Science-8_Lesson-1_Earthquakes-and-Faults

Earthquakes and
Faults
𝗠𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝟲.𝟬 𝗻𝗮 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗹, 𝘆𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗴 𝘀𝗮
𝗖𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘀
Niyanig ng magnitude 6.0 na lindol ang
probinsya ng Catanduanes at ilan pang
bahagi ng Kabikulan kaninang 5:24 ng
umaga.
Batay sa Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and SeismoloyPlate
(Phivolcs),Tectonics
natunton ang
sentro ng lindol sa layong 76km North East
Plate Boundaries
ng bayan ng Bagamanoc.
Tectonic ang origin ng lindol at may lalim
na 10 kilometro sa lupa.
Inaasahan ng Phivolcs ang aftershocks
kasunod ng lindol.
Sa ngayon ay wala pang ulat kung may
pinsalang idinulot ang nasabing pagyanig.
What is an Earthquake?
• An earthquake is a weak to violent

shaking of the ground produced by the
sudden movement of rock materials
below the earth’s surface.
• The earthquakes originate in tectonic
plate boundary.
The place within Earth
where the first motion
occurs is called the
focus. Sometimes called
the hypocenter.
The place on Earth’s

surface above the focus is
called the epicenter.
1. Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake
at the focus.
- It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument
called seismograph.
- It is represented by Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).
2. Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by
people in a certain locality.
-It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to people,
objects, environment, and structures in the surrounding.
-The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter.
-It is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX).
- In the Philippines, the intensity of an earthquake is determined
using the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS).
1. Tectonic earthquakes
are produced by sudden
movement along faults
and plate boundaries.
2. Volcanic earthquakes -
induced by rising lava or
magma beneath active
volcanoes is called
volcanic earthquakes.
• At present, PHIVOLCS operates 108 (as of December
2020) seismic monitoring stations all over the Philippines.
• These stations are equipped with seismometers that
detect and record earthquakes.
• Data is sent to the PHIVOLCS Data Receiving Center (DRC)
to determine earthquake parameters such as magnitude,
depth of focus and epicenter.
• Together with reported felt intensities in the area (if any),
earthquake information is released once these data are
determined.
1. The place where the fault begins to slip is called
the______________.
A. Focus
B. Epicenter
C. Magnitude
D. Intensity
2. Which statement is NOT true of Intensity of an
earthquake?
A. Intensity is what humans see and feel.
B. Intensity scale in number is written in Roman
Numeral.
C. Intensity is the amount of energy released by an
earthquake.
D. Intensity is determined by PHIVOLCS using the
Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
3. What is being measured by the amount of energy
released during an earthquake?
A. Focus
B. Magnitude
C. Intensity
D. Epicenter
4-5 What are the two types of earthquakes (natural)?
What causes earthquakes?
•Stress causes deformation, which is the process
by which rock changes shape.
•As stress on rock increases, the energy stored in it

increases.
•When the stress is released, the rock sometimes

returns to its original shape. Note: The Rock term denotes to the
lithosphere as made up of rocks from
two of the Earth's major layers. It
contains all of the outer, thin shell of
the planet, called the crust, and the
uppermost part of the next-lower
layer, the mantle.
What causes earthquakes?
•Deformation in which rock can spring back to its
original shape is called elastic deformation.
•The return of rock to its original shape after elastic

deformation is called elastic rebound.
Unstable Ground
Where do earthquakes happen?
•Most earthquakes happen at or near tectonic plate
boundaries.
•At tectonic plate boundaries, stress builds up from

tectonic plates colliding, separating, or grinding past
each other.
•At divergent boundaries, tension stress causes
normal faults to form. Earthquakes tend to be
shallow because the crust is thin.
•At convergent boundaries, rock is squeezed,
causing reverse faults to form. Earthquakes
can be very strong and deep.
•At transform boundaries, shear stress
pushes tectonic plates in opposite
directions. Earthquakes tend to be
relatively shallow.
FAULT MOVEMENTS
• Faults move due to stress, a force exerted when an
object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another
object.
3 Types of Stress
• Tensional
• Compressional
• Shear
Note: The Rock term denotes to the
lithosphere as made up of rocks from
two of the Earth's major layers. It
contains all of the outer, thin shell of
the planet, called the crust, and the
uppermost part of the next-lower
layer, the mantle.
Faults
-are fractures on the Earth’s crust where blocks of rocks move
relative to one another. It can be small and localized or
hundreds of kilometers long.
-are cracks that occur between the tectonic plates. Movement is

apparent at these fault lines.
Parts of a Fault
1. Fault plane is the surface area
between two rock blocks created
by an earthquake.
2. Fault trace is the visible crack in
the Earth’s crust that indicates
where a fault is. Also known as
fault line.
3. Fault scarp is the vertical step
that rises during tectonic activity.
4. Hanging wall is the rock block
that hangs over the fault plane.
5. Footwall is the rock block that
occurs below the fault plane.
ACTIVE vs. INACTIVE
• Active faults are known to have recently generated
earthquakes within the last 10,000 years, which may still
continue to generate earthquakes.
• Inactive faults do not show signs of ever having generated an

earthquake in the last 10,000 years, but may still possible
generate an earthquake in the future.
1. DIP-SLIP FAULT refers to faults where movement of
blocks is parallel to the dip of the fault surface. There
are two types of dip-slip fault: Normal fault and
Reverse fault.
A. Normal Fault -It is formed by tensional stresses that pull rocks apart.
Normal faults create space. These faults may look like large trenches
or small cracks in the Earth’s surface. The fault scarp may be visible in
these faults as the hanging wall slips down the footwall. Example is the
Great Rift Valley in Africa. If you’re looking at a mountain that lies on a
normal fault, you’ll see that the hanging wall has “dipped and
slipped” under the footwall level. This gives the mountain a leaning,
sloping look. In a flat area, a normal fault looks like a step of offset
rock (the fault scarp).
In situations where multiple normal faults are present, alternating
uplifted and down-dropped blocks may form. The uplifted or raised
areas are called horsts while the down-dropped or lowered ones are
referred to as grabens. Multiple Normal Fault
1. DIP-SLIP FAULT refers to faults where movement of
blocks is parallel to the dip of the fault surface. There
are two types of dip-slip fault: Normal fault and
Reverse fault.
B. Reverse faults are also dip-slip faults; they behave the opposite way
that a normal fault does. The hanging wall slides up over the footwall
during tectonic movement in these faults. Reverse faults with a 45-
degree dip or less are known as thrust faults, while faults with over 45
degrees’ dips are over thrust faults.
Reverse faults look like two rocks or mountains have been shoved
together. Unlike normal faults, reverse fault does not create space.
They are found in areas of geological compression. An example
includes the Himalaya Mountains where the Indian Plate is pushing
into the Eurasian Plate.
2. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT can be further classified as
left lateral or right lateral strike-slip faults
depending on which direction the blocks move
relative to a certain reference block. Many
strike-slip faults are found on the ocean floor.
But if you’re looking at a strike-slip fault, it may
look like the land on either side has moved in
opposite directions. This movement may cause
offset rivers, parallel valleys, and abrupt ends to
the mountain chains. The San Andreas Fault in
California is a strike-slip fault.
3. OBLIQUE FAULT has both the dip-slip and
strike-slip components. It can be formed by the
combination of shear stress, and tensional or
compressional stress.
1. What are the three types of faults?
2. What are two types of dip-slip faults?
3. What are the two classifications of strike-slip faults?
Thank
You!

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Earthquakes and

• An earthquake is a weak to violent

The place on Earth’s

•As stress on rock increases, the energy stored in it

•When the stress is released, the rock sometimes

•The return of rock to its original shape after elastic

•At tectonic plate boundaries, stress builds up from

-are cracks that occur between the tectonic plates. Movement is

• Inactive faults do not show signs of ever having generated an

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