up leaving school without getting a degree.
there must be There must be a solution for those social problems, but it’s not easy to find.
lack Some young people who leave school, lack any kind of professional training.
stand for The U in “USA”, stands for “United”.
stand for I stand for those young people who studied hard but are unemployed.
last The batteries in my phone don’t last much.
overestimate You always overestimate the importance of good manners.
undervalue Citizens tend to undervalue the importance of a good net of transports.
make decisions Sometimes they make wrong decisions.
try to Authorities should try to ban the consumption of alcohol in the street.
ban Mobile phones are banned in my school.
be concerned about I’m really concerned about your academic achievements.
related to The global warming is related to the excessive consumption of fossil fuels.
25
involved in The students were really involved in the anti-bulling campaign.
cause An excessive use of device may cause and addiction.
consider / take in account We have to consider / take in account different aspects of the problem.
it takes determination It takes determination / courage / patience to get a degree in medicine.
event Some of the events took place after the meeting.
it may be a good idea to.. It may be a good idea to teach the young ones to eat healthy goods.
in the last few years In the last few years, the use of mobile phones has rocketed.
over the coming years Over the coming years the Earth temperature will increase 1ºC.
what best suits Teachers should consider what bests suits their students.
task A laptop can carry out different tasks at the same time.
on a daily basis They should do exercise on a daily basis.
by means of You can improve your English by means of materials you can find on the web.
means of transport In the past bicycles used to be the most popular means of transport in China.
means of communication Nowadays there are innumerable means of communication.
instead of Instead of leaving their homes , the youngsters stay with their parents.
the main goal The main goal of this course is to teach the attendants to use a computer.
my major goal is My major goal is to get a qualification.
a challenge Passing the UAT is real challenge for my students.
dramatically In the last few years the consumption of alcohol has dramatically increased
among young people.
I can’t help I can’t help being concerned about the greenhouse effect.
at least Some people don’t get a degree, but at least they get professional training.
highly likely Those young people who lack some kind of professional training are highly
likely to end up unemployed.
the media The media tend to manipulate the facts.
some kind of Youngsters need some kind of professional training.
it’s about It’s not about luck, it’s about effort.
some may think that Some may think that being a teacher is an easy task.
at the end of the day Young people want to have money, at the end of the day that’s what matters
most.
what matters most is What matters most is having good friends and being loved.
concerning Concerning global warming, the government is not really aware of it.
26
USEFUL COMMON EXPRESSIONS FOR ESSAYS (2) VOCABULARY 2ND BACHILLER
It is often said that Se dice con frecuencia que It is often believed Se cree a menudo que
that
It is well known Es bien sabido / conocido People used to think La gente pensaba que
In the last few years En los últimos años Young people are used Los jóvenes están a
to sitting costumbrados a..
In the past Antes / en el pasado It’s a common mistake Es un error muy
to.. frecuente..
These days En la actualidad account for ser la causa de algo
In the future El día de mañana / en el futuro Those who los que / aquellos que
authorities should Las autoridades deberían Those with los que, aquellos que
ban prohibir tienen..
…(ing) should be Debería estar permitido It is related to Está relacionado con
allowed
scholars say Dicen los expertos que In a way en cierta manera
that/state
it’s not sure that no es seguro So far por ahora
in order to a fin de tend to tender a
prevent …from impedir opt for optar por
they can’t do no pueden pasar sin.. the truth is lo cierto es que..
without
come to the Llegar a la conclusión de que… get to llegar a
conclusion that
most of (Not the la mayoría de (parents) claim that (los padres) alegan
most of)
they can’t control no pueden controlar they manage to se las apañan como
pueden para..
they should deberían (although) it is true (si bien) es cierto que..
that…
actually realmente to criticize criticar
I wonder if me pregunto si to look like parecer / tener aspecto
de
as long as siempre y cuando providing that si../ siempre y cuando
no longer ya no all the time Constantemente
concerning / as to en lo que respecta a that is the main esa es la razón principal

reason why por la que
let alone y no digamos.. / y muchos when it comes to a la hora de../ cuando
menos.. llega el momento de..
According to según That is the main Es la causa principal de
reason why…
has to do with tiene que ver con at least por lo menos / al

menos
27
first of all antes que nada… (two hours) at the ..como mucho (dos
most horas)
such as como por ejemplo / tales they have something tienen algo en común
como… in common
In my opinion en mi opinion as a consequence por tanto/ en
consecuencia
either … or o……..o neither… nor ni una cosa (o persona)
neither he nor I can go. ni otra.
should be allowed debería estar permitido as far as I am En lo que a mi respecta
concerned
results in Da como resultado / se I can’t help (+ing) no puedo evitar
convierte en
To cause Causar Fit in Caber / acoplarse
both Los dos, ambos It remains to be Todavía no se ha
proved comprobado
28
USEFUL COMMON EXPRESSIONS FOR PAU TESTS (3) VOCABULARY 2ND BACHILLER
SPANISH TRANSLATION mistake EXAMPLES

están todo el día usando use their mobile all the are using the mobile My sister uses the mobile all
all day
el móvil time the time
no pueden pasar sin un they can’t do without a they can’t pass Some people can’t do without
without a mobile
móvil mobile all sort of gadgets
en la actualidad nowadays actually Nowadays most people have
a tablet
en realidad actually in reality I didn’t see her actually.
24 horas al día 24/7 24 hours at day My computer is on 24/7
hasta cierto punto to some extent until certain point To some extent tablets are
more practical than regular
PCs
lo mismo …que the same …as the same …than I own the same car as her
tiene muchas ventajas has many advantages has much advantages An I phone has many ad
compared with
comparado con compared to compared to another type of
phone
la de / el de / los de that of / those of the of we can’t compare your
situation with that of your
rural relatives
si bien es cierto que.. if it is true that… if well … if it true that she didn’t show
off, it’s also true that you
didn’t invite her
en los últimos in the last few years in the last few years,
meses/años technology has become more
affordable
últimamente lately ultimately I haven’t seen her lately
en cualquier momento anytime in some time you can come anytime
todos / todo el mundo everybody all everybody should be
respectful to each other
a / en cualquier sitio anywhere in any place You can see students
in all the places
anywhere in Gante
posee ( en vez de owns Most Americans own a car
“tiene”)
la mayoría de most the most of Most young people have a
phone
la mayoría de los/las most of the Most of the students in my
class
están acostumbrados a are used to living are accostumed to Are used to getting up late on
live
Sat
no son conscientes de are not aware of are not conscious They are not aware of the
que importance of a good
education
29
darse cuenta de realize that take count She didn’t realize that John
was there
notar notice note I didn’t notice her behind me
no se preocupan por (lo they don’t care about not preoccupy They don’t care about the
que pueda ocurrir) (what may happen) future
la gente joven young people / the the young people young people usually opt for
young ones more affordable devices
la juventud youth the young youth and adults are
unemployed
hacerse más consciente become more aware more conscious we should become more
de about aware of the importance of a
good education
implicarse en get involved in implicate in I would like to get more
involved in the decision-
making process at my school
el que se adapte mejor a the one that better the what adapts more I think a will choose the one
sus necesidades meets / fits their needs that better meets my needs
tener en cuenta to take in account take in count She didn’t take my reasons in
that../ consider account
se trata de..no de… it is about…not about it treats of..not of.. it’s about hard work, not
+ing about how lucky you may be
es innegable que.. it is undeniable that … it’s innegable it is undeniable that a good
training period makes a
difference
la principal razón por la the main reason why.. the principal reason this is the main reason why
que… that the young ones opt for this
company
problema / desventaja major problem/ important problem the main drawback of living in
importante drawback the city is transport
la gente es / poca gente people are / few people people is / less people few people came to the
meeting
causar / ocasionar cause occasionate the wind caused damage to
my garden
impedir prevent .. from… I prevent the dog from going
in the kitchen by keeping this
door closed
sucede / tiene lugar takes place The festival takes place in
august
llevar a cabo carry out The students carried out
desempeñar demonstrations all over the
country
los expertos dicen que scholars say that.. the experts say that scholars say that climate
change is due to human
habits
30
electrodomésticos household appliances electrodomestics The flat had some appliances
available
aparatitos gadgets / devices aparatus I am a compulsive shopper of
gadgets
éxito success exit The show became a great
success
pensar en las think about the Think about the
consecuencias consequences consequences of your actions
asumir responsabilidad take on the asume the She took on the responsibility
de responsibility for responsablility for her class
lleno de gente crowded full of people The bar was crowded
el uso responsable de the responsible use of We have to do a responsible
use of the whatssap
engancharse a / estar get hooked on / to be I got hooked to the whatsapp
enganchado hooked on long ago
hace falta valor / it takes courage / effort needs value it takes determination to get
esfuerzo / decisión / determination up at six to go running
aprovecharse de algo make the most of the students must make the
something most of the explanations in
class
son más propensos a are more prone to the young ones are more
prone to using the internet
than older people
tender a tend to I tend to get distracted when
I’m not interested
toda clase de all sort of She tried all of sort of gadgets
radica en / está en lies in Their main advantage lies in
their size
31
SPANISH ENGLISH CONTEXT

La mayoría de estudiantes most students (general)/ Most Erasmus students / most of the students in
/ la mayoría de los most of the students in my class have considered.
estudiantes de mi clase. my class (specific of a
group)
Predispuesto a favor / en biassed towards / I’m biassed towards / against immigration.
contra de against
Tener sentimientos I have mixed feelings I have mixed feelings about which career to
contrapuestos about take.
En lo que respecta a with regard to With regard to your last school report, I must say
regarding to that..
Los que ( personas) those who Raise your hand those who..
Los que tengan those with Raise your hand those with siblings.
No sirve para nada it’s good for nothing This bell is good for nothing.
Ha sido y continúa siendo has been and still is Your sister has always been and still is a close
friend of mine.
A lo mejor hay gente que some people may think Some people may think that Marta is rude, but
piensa que that… actually she isn´t.
No me gusta que I don’t like it when… I don’t like it when you mess in my issues
Debo admitir que I must admit that I must admit that modern art has never been my
cup of tea.
Abarca desde..hasta ranges from ..to Industries ranging from food to metal.
A riesgo de at the risk of … At the risk of being misunderstood.
Por “trigonometry”, se by “trigonometry” we By “trigonometry” we understand dealing with
entiende.. understand angles and …
Hace falta / se it takes …to It takes two hours to make a good cake / it takes
necesita…para courage to be a racing pilot.
Burlarse de alguien / make a fool of someone Don’t make a fool of yourself, you won’t pass if
engañarse you don’t study.
No me importa lo que I don’t mind what others I don’t mind what others may think about my
otros puedan pensar may think about behavior.
respecto a
Lo que más preocupa I’m most worried about That lack of interest is what I’m most worried
about.
Tales cosas such things Those who worry about such thinks, should
consider..
Dar una impression give a misleading / I don’t want to give a misleading idea.
equivocada wrong impression
Es altamente probable / it is highly likely / John said he was watching TV but it is highly
improbable que unlikely that likely that he was just sleeping on the sofa as
usual
Aficionado a / que le gusta keen on I have never been keen on big events
32
La clase de (personas/ the sort of people who / She’s the sort of person who will do anything so
cosas) que issues which as to be noticed
De ninguna manera by no means This is by no means a simple task
Es inútil.. It’s useless to talk It’s useless to talk about
about..
Otros aspectos de other features of I want to consider other features of modern life
in
Es decir that is to say She’s sick off, that’s to say, she won’t come
Son principalmente they are mostly My students were mostly children under 12.
Se considera is regarded as Anything to do with bottoms is regarded as the
pinnacle
Respecto a / referente a concerning Concerning modern art, it’s true that lately
Sentido de pertenencia sense of belonging I have a strong sense of belonging to my school
Me inclino mas por / a I’m more inclined for / She’s here, so I’m inclined to think that she will
pensar to think that drop by
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING MINI TEXTS
1.- No me gusta que me interrumpas, lo cual no significa que no me preocupe por tus asuntos.
2.- En lo que respecta a tu fiesta de graduación, debo decir que necesito tiempo para considerar una
variedad de opciones que abarcan desde nada de fiesta en absoluto hasta un viaje alrededor del mundo.
Nunca he sido aficionado a fiestas ruidosas, así que, sí, debo admitir que estoy predispuesto en contra de la
primera opción y me inclino más por la segunda, pero no te garantizo nada. Lo pensaré.
3.- No me importa lo que otros puedan pensar y admito que puedo estar equivocada, pero la verdad es que
en lo que respecta a I+D España está retrasada respecto a otros países europeos. La inversión en I+D se
considera uno de los aspectos más importantes en el desarrollo de un país. Los investigadores en nuestro
país, aunque altamente motivados, están mal pagados y carecen de los medios necesarios para llevar a cabo
su trabajo de manera eficiente.
4.- Esa es la clase de asuntos que más me preocupan. Ello no quiere decir que no me haya acostumbrado a la
idea de que el éxito no solo depende de mi esfuerzo, sino también de aquellos para quienes trabajo.
33
IDIOM / PHRASE CONTEXT

in the long run / in the short The present crises period will be over in the long run.
term Buying a cheap detergent works out more expensive in the long run.
out of the question Starting over is out of the question. We won’t do that.
the former… the later John was shy and Andrea outgoing, the former was mean, the latter
generous.
I didn’t mean it Sorry, I didn’t mean to hurt you with my comments.
fit in The dictionary doesn’t fit in the schoolbag.
Tomorrow is my first day at University and I’d really like to fit in.
get to know someone Once you get to know her, she’s a cool girl.
when it comes to (verb+ing) I can’t help it, when it comes to speaking in public, I always freak out.
I feel like…(e.g.travelling) I’ve been studying my ass off through the year; now I feel like relaxing for
a while.
don’t bother to…(e.g.to come) I’m really cross with you so please don’t bother to call me or drop by,
keep away from me for a while.
stand for What does NASA stand for?
like it’s meant to be I’d like my graduation party like it’s meant to be.
to cap it all He spilled red wine on the carpet, insulted my mother, and, to cap it all,
he broke my favorite vase.
I’ll do my best I can’t guarantee that I’ll pass, but I’ll do my best
I’m better off We were always quarreling. I’m better off without her.
it stands to reason that It stands to reason that the best way to pass a test is by studying.
…happens to… I’ve known Martha for a long time and I recently found out that she
happens to be a sister of my English teacher. What a coincidence!!
take something the wrong way Sarah took what I said the wrong way and now she’s cross with me.
I’m sick of I’m sick of your lies, I’m leaving you.
cope with They can hardly cope with four children with just one short salary.
take advantage of something We took advantage of the sales at Macy and got a whole lot of stuff.
according to According to our teacher, there won’t be make up tests this year.
hold a conversation Sorry, I can’t hold a fluent conversation in English
at the end of the day It doesn’t matter what they say. At the end of the day, it’s you who will
have to decide where you want to live.
make the most of The coach is really competent. She always makes the most of her players.
someone/something
in the blink of an eye In the blink of an eye, she managed to have a shower, get dressed and
make up.
once in a while She only calls me once in a while, she’s not a close friend exactly
I’m into I’m really into kite surfing, I just love it. I practice quite often.
I have no choice but to… My car got written-off, so I had no choice but to buy a new one
apart from After the accident I was OK, apart from a black eye.
likely to I always use words which my students are likely to understand /
London is highly likely to be the host city for the Olympic Games.
34
the good thing is Today is our last day in HS, the good thing is that we’ll be at Yale next
year
he’s bad news Take my advice and don’t go out with him. He’s (a) bad news (guy).
for good I’m leaving this town for good. I’m moving to Sheffield.
for no reason I got punished for no reason at all. I didn’t do anything.
at least Sam shouldn’t wear jeans for his wedding. At least, he’s promised to wear
a tie.
take for granted You take for granted that he’s asking you out. I wouldn’t be that sure.
let alone What’s she doing here? I didn’t invite her, let alone her friends.
I barely got up in time to eat lunch, let alone cook breakfast.
go with the flow (dejarse llevar) I don’t know what I’ll do on the blind date. I may go with the flow.
in a row (seguidos) Last week I missed school for three days in a row. Now I have to work
hard in order to catch up with the others.
what’s it like? Tell me Susan. What’s it like being the sister of a celeb?
as if He always acts as if we never met before.
it’s about It isn’t about whether you feel like it or not. It’s about responsibility.
The film is about a young man who’s looking for a job and
on purpose You broke it and you did it on purpose.
had it not been for Had it not been for my sister I wouldn’t be at university.
I can’t think of anything else This is all I have to say. I can’t think of anything else, at the moment.
the good news is As you know I’m unemployed / out of work / on the dole. The good news
is that I have an interview tomorrow.
I hate it when… I hate it when people, especially young people, spit on the floor.
I hate it when you drink too much.
It’s no use (verb+ing) It’s no use waiting for her. She’s not coming.
I was/got taken aback I was taken aback when after so many years she told me that she wasn’t
(usually used in past) my mother.
on a whim /a whim I didn’t need a new pair of jeans, I just bought these on a whim.
They went to Paris for the week end on a whim.
My little sister’s terribly spoiled, my parents indulge her every whim.
that was quick work! I took you less than a 30’ to write your essay. That was quick work!
that’s easier said than done She said she wanted to paint the house herself, but I’m afraid that’s
easier said than done.
remains to be seen It remains to be seen whether Mary will be able to go to college or not.
She promised that she would be able to pay the rent this week, but
considering her actual present financial situation, that remains to be
seen.
go downhill Peter used to be a good student, but lately he’s been going downhill.
no wonder No wonder you’ve put on some weight lately. You’ve been stuffing
yourself with burgers for the last two weeks.
make sense It doesn't make (any) sense to spend so much money on a second-hand
car.
quite a few She’s written quite a few essays as a practice for her University Admission
Test.
35
36
FOR AND AGAINST ESSAYS Writing 2nd Bachiller
A "for and against" essay is a formal piece of writing in which a topic is considered from opposing
points of view. You should present both sides in a fair way by discussing them objectively and in
equal detail. A good essay of this type should consist of:
a) an introductory paragraph in which you state the topic to be discussed, without giving your
opinion;
b) a main body in which the points for and against along with your justifications, examples or reasons
are presented in separate paragraphs;
c) a closing paragraph in which you state your opinion or give a balanced consideration of the topic.
Note: Opinion words (I think, I believe, In my opinion, etc.) can only be used in the closing paragraph
where you give your opinion on the topic.
Points to consider:
• Before you start writing your essay you should make a list of the points for and against.
• Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence which summarizes the topic of the paragraph.
e.g.” In addition, many people feel that reading is a relaxing and worthwhile activity.”
• Do not use too informal style (e.g. short forms, colloquial language, etc.) or strong language to
express your opinion (e.g. I know…, etc.). Express your opinion in a non-emotional way (e.g. It seems
that, I therefore feel, etc.).
• Well-known quotations relevant to the topic you are writing about will make your composition
more interesting. For ex, if you are writing an essay on education, a quotation you may include is:
e.g. "Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance." (Will Durant)
❖ Introduction
Paragraph 1: state topic (summary of the topic without giving your opinion)
❖ Main Body
Paragraphs 2 & 3: arguments for & justifications, examples, and/ or reasons

Paragraphs 4 & 5: arguments against & justification, examples, and/or reasons
❖ Conclusion
Final Paragraph: balanced consideration/ your opinion directly or indirectly
37
FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY SAMPLE 1
Global Warming: Model Essay
One of the biggest problems facing the world today is global warming. Many scientists believe that our
production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is having a heating effect on the atmosphere,
and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming
and suggest some ways of solving the problem.
Many problems could result from global warming. One of the biggest problems is rising sea level. This
could result in the flooding of low lying coastal areas and cities, such as Egypt, the Netherlands, and
Bangladesh. Some countries might even disappear completely! Another problem caused by global
warming is changes in weather patterns. Many areas of the world are experiencing increased
hurricanes, floods, and other unusual weather. A third problem associated with global warming is the
effect on animals. Fish populations could be affected, while some insects which spread disease might
become more common.
There are several things we can do to solve the problem of global warming. One solution is to stop
producing C02. We can do this by switching from oil, coal and gas to renewable energy. Another
solution is to plant more trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, which is not a
greenhouse gas. A third solution is to use less energy and to recycle more products. Generating
electricity is one of the main sources of carbon dioxide. If we use less electricity, we will produce less
C02.
In conclusion, if we make small changes now in the way we live, we can avoid huge changes in the
future. Scientists, governments and individuals must work together to overcome this threat.
38
SCHOOL SYSTEM
Situation in the past: Nowadays situation:
Rigid system New systems, technologies, gadgets….

No participation of students Participation of students
Society less tolerant and democratic Society more tolerant and democratic
Strict teachers Not so strict teachers
No media or IT New ideas and a different way of teaching
Old ideas
Pros and cons of old system
Pros and cons of giving more participation to students
• Translate the following essay:
School has evolved along with society through the years. In the past society was governed by rigid rules concerning
different aspects of daily life such as, dress codes, manners, and behaviors. And so was the school system.
It is a fact that in the old school system teachers held all the power and students were only expected to passively
attend the lessons. They had no word in matters concerning decisions which might affect their education or expected
behavior in class. Apart from the subjects, education in school mainly consisted of a series of rules that everyone had to
follow.
Nowadays, society has become more tolerant and participative and so has education. Today’s students are expected to
participate actively in class, even when it comes to making decisions. The expansion in the use of IT and its affordability
has a lot to do with this change.
If it is true that students have to participate actively in the decision-making process, I reckon that they shouldn’t be
allowed to report, let alone through media devices, the way a teacher performs in class.
• Choose one of the following essays and translate it:
1.- Hace algunos años los alumnos no tenían permitido opinar sobre las decisiones que tomaban los profesores. El sistema
escolar era rígido y autoritario. Afortunadamente, en la actualidad las cosas han cambiado.
La escuela siempre ha reflejado la sociedad en la que trabaja. Cuanto más democrática es la sociedad, más democrática
será la escuela, sus normas serán más flexibles y sus profesores más tolerantes. Esto puede llegar a ser positivo porque
cada estudiante tendrá la oportunidad de participar activamente en su propia educación.
La parte negativa es que los profesores pueden correr el riesgo de perder el control de sus alumnos. Es cierto que un
sistema no debe basarse / regirse por el miedo al castigo, pero también es cierto que algunos estudiantes tienen
tendencia a ir demasiado lejos / comportarse mal / extralimita, porque piensa que ellos están por encima de las normas.
Desde mi punto de vista / en mi opinión, es bueno que los alumnos participen en el proceso de toma de decisiones e
incluso sean consultados/ preguntados cuando llega el momento de establecer normas que les afectan, pero estoy
tajantemente en contra de que se les dé la oportunidad de dar información sobre un profesor determinado y mucho
menos por medio de aparatos de nuevas tecnologías.
39
2.- Antes los alumnos no tenían derecho a participar en las decisiones que se tomaban en la escuela. El sistema escolar
era autoritario y poco democrático. Las decisiones las tomaban el director o los profesores.
Desde hace unos años las cosas han cambiado para mejor. Los alumnos tiene voz en las decisiones que les afectan, se
les permite dar su opinión y pueden incluso evaluar el trabajo de sus profesores. El sistema escolar no se basa en
castigos, sino en normas flexibles que los propios alumnos pueden elaborar.
Sin embargo este sistema puede presentar inconvenientes. Algunos alumnos pueden pensar que ellos están por encima
de las normas o que pueden adaptarlas para que se ajusten a sus intereses; por otra parte si se les da la oportunidad de
opinar sobre el trabajo de un profesor, pueden aprovecharse de la situación para criticar sus métodos delante de sus
propios compañeros o del equipo directivo.
A mi modo de ver / desde mi punto de vista / en mi opinión es positivo que los alumnos tengan cierto poder de
decisión, pero nunca debería dárseles la oportunidad de criticar el trabajo de un profesor.
A “FOR AND AGAINST COMPOSITION”
• Read the composition and complete it with the following linkers:
As a result However In conclusion For example On the other hand

The main advantage Besides What is more
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being famous?
Nowadays the magazines that sell the most are the ones like “Hello” magazine, which tell us about the lives
of famous people. It seems that everybody is interested in them, and that most people would really like to be
famous. ___________________, there are advantages and disadvantages.
__________________ of being famous is probably the lifestyle it gives you. Most famous are very rich and can
afford big houses with swimming pools and expensive cars. _________________, they spend a lot of time
travelling, visiting different countries, and staying in luxurious hotels.
__________________, there are disadvantages. Every time famous people go out they are surrounded by fans
and photographers. ________________, it is very difficult for them to have a normal private life.
_________________, they often can´t spend much time at home as they have to travel so much,
____________________ if they are making a film or doing a concert tour. __________________, I think it is
probably easier to be happy if you are not famous, in spite of all the money famous people have.
40
• Should parents use corporal punishment to discipline children?

Corporal Punishment
Effective when used wisely
Many parents use physical punishment to discipline their children, others prefer (to use) different methods to
reward good behavior or punish misbehavior. Is corporal punishment positive or negative? Can it cause a
trauma? (This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against physical punishment of children).
It is often claimed that physical punishment will damage children (in later life). Opponents of/to corporal
punishment claim that the children will/can grow up to become delinquents in the long term or even beat
their wives. However, many happily married adults (today) were slapped when they were younger but have
never hit their spouses. Another point often made is that physical punishment may teach (teaches) children
that force can be used /you can use force to make others do what you want. However/ In fact, children (who
have been) brought up well, soon learn that force by itself is nothing - it must be associated with right. Finally,
some people say that punishing a child by smacking him will damage the relationship between the child and
the parents. This is clearly wrong. Children who understand the reasons for rules will be happier than children
who are not given clear guidelines.
There are definitely concerns about physical punishment as / because/ due to the fact that some parents can
lose control and injure their children – (even breaking bones or causing bruises). Others can use violence
excessively or as the only method of discipline. In this case, the child will be hurt, fearful (and anxious) and will
not learn to distinguish (what is) right from (what is) wrong. The biggest problem with physical violence is
when it is not appropriate to the age of the child. It can be very effective to (quickly) smack a two-year-old
who is screaming. However, it is not effective to beat a 16-year-old who is late for school.
In conclusion, physical punishment can be a useful method of discipline. However it should/must be the last
choice for parents. If we want to build a world with less violence we must begin at home, and we must teach
our children to be more responsible.
41
FOR AND AGAINST / ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY SAMPLE 4
Advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones. (please correct it)

Mobile phone is a good technology which is not lacking from our lives. This report will discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of using mobile phones.
Today, mobile phone has become popular to everybody since it is very convenient. The most advantage of having a
mobile phone is you can communicate to your family and your friends no matter what where you are. For instance, you
can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main
reason why almost all people today choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that
mobile phones assist you in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working, surf the internet, and keep in touch with
their companies. Moreover, you can relax with mobile phone’s applications, for example, play games, listen to music, or
chat with your friends.
On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone can harm your brain, particularly teenager
and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-
brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while you are driving, you will get an accident.
It is essential not good for you and others. Moreover, “radiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the
eardrum”, has proved by many scientist.
Owning a mobile phone in your hand is you can solve many issues and hold most of information around the world. Even
though is not good for your health and you have to protect yourself from bad effects of mobile phones if you choose to
have one.
TEACHER’S FEEDBACK
Mobile phone is a good technology which is not lacking from our lives [does anybody know what this sentence mean?].
This report [essay] will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones.
Today, mobile phone [the use of mobile phones] has become popular to everybody [This is an over-generalization:
many people do not like them. Use "most people" or something similar] since it is very convenient. The most advantage
[this is clearly wrong, it would be much better “the main advantage”] of having a mobile phone is you can communicate
to [“keep in touch with”] your family and your friends[other people]no matter what where you are. For instance, you
can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main
reason why almost all [good, but still, is it true?] people [all people? you should say “everybody” or “most people”
]today [nowadays] choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that mobile phones
assist you [are extremelly helpful] in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working [planning schedules], surf[ing]
the internet, [and allow you to easily and cheaply] keep in touch with their [your company] companies. Moreover, you
can relax with mobilephone’s applications,[by using applications available for mobiles] for example, play games, listen
to music, or chat with your friends.
On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone [an excessive use of the mobile phones] can
harm your brain, particularly teenager and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you
will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier [the blood-brain barrier is simply the normal anatomical barrier between
the bloodstream and the brain; it's not a condition], or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while
you are driving, you will get an accident [may have an accident because of lack of attention]. It is essential not good for
you and others [does anybody know what this sentence mean?]. Moreover, “radiations emitted from the phone are dead
harmful for the eardrum”, has proved by many scientist.[untrue]
[You haven't discussed the irritating effect on other people in restaurants, buses etc. from users shouting down their
phones].
By owning a mobile phone in your hand is you can solve many issues and hold [] most of information around the world
have access to loads of information instantly. Even though is not good for your health and you have to protect yourself
from [the] bad effects of mobile phones if you choose to have one.
42
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY SAMPLE 5
" What are the advantages and disadvantages of the internet?"
These days the internet has become more and more popular all over the world and is now an integral part of
modern society. The internet refers to a global network of computers connected by servers, which allows for
the free and easy sharing of information. This essay will assess whether the internet can be seen as beneficial
or harmful. The essay will analyze the arguments and form a conclusion about them.
To begin with the internet is good for communication. In this way, people all over the world can communicate
quickly and conveniently with each other by chatting or sending emails. Secondly, it has lots of benefits for
education. In this way, students are able to conduct research online to help them with their studies. Next,
businesses get lots of advantages by using the web. For instance, it is now possible for companies to advertise
and sell their products by setting up web-sites, or alternatively they could promote themselves effectively by
utilizing some of the e-commerce tools available in cyberspace. Last, there are plenty of entertainment sites
on the net. For example, it is possible to download songs, play games and listen to music all with the click of
a mouse.
However there are some drawbacks, the internet has no rules or laws. This means that criminals and terrorist
organizations can openly operate behind the safety of a computer screen. The terrorist organization Al-Qaeda
have been extremely effective in using the power of the web to promote terror on a worldwide scale. Next,
sex sites are a fundamental (major) problem online. In this regard, if children were to view such obscene
material, their minds would be adversely affected. Lastly, viruses are easily transmitted via the internet. A
good example of this was the Love Bug virus a few years ago, which caused havoc and mayhem by infecting a
large number of computers over a very wide area.
In conclusion / all in all / , it can be observed from the above arguments that the internet has both pros and
cons. It is disadvantageous in that it has no laws, sex sites and viruses; however it is more beneficial than
harmful primarily [mainly] because it provides a very convenient, effective quick method of communicating in
the modern world.
43
ARGUMENT AND OPINION ESSAY WRITING 2nd Bachiller
Redes sociales.
Probablemente el lector de estas líneas conoce y utiliza en mayor o menor medida las redes sociales. No cabe
duda de que las redes sociales se han convertido una herramienta de comunicación accesible, barata y fácil
de utilizar. ¿Tiene sentido, pues, preguntarse si pueden ejercer un efecto pernicioso para el usuario?
Nunca antes la comunicación, la difusión instantánea de noticias, la transmisión de mensajes o imágenes ha

sido tan accesible y rápida como en la actualidad. Personas de casi cualquier edad y estatus social pueden
utilizar instrumentos como facebook o twitter para enviar o recibir mensajes de manera instantánea a miles
de kilómetros de donde se encuentra el emisor/receptor. La información, como fuente de saber, no es
negativa en sí misma.
Dicho esto, hemos de considerar que, precisamente, el hecho de que el uso de esas herramientas sea tan
accesible, hace posible que algunos individuos, especialmente niños y jóvenes en periodo de crecimiento,
puedan desarrollar una adicción incontrolada. Ello les impide llevar a cabo de manera eficiente y puntual las
obligaciones académicas que se les tienen asignadas de acuerdo con su edad y situación. Pierden tiempo
delante del ordenador y su rendimiento escolar se ve afectado.
En mi opinión el uso de redes sociales no es malo en sí mismo, pero en lo que se refiere a individuos en edad
escolar debería haber recursos que impidiera que se engancharan al sistema. (226 palabras)
TRANSLATE THIS TEXT INTO ENGLISH
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44

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LINKERS AND CONNECTORS (1) Grammar 2nd Bachiller

1. EXPRESIÓN DE LA RAZÓN Y LA CAUSA.-

Expresan la razón o la causa de algo.

2.1. Oración principal y subordinada con el MISMO sujeto:

2.2. Oración principal y subordinada con DISTINTO sujeto:

Se usan para ejemplificar y aclarar lo que estamos explicando.

for example, (por ejemplo)

4. INTRODUCCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN ADICIONAL.-

Sirven para añadir algo ADEMÁS de lo que estamos diciendo.

In addition to. . . , ( además de )

Ex: In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.

Apart from. . . , (excepto, exceptuando)

5. EXPRESIÓN DEL RESULTADO Y LA CONSECUENCIA.-

Expresan el resultado o la consecuencia de una acción o idea anterior.

but (pero, sino) + sustantivo o adjetivo

, but (pero) + oración con verbo en forma personal

However, (sin embargo)

, while (mientras que)

Although ( aunque, a pesar de que)

but This is fun but not worthwhile.

although Although this is fun, it isn’t worthwhile.

despite / in spite of Despite/ in spite of the rain, we went downtown.

but She didn’t live in an apartment, but in a hotel

unlike Unlike her friends, she didn’t have a car.

in order to / to / I opened the window in / order to / to cool the room.

TIME AND SEQUENCES EXAMPLES

as / while / as soon as As soon as we arrived, we had a cold shower.

like Animals like eagles, crows etc, are called birds.

7.- She lives in a small apartment // Me

1.- Your sister is clever / hard working as well as / and

Purpose with to, in order to and so as to

We use to , so as to, and in order to to express purpose in the affirmative form.

• He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.

• They woke up early in order not to be late.

Purpose with so that

• In order for you to…

• 1.- I opened the window // Let some sunshine in.

• 5.- I locked the door // No one could get in

1.- I called the doctor this morning // I make an appointment.

2.- I took my camera. I wanted to take some photos. (so that)

4.-Jason is learning Chinese. His aim is to work in China. (to)

Ex : After he'd cleaned the house, he went shopping.

Ex: We had lunch and afterwards we went for a walk.

4.- At last/in the end/at the end

Ex: I've passed the FCE at last! I failed twice before!

• NB eventually can also be used in this sentence.

• During and in are used to say when something happened.

SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH

after después de eventually Finalmente

before antes de recently Recientemente

by the time cuando o un poco antes de during Durante

until hasta (que) / at last al fin

since desde in a given en un momento dado

no sooner…than* expresión de inmediatez de from now on de ahora en adelante

A.- TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH

1.- You’ll pass English when pigs fly.

1.- I went out. It started to rain.

• To introduce points/arguments for or against:

It is widely argued / maintained that….. It is generally felt/believed/held

Some/many/most people/experts/scientist/critics suggest/argue/feel that…..believe/