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(TB) Assignment Dec

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8 views5 pages

(TB) Assignment Dec

Uploaded by

shahidamjedali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tuberculosis (TB)

TOPIC: - Tuberculosis (TB) Assignment


NAME : Syeda Hafsa Fatima
DESIGNATION: Pharm D 6th Year (Intern)
ROLL NO. : 170319882023
PRECEPTOR : Dr. Syed Zia Uddin Sir
MONTH: December

●​ Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by


Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
●​ Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other
parts of the body.
●​ Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent
tuberculosis.
●​ Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left
untreated, kill about half of those affected.

PATHOLOGY:
●​ TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the alveolar air sacs
of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of
alveolar macrophages.
●​ Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate
it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by
the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle
called a phagosome.
●​ The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a
phagolysosome.
●​ In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species
and acid to kill the bacterium.
●​ However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that
protects it from these toxic substances.
●​ M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will
eventually kill the immune cell.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing


mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when
people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.

DIAGNOSIS
Active tuberculosis:
●​ A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are
typically part of the initial evaluation
●​ A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a
clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy). However, the
difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to
six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun
before cultures are confirmed.
●​ Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may
allow rapid diagnosis of TB.

Latent tuberculosis
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for
TB.
Vaccines:
The only available vaccine as of 2021 is bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In
children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of
infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%

Treatment:

●​ Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria.


●​ Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to
reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance.

LATENT TB:

●​ Latent TB is treated with either isoniazid or rifampin alone, or a


combination of isoniazid with either rifampicin or rifapentine.
●​ The treatment takes three to nine months depending on the medications
used. People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from
progressing to active TB disease later in life.
●​ Education or counselling may improve the latent tuberculosis treatment
completion rates.

NEW ONSET:

●​ The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as


of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing
rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two
months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.
●​ Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the
last four months as an alternative.
●​ Treatment with anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months results in higher
success rates when compared with treatment less than 6 months, even
though the difference is small.
●​ Shorter treatment regimen may be recommended for those with
compliance issues.There is also no evidence to support shorter
anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens when compared to a 6-month
treatment regimen.
●​ However recently, results from an international, randomized, controlled
clinical trial indicate that a four-month daily treatment regimen
containing high-dose, or “optimized,” rifapentine with moxifloxacin
(2PHZM/2PHM) is as safe and effective as the existing standard
six-month daily regimen at curing drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB)
disease.

RECURRENT TB:

●​ If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is


sensitive to is important before determining treatment.
●​ If multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at
least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended.

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