Body Fluids and Circulation

CHAPTER -15
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

Constituents: Functions:
Blood + Blood- ○ Transport of nutrients, O, glucose
vessels + Heart ○ Removal of harmful substances
Blood:
○ Synthesised in Red bone marrow
○ Components:
(A) Plasma (matrix, 55%)
Water: 90-92%
Proteins: 6-8%
○ Fibrinogens – Clotting ○ Albumins – Osmotic balance ○
Globulins – Defense
Minerals: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO-3, Cl-
Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, lipids
(B) Formed Elements (45%)
Parameter RBCs WBCs Platelets

/Erythrocytes /Leucocytes /Thrombocytes
Number 5-5.5 6000- 1,500,00-
million/mm3 8000//mm3 3,500,00/mm3
Colour Red due to Colourless Colourless
iron
containing
Hb (12-16
gm/100 ml)
149
Nucleus Absent Present Absent
Life span 120 days Generally Short lived
short lived
Function Transport of Defense Coagulation of
gases blood. If
number drops,
can lead to loss
of blood from
body.
• RBCs are biconcave and enucleated in most mammals.

• Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes.
• Graveyard of RBCs - spleen.
• Basophils secrete heparin, histamine, serotonin.
BLOOD CLOTTING/COAGULATION
➢ In response to injury/trauma, clotting prevents loss of
blood from body
➢ Events:
150
(Coagulum/reddish brown clot)
➢ Ca2+ ions play an important role in clotting.

➢ Vitamin K helps in the conversion of inactive clotting
factors to active clotting factors.
➢ Clotting factors in blood are in inactive form.
Serum = Plasma – Clotting factors
BLOOD VESSELS
Layers in wall
Name Position Composition
Tunica externa Outermost Fibrous connective tissue
& collagen fibres
Tunica media Middle Smooth muscle & elastic
fibres
Tunica intima Innermost Squamous endothelium
Artery Vein
Tunica media Thick Thin
Lumen Narrow Wide
Circulation Heart → Different Different part of
part of body body → Heart
Blood Oxygenated Deoxygenated
Valves Absent Present
151
BLOOD GROUPS
Antigens
• Chemicals that induces immune response.
• Present on the surface of RBC.
• Type – A, B
Antibodies
• Proteins produced in response to antigens.
• Present in plasma.
• Type – a, b
➢ Blood group and Rh factor compatibility of donor and

recipient is done before transfusion to avoid agglutination
of RBCs.
Blood Group Antigens on Antibodies Donor’s

RBCs in Plasma Group
A A Anti-B A, O
B B Anti-A B, O
AB A, B nil AB, A, B, O
O nil anti-A, B O
Rh group Blood
Present Rh +ve
Absent Rh –ve
Universal Donor – Blood Group ‘O’

Universal Recipient – Blood Group ‘AB’
Rh-ve person upon exposure to Rh+ve blood will form Rh specific

antibodies
Special case of Rh incompatibility
Erythroblastosis foetalis
152
↓
Administer anti Rh antibodies to the mother immediately
after 1st delivery, save baby during 2nd Pregnancy
CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
Open Closed
Sinuses Present Absent
Regulation of blood flow Improper Proper
Examples Arthropods, Annelids,
molluscs chordates
Vertebrates Auricle Ventricle Circulation

Fishes 1 1 Single
Amphibians, most 2 1 Incomplete
reptiles
Crocodile, Aves, 2 2 Double
Mammals
Fishes pump deoxygenated blood to gills for oxygenation.
LYMPH (Tissue Fluid)

➢ No colour.
➢ Blood – (RBC + Platelets + Macroproteins).
➢ Rich in lymphocytes.
153
➢ Carrier for nutrients, hormones and fats.
➢ Lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid back to major
veins
Lacteals are lymph vessels in intestinal villi to absorb fats.
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
➢ Mesodermally derived organ present in between lungs,
muscular, chambered, tilted to left.
➢ Protected by double walled, membranous bag–
Pericardium with pericardial fluid.
154
Valves are muscular flaps or cusps that allow
unidirectional -flow of blood and prevent its backward flow.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
No mixing of
deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood
155
Aorta vena cava
occurs Left ventricle tract → Tissues → → Right
aurical
➢ Hepatic portal circulation – Digestive tract
Hepatic portal
→ Liver
𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐧
➢ Coronary circulation – Blood ow to and from the cardiac
musculature
CARDIAC CYCLE
➢ Sequential events in the heart which are cyclically
repeated
➢ Heart beat rate = 72 beats/min
➢ Duration of 1 heart beat = 0.8 sec
Location/ Joint Atrial Ventricular

Structure Diastole Systole Systole
Auricle Relax, Filling Contract, Relax
increase Fow
of blood into
ventricles by
30%
Ventricle Relax Relax Contract, throw
out 70 ml of
blood/ventricle1st
Stroke volume
Tricuspid & Open Open Closed, 1st heart
Bicuspid sound Lub
valves
Semilunar Closed, 2nd Closed Closed
valves heart sound
Dub
• Heart sounds (Lub & dub) can be heard by Stethoscope and
have clinical diagnostic significance.
156
• Cardiac output = Stroke volume × Heart rate = 70 × 72 =
5040 ~ 5 litres
• Cardiac output of athletes is higher than a normal man.
• Stroke volume = EDV – ESV
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
➢ A graphical representation of electrical activities of heart
during a cardiac cycle.
➢ Instrument – Electrocardiograph
➢ Graphical print – Electrocardiogram
➢ For a standard ECG – 3 leads are connected to monitor
heart activity
- Right wrist, left wrist and left ankle.
Graphical standards Represent Event associated

P wave Depolarisation of Contraction of atria
atria
QRS complex Depolarisation of Contraction of
ventricles ventricles
T wave Repolarisation of Relaxation of
ventricles ventricles
• Number of QRS complexes in a given time period, determine

the heart beat
rate of an individual.
• End of T-wave marks the end of systole.
• Any deviation in ECG indicates a possible abnormality or
disease e.g., ECG
machine makes sound pip---pip---pee as patient goes into
cardiac arrest
157
REGULATION OF CARDIAC CYCLE
Activities of heart are regulated intrinsically i.e., autoregulated
as human heart is myogenic.
Medulla oblongata can moderate
↓
Cardiac functions through ANS
Autonomic nervous system
(ANS)
Parameter Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Heart beat rate Increase Decrease
Strength of Increase Decrease
ventricular
contraction
Cardiac output Increase Decrease
Hormones of adrenal medulla increase cardiac output
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Disease Effects
Cardiac arrest Heart stops beating
Heart failure Heart is not pumping blood effectively
enough to meet needs of body.
Atherosclerosis/(CAD) Deposit of Ca2+, fats, cholesterol in
coronary artery blood vessels that makes arterial
disease lumen narrower
High blood pressure Repeated check of blood pressure of
an individual ≥ 140/90, leads to heart
diseases and also affects vital organs
like brain and kidneys.
Angina pectoris/ Not enough oxygen is reaching heart
acute chest pain muscles. It affects blood ow. Common
in middle aged and elderly.
Heart attack Heart muscle is suddenly damaged by
an inadequate blood supply.
158

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CHAPTER -15

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

Parameter RBCs WBCs Platelets

• RBCs are biconcave and enucleated in most mammals.

➢ Ca2+ ions play an important role in clotting.

➢ Blood group and Rh factor compatibility of donor and

Blood Group Antigens on Antibodies Donor’s

Universal Donor – Blood Group ‘O’

Rh-ve person upon exposure to Rh+ve blood will form Rh specific

Vertebrates Auricle Ventricle Circulation

LYMPH (Tissue Fluid)

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Location/ Joint Atrial Ventricular

Graphical standards Represent Event associated

• Number of QRS complexes in a given time period, determine

Parameter Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Hormones of adrenal medulla increase cardiac output

DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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