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Child Abuse and

Neglect:
A Shared Community Concern

Revised March 1992

-
U.S.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH

J#
~~
f::.. AND HUMAN SERVICES
Administration for Children and Families
Administration on Children, Youth and Families
National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect
 ~~CJRS
Child Abuse and NAY 5 1992

Neglect:
,
A{~~UiSiTXON S

A Shared Community Concern

Revised March 1992

Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information

P.O. Box 1182
Washington, DC 20013
(703) 385-7565
or
(800) FYI-3366
(800) 394-3366
(Outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Administration for Children and Families
Administration on Children, Youth and Families
National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect
P.O. Box 1182
Washington, DC 20013

DHHS Publication No. (ACF) 92-30531

ISBN - 1-55672-038-6
 136487
U.S. Department of Justice
National Institute of Justice

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the

person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated
in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the official po~ition or policies of the National Institute of
Justice.

Permission to reproduce this .... 'g' J material has been

granted by
Public D::m1ain/U. S. Dept. of Health
and Human Services
to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS).

Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis-

sion of the I; . . . owner.
 Table of Contents

Introduction.................. .......................... .................... ........................ 1

How Do We Define Child Abuse and Neglect? ........................................... 1

How Widespread Is the Problem? ........................................................... 3

Why Does Child Abuse and Neglect Occur? ............................................. 4

How Can We Recognize Child Abuse and Neglect? ................................... 6

Who Should Report Child Abuse and Neglect?.......................................... 9

What Happens After the Report Is Made? ................................................ 10

How Can We Help These Children and Families?.......... .................... ......... 10

How Does the Federal Government Support State and Local

Child Protection Efforts? ....................................................................... 11

State Child Protection Agencies: Reporting Procedures.......... ................... 15

National Organizations Concerned with Child Maltreatment........................ 22

National Child Welfare Resource and Research Centers.............................. 28

Selected Bibliography on Child Abuse and Neglect.................................... 30

 INTRODUCTION

Over the past 20 years our understanding of the complex problems of child
abuse and neglect has increased dramatically. This increased knowledge has
improved our ability to intervene effectively in the lives of troubled families.
Likewise, we have a better grasp of what we can do to prevent child abuse and
neglect from occurring. Clearly, we have made great strides. However, our
efforts to prevent and treat child abuse and neglect must continue to grow and
improve.

Just what have we learned? We have learned that a child of any age, sex,
race, religion, and socioeconomic background can fali victim to child abuse and
neglect. We have learned that a large number of children who are abused and
neglected are never reported to the authorities who can help them and their
families. We have learned that we need to provide help and support to abused
and neglected children as well as to their parents. And most important, we have
learned that child abuse and neglect is a community concern. No one agency or
professional alone can prevent and treat the problem; rather all concerned citizens
must work together to effectively identify, prevent, and treat child abuse and
neglect.

This publication will help you better understand the problems of child abuse
and neglect as well as prevention and intervention efforts. To begin our
discussion, we must have a common understanding of how we define child
maltreatment.

HOW DO WE DEFINE CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT?

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (Public Law 100-294)
defines child abuse and neglect as the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or
exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment:

o of a child (a person under the age of 18, unless the child protection
law of the State in which the child resides specifies a younger age for
cases not involving sexual abuse)

o by a person (including any employee of a residential facility or any

staff person providing out-of-home care) who is responsible for the
child's welfare

o under circumstances which indicate that the child's health or welfare

is harmed or threatened thereby.

The Act defines sexual abuse as:

o the use, employment, persuasion, inducement, enticement or coercion

of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any
sexually explicit conduct (or any simulation of such conduct) for the
purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct, or
 o rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of
children, or incest with children.

As a result of the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 (P.L. 98-457), the Act
also includes as child abuse the withholding of medically indicated treatment for an
infant's life-threatening conditions. The Act defines this provision as " ... the failure
to respond to the infant's life-threatening conditions by providing treatment
(including appropriate nutrition, hydration, and medication) which, in the treating
physician's or physicians' reasonable medical judgment, will be most likely to be
effective in ameliorating or correcting all such conditions ... "

The four types of child abuse and neglect are physical abuse, child neglect,
sexual abuse, and mental injury (also referred to as emotional/psychological
abuse). Let us take a brief look at each form of child maltreatment.

Physical Abuse

Physical abuse is characterized by inflicting physical injury by punching,

beating, kicking, biting, burning, or otherwise harming a child, Although the injury
is not an accident, the parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child.
The injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment that is
inappropriate to the child's age.

Child Neglect

Child neglect is characterized by failure to provide for the child's basic

needs. Neglect can be physical, educational, or emotional. The latest national
incidence study defines these three types of neglect as follows. Physical neglect
includes refusal of or delay in seeking health care, abandonment, expulsion from
home or not aI/owing a runaway to return home, and inadequate supervision.
Educational neglect includes permission of chronic truancy, failure to enroll a child
of mandatory school-age, and inattention to a special educational need. Emotional
neglect includes such actions as chronic or extreme spouse abuse in the child's
presence, permission of drug or alcohol use by the child, and refusal of or failure
to provide needed psychological care. It is very important to distinguish between
willful neglect and a parent's or caretaker's failure to provide necessities of life
because of poverty or cultural norms. For example, willful neglect is likely to
trigger Child Protective Services (CPS) intervention. A parent who is unable to
provide the necessities of life due to poverty may, instead, seek assistance from
the governmental bodies charged with providing financial assistance, health
services, housing, or other basic services.

Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse includes fondling a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape,

sodomy, exhibitionism, and sexual exploitation. To be considered child abuse
these acts have to be committed by a person responsible for the care of a child
(for example, a parent, a baby-sitter, or a day care provider). If a stranger

2
commits these acts, it would be considered sexual assault and handled solely by
the police and criminal courts.

Many experts believe that sexual abuse is the most under-reported form of
child maltreatment because of the secrecy or "conspiracy of silence" which so
often characterizes these cases.

Mental Injury (Emotional/Psychological Abuse)

This form of child abuse and neglect includes acts or omissions by the
parents or other person responsible for the child's care that have caused, or could
cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. In some
cases of emotional/psychological abuse the acts of parents or other caretakers
alone, without any harm evident in the child's behavior or condition, are sufficient
to warrant Child Protective Services (CPS) intervention. For example, the
parents/caretakers use extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as torture or
confinement of a child in a dark closet, For less severe acts, such as habitual
scapegoating, belittling, or rejecting treatment, demonstrable harm to the child is
often required for CPS to intervene.

Although any of the forms of child maltreatment may be found alone, we

often find them occurring in combination. And, emotional abuse is almost always
present when other forms are identified.

HOW WIDESPREAD IS THE PROBLEM?1,2

The most recent national incidence study estimates that nearly 1 million
children nationwide experienced demonstrable harm as a result of maltreatment in
1986. According to the same study, almost 1.5 million children nationwide
experienced abuse or neglect if children "at risk of or threatened with harm" are
included in the estimate. In addition, 1,100 children are known to have died as a
result of abuse or neglect in 1986. In comparing the 1986 overall incidence rate
to the 1980 rate, the number of children who experienced demonstrable harm
from abuse or neglect increased 51 percent. The national incidence study
concludes that this increase may reflect increased recognition of maltreatment.
The number of children reported to CPS increased nearly 57 percent since 1980.
CPS officially substantiated/indicated 53 percent of the cases that were reported

Study Findings: Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect: 1988.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services,
Administration for Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau, National Center on Child
Abuse and Neglect. This report is also referred to as the second National Incidence Study.

2 Sedlak, A. National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect: 1 988-Revised Report
(September 5, 1991). This report provides corrected figures for some of the statistical findings in
the second National Incidence Study.

3
and accepted for investigation in 1986. This reflected an increase of 10 percent
since 1980 in the proportion of CPS cases substantiated/indicated.

Every State has a child abuse and neglect reporting law that requires certain
categories of professionals (for example, social workers, medical personnel,
educators, child care staff) to report suspected child abuse and neglect. In
addition, States either require or suggest that the general public report suspected
incidents of child maltreatment. (Reporting is discussed in detail in "Who Should
Report Child Abuse and Neglect?").

Which type of child maltreatment occurs most often 73

....~.•. ".
The revised second National Incidence Study found that the majority of child
maltreatment cases (64 percent) involved neglect (917,200 children or 14.6 per
1,000) and less than half (41 percent) involved abl,jse (590,800 children or 9.4 per
1,000). Let us break down the numbers by the major forms of child maltreatment.

o Physical Abuse. A total of 311,500 children or 4.9 children per

1,000 were physically abused in this country in 1986.

o Emotional Abuse. The next most frequently occurring type of abuse

is emotional abuse, involving 188,100 children or 3.0 children per
1,000.

o Sexual Abuse. Although sexual abuse remains the least frequent type
of abuse, its incidence is not far behind that of emotional abuse. The
national incidence study found that 133,600 children, or 2.1 per
1,000, were sexually abused in 1986.

o Neglect. There are a number of different types of neglect, each with

differing incidence rates. Physical neglect is the most frequently
occurring type of neglect, involving 507,700 children or 8.1 per
1,000. The second most frequent type of neglect is educational
neglect, with 285,900 children or 4.5 per 1,000. The least frequent
type is emotional neglect, involving 203,000 children or 3.2 per
1,000.

WHY DOES CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT OCCUR?4

There are many factors that may contribute to the occurrence of child abuse
and neglect. Each family is different; each family's story is unique. We have,

3 These statistics from the revised second National Incidence Study reflect the revised definition of
child abuse and neglect, which includes the combined totals of children who were demonstrably
harmed and threatened with harm.

4 The statistics in this section are from the revised second National Incidence Study.

4
however, identified some conditions or situations that may make child abuse and
neglect more likely to occur. For discussion purposes, these factors will be
divided into three categories.

o Individual Characteristics.

Parents may be more likely to maltreat their children if they

abuse drugs or alcohol (alcoholic mothers are three times more
likely and alcoholic fathers are eight times more likely to abuse
or neglect their children than are nonalcoholic parents)5; are
emotionally immature or needy; are isolated, with no family or
friends to depend on; were emotionally deprived, abused, or
neglected as children; feel worthless and have never been
loved or cared about; or are in poor health. Many abusive and
neglectful parents do not intend to harm their children and
often feel remorse about their maltreating behavior. However,
their own problems may prevent them from stopping their
harmful behavior and may result in resistance to outside
intervention. It is important to remember that diligent and
effective intervention efforts may overcome the parents'
resistance and help them change their abusive and neglectful
behavior.

Children may be more likely to be at risk of maltreatment if they

are unwanted, resemble someone the parent dislikes, or have
physical or behavioral traits which make them different or
especially difficult to care for.

o Family ~nteractions. Each member of a family affects every other

member of that family in some way. Some parents and children are
fine on their own, but just cannot get along when they are together,
especially for long periods of time. Some characteristics commonly
observed in abusive or neglectful families include social isolation and
parents turning to their children to meet their emotional needs.

o Environmental Conditions. Changes in financial condition,

employment status, or family structure may shake a family's stability.
Some parents may not be able to cope with the stress resulting from
the changes and may experience difficulty in caring for their children.

In addition to these contributing factors, some societal values may

perpetuate child abuse and neglecto For example, the acceptance of violence as a
way of life, the conviction that parents have the right to treat children as they
please, and the desire to avoid outside involvement in family Ii-fa may influence the
occurrence of child abuse and neglect. Although individuals and families have a

5 Fomularo, et al., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, July 1986.

5
right to privacy, no one has a right to abuse or neglect a child. Fear or mistrust of
outside intervention should not prevent families from seeking and/or accepting
help in ending abusive or neglectful situations.

The research conducted over the last 10 years has helped us better
understand why abuse and neglect occurs. Recent significant findings from the
revised second national incidence study are presented below. 6

Age of Child. In 1986, the incidence of physical abuse was lowest among
children up to 2 years of age. However, when these children did experience
physical abuse they were more likely than older children to sustain serious or fatal
injuries. In addition, the incidence of emotional neglect and educational neglect
differed according to the child's age. The risk for these two types of neglect
generally increased with age.

Gender. There was no significant difference in the incidence of neglect associated

with the sex of the child. However, females experienced more abuse than males.
This difference reflected the female's greater susceptibility to sexual abuse. The
rate of sexual abuse for females was more than three times the rate for males
(100,900 females or 3.3 per 1,000 females and 32,100 males or 1.0 per 1,000
males).

Family Income. Children from families whose income was less than $15,000
experienced maltreatment almost seven times more frequently than children from
higher income families.

Family Size. Families with four or more children showed higher rates of both
abuse and neglect.

Race. A child's race/ethnicity has no significant impact on incidence of

ma Itreatme nt.

Geographic Location. Child abuse can occur in any community--urban, suburban,

or rural.

HOW CAN WE RECOGNIZE CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT?

The most common way we identify child abuse and neglect is through the
child's and parent's condition and behavior. We need to look for combinations of
physical and behavioral indicators in children as well as combinations of parental
and child indicators. An example would be a case in which a child who has
frequent unexplained injuries has just sustained a broken arm and seems afraid of
his or her parents. The parents offer conflicting and unconvincing explanations for
the injury.

6 These statistics from the revised second National Incidence Study reflect the revised definition of
child abuse and neglect, which includes the combined totals of children who were demonstrably
harmed and threatened with harm.

6
 Sometimes a single physical indicator in a child will be sufficient to make a
report, such as a spiral fracture in a 3-month-old infant. Some unusual or alarming
child behaviors may, in and of themselves, clearly warrant a report. However,
some behaviors may have possible explanations other than child abuse and
neglect, such as a child who runs away or engages in delinquent behavior.
Therefore, behavioral indicators alone may not clearly indicate the child is being
abused or neglected, so judgment must be exercised. The individual who suspects
that maltreatment is occurring should report these suspicions. Background
information about the child and family is helpful but is not necessary to warrant a
report.

Let us examine some situations that caused professionals and the general
public to suspect child abuse and neglect, and report their concerns to CPS.

REPORT: An 18-month-old boy was brought to the emergency room with

second and third degree burns on his legs and buttocks. The doctor
noted that the burns extended to a different level on each leg--at mid-
calf on the left leg, and mid-knee on the right. In addition, there was
an area on the right buttock that was burned. The mother told the
doctor that she left her son in the bathtub while she went to answer
the telephone. The mother believed that the boy turned on the 110t
water while she was gone. The doctor did not believe that the
mother's explanation was consistent with the injury. The doctor
thought that there were two factors which made it unlikely that burns
could have occurred as a result of the child turning on the hot water.
First, it takes a long time to raise the temperature of normal bath
water to the scalding point. Second, if the injuries had occurred as
the mother described, the injuries would have been the same. The
doctor thought that the injury could have occurred by holding the
child and dangling his feet into scalding water.

REASONS: The doctor reported this case to CPS because:

o The child had sustained a serious injury;

o The parent's explanation of the cause of the child's injury was

implausible; and

o In his clinical opinion, the injury could likely have been caused by the
parent.

REPORT: Susan, aged 7, was in her first grade class when her teacher noticed
that she had difficulty sitting and had some unusually shaped marks
on her arm. Susan was sent to the school nurse to be examined.
The nurse noted approximately 12 linear and loop-shaped marks on
her back and buttocks. These marks ranged in length from 6 to 10
inches. The nurse believed that the marks were inflicted by a belt
and belt buckle. The marks were purple, blue, brown, and yellow,
indicating that the bruises were sustained at different times. Susan

7
 said she did not know how she got the bruises. The nurse spoke
with the principal, who called CPS.

REASONS: The school principal reported this case to CPS because:

o The r.hild had sustained a physical injury;

o The bruises were inflicted at different times, perhaps days apart.

(Even if the bruises had been inflicted at one time this case should
still be reported. The fact that the bruises were in different stages of
healing raises greater concern for the child's safety); and

o The nurse's clinical opinion was that the injuries were inflicted by a
belt and belt buckle.

REPORT: When Cindy was 8 years of age, her teacher called CPS. Cindy was
the only child in her family who wore old tattered clothing to school
and was not given the same privileges and opportunities as her
brothers and sisters. The other children were allowed to join in after
school activities; however, Cindy was not allowed to participate in
any outside activities. Cindy became very withdrawn at school. She
stopped speaking in class and would not engage in play activities
with her classmates. Her academic performance declined rapidly.
Finally, Cindy became incontinent and had "accidents" in class.

REASONS: The reasons the teacher reported this case to CPS were:

o Serious differential treatment of one child in the family;

o Marked decline in academic performance and class participation; and

o Incontinence.

REPORT: A neighbor called CPS because a 5-year-old boy wandered around the
apartment complex unsupervised, often until 10 or 11 p.m. The child
was usually inappropriately dressed for the weather; it was 45
degrees and the child was wearing a short sleeved shirt, long pants,
and torn shoes. The child was constantly asking neighbors for food.
He always had a runny nose and recently had developed a deep
cough. In addition, he picked fights with younger children in the
neighborhood. The neighbor thought the boy's mother worked at
night; howevHr, she rarely saw her at all.

REASONS: This case was: reported because of a combination of factors:

o A young child was unsupervised late at night;

o The child was not dressed appropriately for the weather;

8
 o The neighbor believed that the child was not receiving sufficient
nourishment, as indicated by his constant requests for food; and

o The neighbor believed the mother was unconcerned about her child's
welfare.

REPORT: A neighbor called to report possible sexual abuse of Janise, aged 12.
Janise had confided in the neighbor's daughter that her father had
been "fooling around" with her for several years. The neighbor talked
with Janise before making the report. Janise reported that her dad
touched her private parts and made her "do it" with him. When
Janise was asked if her mom knew what was going on between her
and her dad, Janise replied, "Yes, she doesl" Janise became
frightened when the neighbor said she was going to call CPS. Janise
begged her not to call, screaming, "He told me that they'll take me
awayl" Although the neighbor was horrified that this was happening,
she believed that Janise was telling the truth.

REASONS: The reasons the neighbor called CPS were:

o Janise disclosed that her dad had been sexually abusing her; and

o The neighbor was concerned about Janise, even though it was very
difficult to believe that her father might have done this.

WHO SHOULD REPORT CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT?

Child abuse and neglect is everyone's responsibility. In order to help

maltreated children and their families, professionals and the general public must
report suspected child abuse and neglect. You do not have to prove that a child is
being abused or neglected; you only have to suspect maltreatment is occurring in
order to report. When you report your suspicions to your local child protection
agency, you should be prepared to provide information about the abuse and/or
neglect, the child, and the family.

For families living on military installations, reports should be made to the

Family Advocacy Program. Each branch of the military service has a Family
Advocacy Program, commonly referred to as FAP, designed to address the
prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect.

Today, every State, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam,

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands have .child abuse reporting laws. These laws
mandate or require the reporting of suspected child maltreatment as well as set
forth other requirements of reporting. For example, your State child abuse
reporting law specifies the individuals who must report. Your State law also
describes the penalties for not reporting and the specific situations that should be
reported to CPS.

9
 If you report suspected child abuse and neglect in accordance with the law,
you are immune or protected from civil and criminal liability. For more information
on your State child abuse reporting law, check with your local or State CPS
agency.

WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE REPORT IS MADE?

After the report is made to CPS, a staff member will talk with the child and
the family, and other people involved with the family to determine if child abuse or
neglect has occurred or is likely to occur. In some communities, a law
enforcement investigator or both a CPS worker and a police officer will conduct
the investigation to determine whether abuse or neglect has occurred. Family
Advocacy Program staff on military installations typically cooperate with the
responsible civilian authorities and work with CPS to conduct the investigation.
They also provide appropriate treatment such as counseling and medical services.

In addition to determining whether abuse or ne,glect has occurred, or is likely

to occur, CPS will evaluate whether the child's life or health is threatened. The
primary role of CPS is to ensure that children are protected from harm and the
integrity of the family maintained, if possible. If CPS concludes that a child's
safety is threatened, it will make all efforts to keep the family together and, at the
same time, ensure the child's safety. Sometimes, however, that is not possible
and CPS must, through the civil (juvenile or family) courts, remove the child from
his or her parents and place the child in foster care.

Whether or not a child is removed, if child abuse or neglect has occurred or

is likely to occur in a family, CPS will provide services or refer the family to other
community agencies or professionals to help the family members change their
unhealthy patterns of behavior that led to the problem.

CPS emphasizes the protection of children and treatment of families.

Sometimes abusers are prosecuted in criminal court (most often in cases of sexual
abuse or severe physical abuse) in order to ensure that the abuser accepts and
follows through with treatment and to ensure that a criminal act is appropriately
deterred.

HOW CAN WE HELP THESE CHILDREN AND FAMILIES?

There are still many unanswered questions about child abuse and neglect
and how we can prevent and treat it. We have, however, learned enough from
research, model programs, and clinical efforts to develop some guiding principles.

o Child maltreatment is a family problem. Consequently, our treatment

efforts must focus on the family as a whole as well as the individual
family members. Treatment must be provided to abused and
neglected children as well as their parents. Unless children receive
the support and treatment for the trauma they have suffered, they
may suffer permanent physical, mental, or emotional handicaps, and

10
 as adults they may continue the cycle of abuse with their own family
or other children. In addition, abused and neglected children are more
likely than other children to have substance abuse problems.

o Although we cannot predict with certainty who will abuse or neglect

their children, we do know the signs indicating high risk. People at
high risk include parents who abUs.~~l drugs and alcohol, young parents
who are ill-prepared for the parenting role, families experiencing great
stress who have poor coping skills and have no one to turn to for
support, and parents who have difficulty with or who have not
developed an emotional bond with their infant. We need to be alert
to these and other high risk indicators and offer assistance, support,
counseling, and/or parent education to families "at risk" before their
children are harmed.

o Families "at risk" may be most receptive to help soon after the birth
of their first child.

o Child sexual abuse prevention programs aimed at school-aged children

appear to be useful in helping children avoid sexually abusive
situations and to say no to inappropriate touch by adults. However,
prevention programs must be carefully examined and selected. These
programs must be responsive to the learning capacities and
developmental stages of the children involved. Inappropriately
designed programs may frighten young children or fail to teach them
what they can do to protect themselves.

o Volunteers can be very effective with some abusive and neglectful

parents--especially with those parents who are experiencing stress,
who have been emotionally deprived, and who lack knowledge of
child development and effective parenting skills. Volunteers must be
carefully screened, trained, and supervised.

Clearly, if we are going to stop child abuse and neglect and help the child
victims and their families, we all must work together. Efforts must occur at the
Federal, State, and local levels.

HOW DOES THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT STATE AND LOCAL CHILD
PROTECTION EFFORTS?

The primary responsibility for responding to cases of child abuse and neglect
rests with the State and local agencies. In each community, reports of child abuse
and neglect are investigated by CPS and/or the police. Also, prevention and
treatment for both children and families are provided by public and private
community agencies. Volunteer organizations and self-help groups also provide
assistance and support to families. Further, each military installation has a child
abuse and neglect program called the Family Advocacy Program (FAP).

11
 The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN), initially created
by P.L. 93-247 in 1974 and reauthorized in 1988 under P.L. 100-294 (the Child
Abuse Prevention, Adoption, and Family Services Act of 1988) has furthered State
and local efforts in many different ways.

NCCAN awards basic State grants to States and Territories for assistance in
developing, strengthening, and carrying out child abuse and neglect prevention
and treatment programs. In fiscal year 1991, awards were made to 53 States or
Territories.

NCCAN provides funds to States and Territories that have programs or

procedures in their child protection systems that enable them to respond to reports
of medical neglect, including instances of withholding of medically indicated
treatment from disabled infants with life-threatening conditions. In 1991, 55
States or Territories received funds for this program.

Through the Children's Justice and Assistance Act of 1986, NCCAN

provides grants to assist States and Territories in developing, establishing, and
operating programs designed to improve the handling of child abuse cases,
especially those involving sexual abuse, in a manner that reduces additional
trauma to the child and improves procedures for the investigation and prosecution
of child abuse cases, particularly child sexual abuse. To be eligible for funds, a
State or Territory must have a State Task Force that reviews the State's or
Territory's judicial and administrative procedures for handling child abuse cases
and recommends improvements. Funds for this program are allocated from the
Department of Justice's Victims of Crime Fund. Grants were awarded to 42
States or Territories in fiscal year 1991.

Since 1985, NCCAN has provided Challenge Grants to States and Territories
to encourage the establishment and maintenance of trust funds or other funding
mechanisms to support child abuse and neglect prevention activities. To receive
these funds, States or Territories must have established, in the year prior to the
funding request, a trust fund or other funding mechanism available only for child
abuse and neglect prevention programs. In fiscal year 1991, 47 States received
grants.

During fiscal year 1991, NCCAN provided 94 grants to State and local
agencies to improve the delivery of services to children whose parents abuse
alcohol or drugs. Agencies eligible to receive funds are State and local agencies
responsible for administering child abuse intervention services and community and
mental health agencies and nonprofit youth-serving organizations with experience
in providing child abuse prevention services. The funds may be used to hire
additional personnel to reduce caseload size, to provide training to improve
professionals' ability to provide emergency child abuse prevention services to
parents who are abusing substances, to expand services to deal with family crises
created by substance abuse, and to establish or improve agency coordination of
services of children whose parents abuse substances.

12
 In 1991, NCCAN funded projects:

o to improve the services to substance abusing parents, families and

adolescents.

o to coordinate multi-disciplinary/interdisciplinary training models.

o to develop State and local coordinated, multi-disciplinary

comprehensive emergency services delivery models.

o to provide community-based public information/education models to

address the relationship between substance abuse and child and
youth maltreatment.

NCCAN conducts research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of

child abuse and neglect; conducts research on appropriate and effective
investigative, administrative and judicial procedures with respect to cases of child
abuse and neglect; funds demonstration programs to identify the best means of
preventing maltreatment and treating troubled families; and funds the development
and implementation of training programs.

Since 1975, NCCAN has provided funds on a competitive basis for more
than 750 projects to State and local agencies and organizations nationwide.
These projects focus on every aspect of the prevention and treatment of child
abuse and neglect. In 1991, NCCAN funded new child abuse and neglect projects
in the following areas:

o graduate research fellowships in child abuse and neglect.

o research on juvenile sexual offenders.

o field initiated research for child abuse and neglect including:

research on the neighborhood impact on child maltreatment.

research to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based

Parent and Child Resilient Peer Training to improve the social
effectiveness of maltreating parents and preschool victims of
physical abuse.

a longitudinal study to examine both the antecedents and

consequences of neglect in a high-risk group of children.

research on the prevention and identification of child

maltreatment in children of cocaine-using mothers.

a follow-up study to determine the relationship between the

childhood victimization of boys and later offending behavior
and other outcomes.

13
 o a project to review and synthesize research on child abuse and
neglect and to recommend research needs and priorities for the
future.

o collaborative arrangements between State Child Welfare Agencies and

State Title IV-A Agencies to train Job Opportunity and Basic Skills'
Participants to work as child protective services paraprofessionals.

Also in 1991, NCCAN funded, by cooperative agreements, the National

Resource Center on Child Abuse and Neglect in Englewood, Colorado (to improve
the capability of public and private agencies to respond effectively to child abuse
and neglect) and the National Resource Center on Child Sexual Abuse in
Huntsville, Alabama (to assist the field in all aspects of dealing with child sexual.
abuse).

NCCAN has also funded grants in earlier fiscal years for five-year periods
that are currently ongoing. Examples include the demonstration projects for
Community-Based Prevention of Physical Child Abuse and Neglect and the
Consortium for Longitudinal Studies of Child Maltreatment. Two other projects
funded by NCCAN in fiscal year 1988 and fiscal year 1989, respectively, as
resources for the field, are the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect
and the Status of Measurement Development in the Study of Child Abuse and
Neglect.

Finally, one of NCCAN's most critical responsibilities is to disseminate up-to-

date information on child maltreatment. This is done primarily through the
Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information in Fairfax, Virginia, which is
a major resource for professionals and concerned citizens interested in child
maltreatment issues. Publications distributed by the Clearinghouse include
bibliographies, training materials, and research reviews. The Clearinghouse
maintains a database of resources for professionals, which is available to the
public through DIALOG Information Services, Inc. (File 64). In addition, the
Clearinghouse staff will perform searches on specific topics for users.

If you would like more information about the problems of child abuse or
neglect or Federal, State, and local prevention and treatment efforts, you should
contact the Clearinghouse.

Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and

Neglect Information
P.O. Box 1182
Washington, DC 20013
(703) 385-7565
or
(800) FYI-3366
(800) 394-3366
(Outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area)

14
 STATE CHILD PROTECTION AGENCIES: REPORTING PROCEDURES

Because the responsibility for investigating reports of suspected child abuse

and neglect rests at the State level, each State has established a Child Protective
Services (CPS) reporting system. Listed below are the name and address of the
CPS agency in each State, followed by the procedures for reporting suspected
child maltreatment. A number of States have toll-free (800) telephone numbers
that can be used for reporting. Some States have two numbers, one for
individuals calling within the State and the other for those calling outside of the
State. Normal business hours vary from agency to agency, but are typically from
8 or 9 a.m. to 4:30 or 5 p.m.

Alabama: Arizona:
Alabama Department of Human Department of Econ!Jmic
Resources Security
Division of Family and Children's Administration for Children, Youth
Services and Families
Office of Protective Services P.O. Box 6123, Site CaE 940A
50 Ripley Street Phoenix, AZ 85005
Montgomery, AL 36130-1801
Make reports to Department of
During business hours, make Economic Security local offices.
reports to the County Department
of Human Resources, Child Arkansas:
Protective Services Unit. After Arkansas Department of Human
business hours, make reports to Services
local police. Division of Children and
Family Services
Alaska: P.O. Box 1437
Department of Health and Little Rock, AR 72203
Social Services
Division of Family and Youth Make reports in-State to
Services (800) 482-5964.
Box H-05, Juneau, AK 99811
California:
Make reports in-State to Make reports to County
(800) 478-4444. Out-of-State, use Departments of Welfare or law
area code 907. This telephone enforcement agency.
number is toll free.
Colorado:
American Samoa: Department of Social Services
Director of Human Resources and Child Welfare Services
Department of Human Resources 225 E. 16th Street
America Samoa Government Denver, CO 80203-1702
Pago Pago, AS 96799
Make reports to County
Departments of Social Services.

15
Connecticut: Georgia:
Connecticut Department of Georgia Department of Human
Children and Youth Services Resources
Division of Children and Division of Family and Children
Protective Services Services .
1 70 Sigourney Street 878 Peachtree Street, N.W.
Hartford, CT 06105 Room 502
Atlanta, GA 30309
Make reports in-State to
(800) 842-2288 or out-of-State Make reports to County
to (203') 344-2599. Departments of Family and Children
Services.
Delaware:
Delaware Department of Services Guam:
for Children, Youth and Their Department of Public Health
Families . and Social Services
Division of Child Protective Child Welfare Services
Services Child Protective Services
18,25 Faulkland Road P.O. Box 2816
Wilmington, DE 19802 Agana, GU 96910

Make reports in-State to Make reports to the State Child

(800) 292-9582.' Protective Services Agency at
(671) 646-8417.
District of Columbia:
District of Columbia Department Hawaii:
of Human Services Department of Human Services
Commission on Social Services Public Welfare Division
Family Services Administration Family and Adult Services
Child and Family Services Division P.O. Box 339
609 H. Street, N.E. Honolulu, HI 96809
Washington, DC 20001
Make reports to each Island's
Make reports to (202) 727-0995. Department of Human'Services
CPS reporting hotline.
Florida:
Florida Protective Service System Idaho:
2729 Fort Knox Blvd. Department of Health and Welfare
Tallahassee, FL 32308 Field Operations Bureau of Social
Services and Child Protection
Make reports in-State to 450 West State Street
(800) 342-9152 or out-of-State Boise, ID 83720
to (904) 487-2625.
Make reports to Department of.
Health and Welfare Regional
Offices.

16
Illinois: Make reports to Department of
Illinois Department of Children Social and Rehabilitation Service
and Family Services Area Offices and in-State to
Station 75 (800) 922-5330.
State Administrative Offices
406 East Monroe Street Kentucky:
Springfield, IL 62701 Kentucky Cabinet of Human
Resources
Make reports in-State to Division of Family Services
(800) 25-ABUSE or out-of-State Children and Youth Services Branch
to (217) 785-4010. 275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY 40621
Indiana:
Indiana Department of Public Make reports to County Offices in
Welfare-Child Abuse and Neglect 14 State districts.
Children and Families Division
402 W. Washington Street Louisiana:
Room W-364 Louisiana Department of Social
Indianapolis, IN 46204 Services
Office of Community Services
Make reports to County P.O. Box 3318
Departments of Public Welfare. Baton Rouge, LA 70821
Iowa: Make reports to parish Protective
Iowa Department of Human Service Units.
Services
Bureau of Adult, Children and Maine:
Family Services Maine Department of Human
Central Child Abuse Registry Services
Hoover State Office Building Child Protective Services
Fifth Floor State House, Station 11
Des Moines, IA 50319 Augusta, ME 04333
Make reports in-State to Make reports to Regional Office
(800) 362-2178 or out-of-State of Human Services; in-State to
(during business hours) to (800) 452-1999 or out-of-State to
(515) 281-5581 and (after business (207) 289-2983. Both operate 24
hours) to (515) 281-3240. hours a day.
Maryland:
Kansas: Maryland Department of Human
Kansas Department of Social Resources
and Rehabilitation Services Social Services Administration
Division of Social Services Saratoga State Center
Child Protection and Family 311 West Saratoga Street
Services Section ~altimore, MD 21201
Smith-Wilson Building
300 S.W. Oakley Street Make reports to County
Topeka, KS 66606 Departments of Social Services or
to local law enforcement agencies.

17
Massachusetts: Missouri:
Massachusetts Department of Missouri Child Abuse and
Social Services Neglect Hotline
Protective Services Department of Social Service
24 Farnsworth Street Division of Family Services
Boston, MA 02210 DFS, P.O. Box 88
Broadway Building
Make reports to Area Offices or Jefferson City, MO 65103
Protective Screening Unit or in-
State to (800) 792-5200. Make reports in-State to
(800) 392-3738 or out-of-State to
Michigan: (314) 751-3448. Both operate 24
Michigan Department of Social hours a day.
Services
P.O. Box 30037 Montana:
235 S. Grand Avenue Department of Family Services
Suite 412 Child Protective Services
Lansing, MI 48909 P.O. Box 8005
Helena, MT 59604
Make reports to County
Departments of Social Services. Make reports to County
Departments of Family Services.
Minnesota:
Minnesota Department of Human Nebraska:
Services Nebraska Department of Social
Children's Services Division Services
Human Services Building Human Services Division
St. Paul, MN 55155 301 Centennial Mall South
Make reports to County P.O. Box 95026
Departments of Human Services. Lincoln, NE 68509

Mississippi: Make reports to local law

Mississippi Department of Human enforcement agencies or to local
Services social services offices or in-State to
Office of Social Services Protection (800) 652-1999.
Department
P.O. Box 352 Nevada:
Jackson, MS 39205 Department of Human Resources
Welfare Division
Make reports in-State to 2527 North Carson Street
(800) 222-8000 or out-of-State Carson City, NV 89710
(during business hours) to
(601) 354-0341. Make reports to Division of Welfare
local offices.

18
New Hampshire: North Carolina:
New Hampshire Division for North Carolina Department of
Children and Youth Services Human Resources
6 Hazen Drive Division of Social Services
Concord, NH 03301-6522 Child Protective Services
325 North Salisbury Street
Make reports to Division for
Raleigh, NC 27603
Children and Youth Services
District Offices or in-State to
Make reports in-State to
(800) 852-3345 (Ext. 4455).
(800) 662-7030.
New Jersey:
North Dakota:
New Jersey Division of Youth
and Family Services North Dakota Department of
Human Services
Department of Human Services
(CN717) Division of Children and Family
50 E. State Street Services
Sixth Floor Child Abuse and Neglect Program
Trenton, NJ 08625 600 East Blvd.
Bismarck, ND 58505
Make reports in-State to
(800) 792-8610. District offices Make reports to County Social
also provide 24-hour telephone Services Offices.
services.
Ohio:
New Mexico: Ohio Department of Human
New Mexico Human Services Services
Department Bureau of Children's Protective
Children's Bureau Services
Pollon Plaza, P.O. Box 2348 30 East Broad Street
Santa Fe, NM 87503-2348 Columbus, OH 43266-0423
Make reports to County Social Make reports to County
Services offices or in-State to Departments of Human Services.
(800) 432-6217.
Oklahoma:
New York:
Oklahoma Department of Human
New York State Department of Services
Social Services
Division of Children and Youth
Division of Family and Children
Services
Services
Child Abuse/Neglect Section
State Central Register of Child P.O. Box 25352
Abuse and Maltreatment
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
40 North Pearl Street
Albany, NY 12243
Make reports in-State to
Make reports in-State to (800) 522-3511.
(800) 342-3720 or out-of-State to
(518) 474-9448.

19
Oregon: South Carolina:
Department of Human Resources South Carolina Department of
Children's Services Divisiol1 Social Services
Child Protective Services 1535 Confederate Avenue
198 Commercial Street, S.E. P.O. Box 1520
Salem, OR 97310 Columbia, SC 29202-1520

Make reports to local Children's Make reports to County

Services Division Offices and to Departments of Social Services.
(503) 378-4722.
South Dakota:
Pennsylvania: Department of Social Services
Pennsylvania Department of Public Child Protection Services
Welfare Kneip Building
Office of Children, Youth and 700 Governors Drive
Families Pierre, SD 57501
Child Line and Abuse Registry
Lanco Lodge, P.O. Box 2675 Make reports to local social
Harrisburg, PA 17105 services offices.

Make reports in-State to CHILDLINE Tennessee:

(800) 932-0313 or out-of-State to Tennessee Department of Human
(713) 783-8744. Services
Child Protective Services
Puerto Rico: Citizen Bank Plaza
Puerto Rico Department of Social 400 Deadrick Street
Services Nashville, TN 37248
Services to Family With Children
P.O. Box 11398 Make reports to County
Santurci, PR 00910 Departments of Human Services.

Make .reports to (809) 724-1333. Texas:

Texas Department of Human
Rhode Island: Services
Rhode Island Department for Protective Services for Families and
Children and Their Families Children Branch
Division of Child Protective P.O. Box 149030
Services MC-E-206
610 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Bldg. #9 Austin, TX 78714-9030
Providence, RI 02908
Make reports in-State to
Make reports in-State to (800) 252-5400 or out-of-State to
(800) RI-CHILD or 742-4453 or (512) 450-3360.
out-of-State to (401) 457-4996.

20
Utah: Washington:
Department of Social Service-s Dept. of Social and Health Services
Division of Family Services Division of Children and Family
120 North 200 West Services
Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0500 Child Protective Services
Mail Stop OB 41-D
Make reports to Division of Family Olympia, WA 98504
Services District Offices.
Make reports in-State to
Vermont: (800) 562-5624 or local Social and
Vermont Department of Social and Health Services Offices.
Rehabilitative Services
Division of Social Services West Virginia:
103 South Main Street West Virginia Department of
Waterbury, VT 05676 Human Services
Office of Social Services
Make reports to District Offices or Building 6, Room 850
to (802) 241-2131. State Capitol Complex
Charleston, WV 25305
Virgin Islands:
Division of Children, Youth & Make reports in-State to
Families Department of Human (800) 352-6513.
Services
Government of the Virgin islands Wisconsin:
Barbel Plaza South Wisconsin Department of Health
Charlotte Amalie and Social Services
St. Thomas, VI 00802 Department of Health and Social
Services
Make reports to Division of Social Bureau for Children, Youth, and
Services (809) 773-2323. Families
1 West Wilson Street
Virginia: P.O. Box 7851
Commonwealth of Virginia Madison, WI 53707
Department of Social Services
Bureau of Child Protective Services Make reports to County Social
Blair Building Services Offices.
8007 Discovery Drive
Richmond, VA 23229-8699 Wyoming:
Department of Family Services
Make reports in-State to Hathaway Building, #322
(800) 552-7096 or out-of-State to Cheyenne, WY 82002
(804) 662-9084.
Make reports to County
Departments of Public Assistance
and Social Services.

21
 NATIONAL ORGJ.\.NIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH CHILD MALTREATMENT

Action for Child Protection American Medical Association

4724 Park Road, Unit C Department of Mental Health
Charlotte, NC 282.09 51 5 North State Street
(704) 529-1080 Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 464-5000
Responds primarily to inquiries from
professional and institutions Responds to inquiries and provides
involved in child protection. publications relating to child abuse
and neglect.
American Academy of Pediatrics
141 Northwest Point Boulevard American Professional Society on
P.O. Box 927 1;he Abuse of Children (APSAC)
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 332 South Michigan Avenue
(800) 433-9016 Suite 1600
For professional and public Chicago, IL 60604
educational materials contact the (312) 554-0166
Publications Department. For
information on child abuse and Responds to inquiries from
neglect, contact the AAP professionals involved in combating
Committee on Child Abuse and child maltreatment.
Neglect.
American Public Welfare
ABA Center on Children and the Association
Law 810 First Street, N.E., Suite 500
1800 M Street, N.W., Suite 200 Washington, DC 20002-4267
Washington, DC 20036 (202) 682-0100
(202) 331-2250
Addresses program and policy
Responds primarily to inquiries from issues on the administration and
professional and institutions delivery of publicly funded human
involved in child welfare and services.
protection.
Association of Juniur Leagues
American Association for 660 First Avenue
Protecting Children New York, NY 10016
American Humane Association (212) 683-1515
63 Inverness Drive East
Englewood, CO 80112-5117 For legislative information, contact
(303) 792-9900 Public Policy Director; for individual
(800) 227-5242 Junior League programs and child
abuse and neglect information,
Professional publications and public League Services Department.
inquiries regarding child protective
services and child abuse and
neglect.

22
Boys and Girls Clubs of America disseminates materials, makes
Government Relations Office treatment referrals, trains
611 Rockville Pike, Suite 230 professionals, and conducts
Rockville, MD 20852 research.
(301) 251-6676
Child help USA (D.C. Office)
1,200 clubs nationwide serving 5225 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.
over 1.6 million boys and girls. Suite 603
Offers child safety curriculum. Washington, D.C. 20015
(202) 537-5193
C. Henry Kempe Center for
Prevention and Treatment of Contact for information on Federal
Child Abuse and Neglect programs and legislation.
1205 Oneida Street
Denver, CO 80220 General Federation of Women's
(303) 321-3963 Clubs
1734 N Street, N.W.
Offers a clinically based resource Washington, DC 20036-2920
for training, consultation, program (202) 347-3168
development and evaluation, and
research in all types of child 10,000 clubs nationwide. Provides
maltreatment. child abuse and neglect prevention
and education programs,
Child Welfare League of America nonprofessional support, and
440 First Street, N.W. legislative activities.
Suite 310 Programs are based on needs of
Washington, DC 20001 community.
(202) 638-2952
Military Family Resource Center
Responds primarily to inquiries from (MFRC)
professional and institutions Ballston Center Tower Three
specializing in child welfare. Ninth Floor
4015 Wilson Boulevard
Child help USA Suite 903
6463 Independence Avenue Arlington, VA 22203
Woodland Hills, CA 91367 (703) 696-4555
Hotline: (800) 4-A-CHILD or
(800) 422-4453 Recommends policy and program
guidance to the Assistant Secretary
Provides comprehensive crisis of Defense iForce Management and
counseling by mental health Personnel) on family violence
professionals for adult and child issues and assists the military
victims of child abuse and neglect, services to establish, develop, and
offenders, parents who are fearful maintain comprehensive family
of abusing or who want violence programs.
information on how to be effective
parents. The Survivors of
Childhood Abuse Program (SCAP)

23
National Association for Perinatal National Center on Child Abuse and
Addiction Research and Neglect (NCCAN)
Education (NAPARE) Administration on Children, Youth
11 E. Hubbard St. and Families
Suite 200 Administration for Children and
Chicago, IL 60611 Families
(312) 329-2512 Department of Health and Human
Services
Provides a network for exchange of P.O. Box 1182
information and ideas regarding Washington, DC 20013
prevention and intervention in the
problems caused by substance Responsible for the Federal
abuse during pregnancy. government's child abuse and
neglect activities. Administers
National Association of Social grant programs to States and
Workers organizations to further research
7981 Eastern Avenue and demonstration projects, service
Silver Spring, MD 20910 programs, and other activities
(301) 565-0333 related to the identification,
treatment, and prevention of child
Addresses social policy on family abuse and neglect.
violence, legislation, and program
support advocacy. Responds to Clearinghouse provides selected
inquires from professionals and publications and information
institutions involved in child welfare services on child abuse and
and protection. neglect.
(703) 385-7565 or
National Black Child Development (800) FYI-3366/394-3366 (outside
Institute the Washington, DC metropolitan
1463 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W. area)
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 387-1281 National Center for Missing
and Exploited Children
Provides newsletter, annual 2101 Wilson Boulevard
conference, and ans\riers public Suite 550
inquiries regarding issues facing Arlington, VA 22201
black children/youth. (703) 235-3900
(800) 843-5678

Toll-free number for reporting

missing children, sightings of
missing children, or reporting cases
of child pornography. Provides free
written materials for the general
public on child victimization as well
as technical documents for
professionals.

24
National Center for Prosecution of National Clearinghouse on Family
Child Abuse Violence
1033 N. Fairfax St. Health and Welfare Canada
Suite 200 940 Brooke Claxton Bldg.
Alexandria, VA 22314 Tunney's Pasture
(703) 739-0321 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1 A 1 B5
(613) 957-2938
A program of the American (613) 957-2939
Prosecutors Research Institute, (800) 267-1291
promotes the prosecution and
conviction of child abusers by Collects and disseminates
offering information and practical information on all aspects of family
assistance to prosecutors involved violence, with a special emphasis
in child abuse litigation. Publishes on material developed in Canada.
manuals on legal issues and
provides technical assistance, National Committee for Prevention
referral services, and training of Child Abuse
seminars on child abuse litigation 332 South Michigan Avenue
for prosecutors. Suite 1600
Chicago, IL 60604-4357
National Child Abuse Coalition (312) 663-3520
733 15th St., NW, Suite 938
Washington, DC 20005 68 local chapters (in all 50 States).
(202) 347-3666 Provides information and statistics
on child abuse and maintains an
Monitors Federal policy and extensive publications list. The
legislative changes in the area of National Research Center provides
child abuse and neglect and information for professionals on
publishes a monthly newsletter programs, methods for evaluating
summarizing recent developments programs, and research findings.
in the Federal government that
impact on child protection National Council of Juvenile and
professionals. Family Court Judges
P.O. Box 8970
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol Reno, NV 89507
and Drug Information (NCADI) (702) 784-6012
P.O. Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20850 Focuses on improving the court
(301) 468-2600 system's handling of juvenile and
family court matters. Primarily
Gathers and disseminates responds to professional and
information on alcohol- and drug- institutional inquires.
related subjects, produces public
awareness materials on substance
abuse prevention, prepares topical
bibliographies, and distributes a
wide variety of publications on
alcohol and drug abuse.

25
National Council on Child Abuse National Criminal Justice Reference
and Family Violence Service (NCJRS)
1155 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. National Institute of Justice
Suite 400 P.O. Box 6000
Washington, DC 20036 1 600 Research Blvd.
(800) 222-2000 Rockville, MD 20850
(301) 251-5500
Provides services to strengthen (800) 851-3420
public awareness and education,
professional development and Provides information on all aspects
organizational development in of law enforcement and criminal
family violence prevention and justice, answers inquiries, conducts
treatment programs. computerized database searches,
distributes publications, and makes
The National Court Appointed referrals.
Special Advocate Association
2722 Eastlake Ave. E., Suite 220 National Education Association
Seattle, Washington 98102 (NEA)
(206) 328-8588 Human and Civil Rights Unit
1 201 16th Street, N. W .
Provides support to local court Washington, DC 20036
appointed special advocate (202) 822-7733
programs with training, legal
research, fundraising, and public Offers training to NEA members.
awareness services. Sells child abuse and neglect
training kits and supplemental
National Crime Prevention Council materials to professionals and the
1 700 K Street, N. W., 2nd Floor general public.
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 466-6272 National Exchange Club Foundation
for Prevention of Child Abuse
Provides personal safety curricula, 3050 Central Avenue
including child abuse and neglect Toledo, OH 43606
prevention for school children and (419) 535-3232
model prevention programs for
adolescents. Educational materials Provides volunteer parent aide
for parents, children, and services to abusive and neglecting
community groups are available. families in 37 cities.

26
National Mental Health Association Parents Anonymous
Prevention Clearinghouse 6733 South Sepulveda Boulevard
1021 Prince St. Suite 270
Alexandria, VA 22314 Los Angeles, CA 90045
(703) 684-7722 (800) 421-0353 (toll-free)
(213) 410-9732 (business)
Offers a network to connect
experts with those in need of 1,200 chapters nationwide.
assistance and to facilitate National program of professionally
communication among facilitated self-help groups. Each
professionals involved in primary State has different program
prevention. components.

National Network of Runaway Parents United/Daughters and Sons

and Youth Services United/Adults Molested as
1400 Eye Street, N. W., Suite 330 Children United
Washington, DC 20005 232 East Gish Road
(202) 682-4114 San Jose, CA 95112
(408) 453-7616
Provides written materials,
responds to general inquiries 150 chapters nationwide. Provides
regarding runaways and adolescent guided self-help for sexually
abuse, and serves as a referral abusive parents as well as child
source for runaways and parents. and adult victims of sexual abuse.

National Organization for Victims of Child Abuse Laws

Victim Assistance (NOVA) (VOCAL)
1757 Park Road, N.W. 12 North Broadway
Washington, DC 20010 Suite 133
(202) 232-6682 Santa Ana, CA 92701
(714) 558-0200
Provides information and referral
for child victims as well as crisis Provides information and support to
counseling. individuals falsely accused of child
abuse.
National Runaway Switchboard
Metro-Help, Inc.
3080 North Lincoln
Chicago, IL 60657
(800)621-4000 (toll-free)
(312) 880-9860 (business)

Provides toll-free information,

referral, and crisis counseling
services to runaway and homeless
youth and their families. Also
serves as the National Youth
Suicide Hotline.

27
 NATIONAL CHILD WELFARE RESOURCE, RESEARCH
AND INFORMATION CENTERS

People of Color Leadership

I NCCAN - Sponsored
II Institute
Center for Child Protection and
Clearinghouse on Child Abuse Family Support
and Neglect Information 714 G Street, S.E.
P.O. Box 1182 Washington, DC 20003
Washington, DC 20013 (202) 544-3144
(703) 385-7565
or
(800) FYI-3366/ Other Centers
II II
(800) 394-3366
(Outside the Washington, DC National Child Welfare Resource
metropolitan area) Center for Management and
Administration
National Information Clearinghouse University of Southern Maine
for Infants with Disabilities and 96 Falmouth Street
Life-Threatening Conditions Portland, ME 04103
Association for Care of Children (207) 780-4430
7910 Wood mont Ave., S-300 (800) HELP-KID
Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 654-6549 National Legal Resource Center for
(800) 922-9234 Child Welfare
American Bar Association
National Resource Center on Child 1800 M Street N.W., Suite 300-S
Abuse and Neglect Washington, DC 20036
American Association for (202) 331-2250
Protecting Children
American Humane Association National Foster Care Resource
63 Inverness Drive East Center
Englewood, CO 80112-5117 Institute for the Study of Children
(303) 792-9900 and Families
(800) 227-5242 Eastern Michigan University
102 King Ha"
National Resource Center on Child Ypsilanti, MI 48197
Sexual Abuse (313) 487-0372
National Children's Advocacy
Center National Resource Center for
106 Lincoln Street Special Needs Adoption
Huntsvi"e, AL 35801 A Division of Spaulding for Children
(205) 533-KIDS 17390 W. Eight Mile Road
(800) KIDS-006 Southfield, MI 48075
(31 3) 443-0300

28
National Resource Center for Youth National Resource Center for
Services Family Support Programs
The University of Oklahoma Family Resource Coalition
202 West 8th Street 200 S. Michigan Avenue
Tulsa, OK 74119-1414 Suite 1520
(918) 585-2986 Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 341-0900
National Resource Center on Family
Based Services National Resource Center for
The University of Iowa School of Abandoned Infants Assistance
Social Work Programs
112 North Hall Family Welfare Research Group
Iowa City, IA 52242 1950 Addison St., S-104
(319) 335-2200 Berkeley, CA 94720
(510) 643-7020
National Resource Institute on
Children and Youth with National Resource Center for Crisis
Handicaps Nursery and Respite Care
Child Development and Mental Programs
Retardation Center ARCH Network
University of Washington 800 East Towne Drive
Mailstop WJ-1 0 Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Seattle, WA 98195 (919) 490-5577
(206) 543-2213

Center for Child Welfare Policy

Research
The Center for the Study of Social
Policy
1250 I St., N.W., Suite 503
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 371-1565

Child Welfare Research Center

Chapin Hall Center for Children
University of Chicago
1155 E. 60th Street
Chicago, IL 60637
(312) 753-5900

Berkeley Child Welfare Research

Center
Family Welfare Research Group
1950 Addison St., Ste. 104
Berkeley, CA 94704
(510) 643-7020

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

Barker, N. (Ed.). Child Abuse and Neglect. An Interdisciplinary Method of

Treatment. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1989.

Besharov, D. (Ed.). Family Violence Research and Public Policy Issues.

Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 1990.

Besharov, D. Recognizing Child Abuse. A Guide for the Concerned. New York:
Free Press, 1990.

Cicchetti, D. and Carlson, V. (Eds.). Child Maltreatment. Theory and Research on

the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Clark, R. and Clark, J. The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse. New York: Facts on
File, Inc., 1989.

Finkelhor, D.; Hotaling, G.; Kirkpatrick, J.; and Straus, M. (Eds.). Coping with
Family Violence. Research and Policy Perspectives. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage Publications, 1988.

Garbarino, J. and Stott, F. What Children Tell Us. Eliciting, Interpreting. and
Evaluating Information from Children. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.,
1989.

Geller, R. and Cornell, C. Intimate Violence in Families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Publications( 1990.

Gil, E. The Healing Power of Play. Working with Abused Children. New York:
Guilford Press, 1991.

Helfer, R. and Kempe, R. (Eds). The Battered Child. (4th Ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Hutchings, N. (Ed.). The Violent Family. Victimization of Women, Children, and

Elders. New York: Human Sciences Press, Inc.( 1988.

Justice, B. and Justice, R. The Abusing Family. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.

Kempe, C. and Helfer, R. (Eds.). Helping the Battered Child and His Family.
Philadelphia and Toronto: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1972.

Kempe, R. and Kempe, C. The Common Secret - Sexual Abuse of Children and
Adolescents. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co., 1984.

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Meadow, R. (Ed.). ABC of Child Abuse. London: British Medical Journal, 1989.

Purdy, A. He Will Never Remember. Caring for Victims of Child Abuse. Atlanta,
GA: Susan Hunter Publishing, Inc., 1989,

Sanford, L. Strong at the Broken Places: Overcoming the Trauma of Childhood

Abuse. Westminster, MD: Random House, 1990.

Sigler, R. Domestic Violence in Context. An Assessment of Community Attitudes.

Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989.

Taylor, D. and Taylor, P. Coping with a Dysfunctional Family. New York: Rosen
Publications, Inc., 1990.

Wyatt, G. and Powell, G. (Eds.). Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988.

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