Ch. 42A Circulation 9e

Warm-Up
1. (Ch. 41) List the locations where each

of the 4 macromolecules are chemically
digested.
2. (Ch. 41) Where do vertebrates store
excess calories?
3. (Ch. 42) Draw and label the structure of
a human heart.
4. (Ch. 42) List the pathway of a single red
blood cell through the heart.
Circulation
Chapter 42 – Part I
What you need to know:
 Circulatory vessels, heart chambers,
route of mammalian circulation
 Evolution of the heart from 24
chambers
 How RBC’s demonstrate
structure/function
 Blood pressure
 Cardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP,
genetics)
Transport systems (circulation) linked
with gas exchange (respiration)
 Diffusion of gases only rapid across small

distances
Basic: Gastrovascular Circulatory System:
Cells in direct Cavity: Moves fluid to
contact with For digestion & tissues & cells for
environment distribute substances exchange
Ex. sponges Ex. jellies, flatworms Ex. larger animals
Circulatory System = Blood + Vessels
+ Heart
Open circulatory system:

system Closed circulatory system:
system
blood bathes organs directly blood contained in vessels &
• Blood + lymph = pumped around body
hemolymph • Blood and fluid separate
• Heart pumps hemolymph • Ex. annelids, cephalopods,
into sinuses vertebrates
• Ex. arthropods, mollusks
Figure 42.10a
Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium Endothelium
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Connective Capillary Connective
tissue tissue
Artery Vein
Arteriole Venule
Types of Blood Vessels
arterioles venules
 Blood enters through an atrium and is
pumped out through a ventricle
 Fish = single circulation pathway,
pathway 2
chambers
 Double circulation:
circulation amphibians, reptiles,
mammals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Double circulation pathways in
vertebrates
Pathway of blood through
heart
Figure 42.6
Superior vena cava Capillaries of
head and forelimbs
Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery artery
Capillaries Aorta Capillaries
of right lung of left lung
Pulmonary Pulmonary vein

vein
Left atrium
Right atrium
Right ventricle Left ventricle
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Cardiac cycle
 Systole:
Systole contraction or pumping phase
 Diastole:
Diastole relaxation or filling phase
 Heart rate:
rate # beats/minute (72 bpm
resting)
 Stroke volume:
volume amount of blood pumped
by L. ventricle during contraction (~70
ml)
Figure 42.8-3
2 Atrial systole and ventricular
diastole
1 Atrial and
ventricular diastole
0.1
sec
0.3 sec
0.4
sec
3 Ventricular systole and atrial

diastole
Valves:
Valves prevent backflow of blood
 The atrioventricular (AV) valves

(tricuspid, bicuspid) separate each atrium
and ventricle
 The semilunar valves control blood flow
to the aorta and the pulmonary artery
 “Lub-dup” sound = blood against closed
AV valves (lub) / the semilunar (dup)
valves
 Heart murmur: backflow of blood
through a defective valve
Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of heart, in
right atrium
 The pacemaker is regulated by two portions
of the nervous system: the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions
 The sympathetic division speeds up the
pacemaker
 The parasympathetic division slows down
the pacemaker
 The pacemaker is also regulated by
hormones (epinephrine) and temperature

Blood Pressure
 BP = systolic/diastolic
pressure
 Systolic: heart
contracts
 Diastolic: heart relaxed
 Normal: 120/70
 Pulse:
Pulse rhythmic
bulging of artery walls
with each heartbeat

Using a Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure reading: 120/70
1 2 3
120 120
70
Artery Sounds Sounds

closed audible in stop
stethoscope
Figure 42.13
Direction of blood flow

in vein (toward heart) Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Blood returning
to heart
through veins
and venules
Valve (closed)
Lymphatic System: returns lost fluid and
proteins to blood as lymph
 Lymph Nodes:
filter lymph, house
WBC’s
 Immune system
role

Blood
 Plasma (55%) – water, ions, proteins,
gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
 Cells (45%) – RBC, WBC, platelets
 Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes):
erythrocytes O2 transport
via hemoglobin
 White blood cells (leukocytes):
leukocytes fight
infection
 Platelets (cell fragments): blood clotting
Figure 42.17
Plasma 55% Cellular elements 45%
Cell type Number per L Functions

Constituent Major functions
(mm3) of blood
Water Solvent for Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Defense and
carrying other immunity
substances
Ions (blood Osmotic balance, Separated

Lymphocytes
electrolytes) pH buffering, blood Basophils
Sodium and regulation elements
Potassium of membrane
Calcium permeablity
Magnesium Eosinophils
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Plasma proteins Neutrophils Monocytes

Albumin Osmotic balance,
pH buffering Platelets 250,000–400,000 Blood
clotting
Fibrinogen Clotting
Immunoglobulins Defense Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport
(antibodies)
of O2 and
Substances transported by blood some CO2
Nutrients
Waste products
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Figure 42.18
1 2 3
Collagen fibers
Platelet Fibrin
Platelet plug clot Red blood cell 5 m
Clotting factors from: Fibrin clot formation

Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Enzymatic cascade

Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque

deposits within arteries
 Heart attack (myocardial infarction):
blockage of one or more coronary arteries
 Stroke: rupture or blockage of arteries in
the head
 Hypertension: high blood pressure;
promotes atherosclerosis and increases the
risk of heart attack and stroke

Figure 42.20
Lumen of artery Plaque
Endothelium Smooth
1 muscle 2
Smooth
LDL muscle
Foam cell Extra-
Macrophage cellular cell
matrix T lymphocyte
Plaque rupture
3 4
Fibrous cap Cholesterol

Ch. 42A Circulation 9e

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Warm-Up

1. (Ch. 41) List the locations where each

 Diffusion of gases only rapid across small

Open circulatory system:

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pulmonary Pulmonary vein

3 Ventricular systole and atrial

 The atrioventricular (AV) valves

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Artery Sounds Sounds

Direction of blood flow

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Plasma 55% Cellular elements 45%

Cell type Number per L Functions

Ions (blood Osmotic balance, Separated

Plasma proteins Neutrophils Monocytes

Clotting factors from: Fibrin clot formation

 Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fibrous cap Cholesterol

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