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PNEUMONIA
DEFINITION:
It an inflammation of lung
is
parenchyma which is associated with

marked increase interstitial and
alveolar fluid.
PNEUMONIA
NORMAL
PNEUMONIA
CAUSES/AETIOLOGY:
1. Bacterial infection:
Gramn +ve:
Strep.
Pneumonia
Strep. aurious.
Gram -ve:
H.
influenza
Pseudomonas
Anaerobic
bacteria
2.Viral infection:
Influenza virus
Para influenza virus
Adenovirus
3.Fungus infection:
- Candidiasis
Histoplasmosis
4.Mycoplasma and protozoa in AIDS.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Community Acquired Pneumonia
It occurs in normal healthy

persons
Bacterial infection
Viral infection
2. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
Itoccurs either when

immunity is week or in lunc
disorders or anatomical
abnormal lungs.
TYPES:
1. Segmental Pneumonia: 0nly in one
small segmental lobes of lung.
2. Bilateral Pneumonia: Both side

segmental lobes of lungs are
affected.
3. Lobar Pneumonia:Complete lobe

affected.
4.BronchoPneumonia: Patchy like

formation in the lungs.
RISK FACTORS:
•Air pollution/Aspiration
• Bed rest/prolonged immobility

• Chronic lung disease
• Diabetes mellitus
• Endotracheal incubation
•Full day smoker
• General Anaesthesia/Growing
malnutrition
•HIV
• Immunosuppressivetherapy.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
Fever (high in bacterial infection

and mild in viral infection)
• Chills
• Sweating
• Pleuriticpain
• Cough
• Sputum production
• Haemoptysis (cough with blood)
• Dyspnoea
• Cyanosis
•Rapid pulse
• Hot/pallor Skin
Increase respiratory rate
• Lowoxygen saturation
•Headache
• Dull sound produceon percussion
• Unequal chest wall expansion.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Due to any cause, e.g., bacteria, viral
or other
Inflammation in alveoli
Mast cells activate and release
Histamine
Cytokinine
Leukotrines
Prostaglandins
Due to Cytokinine release, fluid shift

to extracellular space (capillary
permeability)
Alveoli filled with fluid
Decrease oxygen saturation in bodyl
Hypoxemiá/Hypoxia +
COMPLICATIONS:
• Pleuraleffusion
•Atelectasis (due to mucous plug)
•Super infection (Pericarditis,

bacteremia, meningitis).
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
Sputum for culture and sensitivity
•Chest X-ray
• Bronchoscopy
•Cracked sound
•ABG analysis
• Mantoux test.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
1.Prevention of pneumonia by
vaccination
2.Use of antibiotic therapy for

treatment:
Example:
Pencilline
Erythromycin
Cephalosporin
Amikacin (drug of
choice)
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
3. Bronchodilators are used.
4.Analgesics for chest pain, e.g.,

Nimuslide, paracetamol
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
Assessment
• Assess the patient he/she

that
made contact with other client like
(T.B, or pneumonia patient).
•Presence, characterstics and

nature of any chest pain.
Take a history of patients.
Nursing diagnosis with

implementation
1. Ineffective breathing pattern

to decrease metabolic
related
demands or insufficient exchange
of oxygen, carbondioxide in
alveoli.
Nursing Intervention:
Provide comfortable
position to patient.
cough
Prescribe
Suppressant and
analgesics.
2. Ineffective airway clearance-Due
to increase secretion and
inflammation.
Give adviceto patient

to take high fluid diet.
Teach and encourage

effective cough and
deep breathing
techniques.
Administration of
bronchodilators.
Give side lying

position to the patient
with altered level of
consciousness.
3. Activity intolerance due to

decreaselevel of oxygen for
metabolic demands.
At first we have to
maintain baseline
activities and
response to activity of
patient.
Provide oxygen
therapy.
4. Anxiety related to knowledge
deficit
Give psychological
support to the patient.
Maintain a peaceful
enviroment.
Give comfortable rest.
- Provide knowledge
about disease and
also give satisfactory
answers to the
questions of patient.
5. Altered nutrition and hydration
Nursing lIntervention:
Give prescribed diet.
Advice to increases
high protein in diet.
Enccourage for oral

fluids.
6. Promoting comfort
Provide restful
position to patient.
Assess nature and

location of chest pain.
Administer
analgesics.
Provide frequent
mouth care frequently.
Give dry and warm

condition to the
patient.
Health Education:-
Prevent Transmission of
infection.
- Provide information about

collection or handling of
secretion.

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PNEUMONIA

parenchyma which is associated with

Para influenza virus

4.Mycoplasma and protozoa in AIDS.

It occurs in normal healthy

2. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

Itoccurs either when

2. Bilateral Pneumonia: Both side

3. Lobar Pneumonia:Complete lobe

4.BronchoPneumonia: Patchy like

• Bed rest/prolonged immobility

Fever (high in bacterial infection

• Haemoptysis (cough with blood)

Mast cells activate and release

Due to Cytokinine release, fluid shift

Alveoli filled with fluid

Decrease oxygen saturation in bodyl

•Atelectasis (due to mucous plug)

•Super infection (Pericarditis,

Sputum for culture and sensitivity

2.Use of antibiotic therapy for

3. Bronchodilators are used.

4.Analgesics for chest pain, e.g.,

• Assess the patient he/she

(T.B, or pneumonia patient).

•Presence, characterstics and

Take a history of patients.

Nursing diagnosis with

1. Ineffective breathing pattern

Give adviceto patient

Teach and encourage

Give side lying

3. Activity intolerance due to

Give comfortable rest.

5. Altered nutrition and hydration

Give prescribed diet.

Enccourage for oral

Assess nature and

Give dry and warm

- Provide information about

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