History. L2. NCERT solution-converted

Chapter 2.
New Kings and Kingdoms

Textbook Exercise
Let’s recall
1. Match the following

Gurjara-Pratiharas Western Deccan
Rashtrakutas Bengal
Palas Gujarat and Rajasthan
Cholas Tamil Nadu
Answer
Gurjara-Pratiharas Gujarat and Rajasthan

Rashtrakutas Western Deccan
Palas Bengal
Cholas Tamil Nadu
2. Who were the parties involved in the "tripartite struggle"?

The parties involved in the "tripartite struggle" were:
(i) Gurjara-Pratiharas (ii) Rashtrakutas (iii) Palas
3. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola
Empire?
Qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola Empire:
i. Members of the sabha should be owners of land from which land revenue is collected.
ii. They should have their own homes.
iii. They should be between 35 and 70 years of age.
iv. They should have knowledge of the Vedas.
v. They should be well-versed in administrative matters and honest.
4. What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas?
Delhi and Ajmer were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas.
5. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?

Rise of power of Rashtrakutas:
i. Rashtrakutas were initially subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.
ii. In the mid 8th century, chief of Rashtrakuta Dantidurga overthrew his Chalukya overlord and
performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha which gave him the title of Kshatriya even if he was not one
by birth.
iii. When they gained power and wealth, they declared themselves independent from their overlords.
iv. They fought with Gurjara-Pratihara and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kanauj to demonstrate
their power. This is how they rose to power.
6. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?

i. The new dynasties were based in specific regions and existing kings often acknowledged them as their
subordinates or samantas.
ii. They gained power and wealth to declare themselves as maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara and so
on.
iii. They asserted their independence from their overlords.
iv. They performed rituals to declare themselves to be Kshatriya with the help of Brahmanas.
v. They fought war with neighbouring regions to gain power and also built temple to acknowledge it.
7. What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?
Kind of irrigation works developed in the Tamil region:

i. Water from the channels of river Kaveri provided the necessary moisture for agriculture.
ii. Some areas wells were dug and in some places huge tanks were constructed to collect rainwater.
iii. Embankments were built to prevent flooding.
iv. Canals were constructed to carry water to the fields.
v. Sluice-gate were built to regulated the outflow of water from a tank into the channels that irrigated the
fields.
8. What were the activities associated with Chola temples?

Activities associated with Chola temples:
i. Temples were centres of craft production and were also endowed with land by rulers as well
as by others.
ii. They were not only places of worship but also were the hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.
iii.Priests, garland makers, cooks, sweepers, musicians, dancers, etc. live near the temple and many
activities performed in temples.
iv.Temples were also associated with the making of bronze images which are considered amongst the finest
in the world.
Additional Questions:
1. Who were samantas? What service did they provide to the existing kings?
Answer:
 Samantas were big landlords or warrior-chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.
 Existing kings considered them as their subordinates.
 Services Provided by the Samantas:
 Samantas brought gifts for their kings or overlords.
 They remained present at their courts or functions organized by them.
 They provided them with military support.
2. How did the Rashtrakutas gained power and independent?

Answer:
Rashtrakutas became powerful in the following manner:
 Rashtrakutas were subordinates to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.
 In the mid-eighth century Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukyan
overlord.
 He performed a ritual called Hiranya-garbha with the help of Brahmanas.
 This ritual was, then, considered to lead the rebirth of the sacrificer as Kshatriya, even
if he was not Kshatriya by birth.

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Chapter 2.

New Kings and Kingdoms

1. Match the following

Gurjara-Pratiharas Gujarat and Rajasthan

2. Who were the parties involved in the "tripartite struggle"?

5. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?

6. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?

Kind of irrigation works developed in the Tamil region:

8. What were the activities associated with Chola temples?

2. How did the Rashtrakutas gained power and independent?

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