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DATABASE CONCEPTS

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20 views4 pages

DATABASE CONCEPTS

Uploaded by

NOT WANOR
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE CONCEPTS

A database system is basically a computer based record keeping system.

A database is an organized collection of large amount of data stored together to


serve multiple applications.

File Based Systems:


A file based system :
1) Stores all the data in one big file.
2) There is no structure associated with the data
3) Common data may be repeated number of times.

Limitations of the File based approach

1) Difficulty in Access: As there is no structure associated with file based systems,


all the data is simply stored in files.
2) Data Redundancy : refers to the storage of the same data multiple times in a
table. This repeated data needs to be typed in over and over again which takes a
long time. Also, database space is wasted with this duplicated data.
3)Data Inconsistency : Multiple copies of same data when do not match is called
data inconsistency.

Database Management System (DBMS) : is a software designed to maintain a


database and provide data management services.
OR
A database management system (DBMS) is a software that can be used to create
and manage databases. DBMS lets users to create a database, store, manage,
update/modify and retrieve data from that database by users or application
programs. Some examples of open source and commercial DBMS include MySQL,
Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MongoDB.

Advantages of DBMS
1) Databases reduces the data redundancy to a large extent.
2) Data Consistency : DBMS provides data consistency to a large extent as the
changes made at one place are reflected at all other places or to all the users.
3) Sharing of Data
4) Reduced programming efforts.
5) Databases in various can ensure data security
Applications of DBMS : can be used in Airlines, Banking, Finance, Inventory
Management etc.

DBMS Key Concepts

1) Database Schema : It is a representation of the structure or the design of a


database.

2) Metadata : refers to data about data. In a DBMS, the data in tables have certain
properties and such as type of data, length, description of the columns that allow the
DBMS to process the data meaningfully. This is called as Metadata.

3) Data Dictionary : is a file storing metadata (data about data)

4) Data Constraints : is a set of rules that define valid data.

Relational Database Model

The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model.


In relational data model, the data is organized in two –dimensional tables called
relations.
OR
A database in which the data is stored in the form of relations (also called tables) is
called a Relational Database. It is a collection of one or more tables.

RDBMS : A DBMS used to manage Relational Databases is called an RDBMS.


Example Oracle, MySql, Sybase, Ingress.

Components of a table

Byte : A byte is a group of 8 bits used to store a character.

Data Item : A data item is the smallest unit of named data.

Record : is a collection of data items which represents a complete unit of


information.

Table: is a collection of all occurrences of a given type of record.


Fields : are the columns containing one type of information.

Entity : An entity is something that exists and about which we can store some
information. For example, student entity, employee entity, etc. Entity becomes the
name of the table.

Relation : A relation is a table in relational database management system.

Domain : A domain is the set of possible values for a specific column. For example
domain for name in a table is alphabets A to Z and special symbols i.e. space and
underscore.

Attribute : A column in a table/ relation is known as an attribute or field.

Tuple : A row in a table/ relation is called as record or tuple.

Degree : of a table is the number of attributes(columns) in the table.

Cardinality : The number of tuples(rows) in a table is called its cardinality

Keys
A key allows us to identify an attribute or a set of attributes on the basis of which a
table is identified. Keys also ensure that each record within a table can be uniquely
identified.

Types of Keys

Primary Key : The group of one or more attributes(columns) used to uniquely


identify each row of a relation is called its primary key.

Candidate Key : A group of attributes that can serve as primary key of a relation
are candidate keys as these are candidates for primary key position.

Alternate Key : A candidate key of a table which is not made its primary key is
called its Alternate Key.

MySQL : is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) that


uses Structured Query Language (SQL).
SQL (Structured Query Language) : It is the language used to create, operate,
update, manipulate and manage databases and tables within them using an RDBMS.

SQL commands are divided into three categories.


1) DDL (Data Definition Language) : All the commands which are used to create,
remove or restructure databases and tables come under this category. Examples of
DDL commands are – CREATE, DROP, ALTER.

2) DML (Data Manipulation Language) : All the commands which are used to
manipulate (add, delete, modify, display) data within tables come under this
category. Example – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

3) TCL (Transaction Control Language) : TCL commands are used to manage


transactions.

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