CLASS 11 ᵗʰ

SCIENCE
MATHS
SETS
 Sets
Aj Kya Padhenge?
Sets and their representations
Types of Sets
Subsets
Real Intervals
Power Set
Universal Set
Venn Diagram
Operations on Sets
Complement of a Set
Practical Problems On Union And Intersection
 Sets

Definition of a SET
 Sets

Definition of a SET
A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
Sets are denoted by Capital letters.
Elements of sets are usually represented by small letters.
If ‘a’ is an element of set A, then it is represented by a ∈ A.
If ‘a’ is an element of set A, then it is represented by a ∉ A.
Elements Of Sets Are Not Repeated
Order Of Set Is Immaterial
 Sets
Roster Form

It is a method of displaying the elements of a set by listing the

elements within brackets { }.

Example

The set of all even positive integers less than 7 is described in

roster form as {2, 4, 6}.
 Sets

Representation of Sets

Set Builder Form

Set - Builder form: Set is represented by using statements depicting

relation among its elements.

Example
V = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
 Sets

Write the following sets in Roster (tabular) Form and also in Set-Builder Form:
(i) Set of letters used in the word ‘EDUCATION’.
 Sets

Write the following sets in Roster (tabular) Form and also in Set-Builder
Form:
(i) Set of letters used in the word ‘EDUCATION’.

Solution:

Roster Form: {E, D, U, C, A, T, I, O, N};

Set-Builder Form: {x : x is a letter used in the word ‘EDUCATION’}.
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Write the following sets in Roster (tabular) Form and also in Set-Builder
Form:
(i) Set of all two digit numbers which are perfect square also.
 Sets

Write the following sets in Roster (tabular) Form and also in Set-Builder
Form:
(i) Set of all two digit numbers which are perfect square also.

Solution:

Roster Form: {16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81};

Set-Builder Form: {x : x is a perfect square two digit number}
 Sets
Some Important Sets
Set Of Natural Numbers
Set Of Whole Numbers
Set of Integers
Set Of Positive Integers
Set Of Negative Integers
Set Of Rational Numbers
Set Of Irrational Numbers
Set Of Real Numbers
 Sets
Types of Sets

Empty Sets / Null Sets

The set with no elements or null elements is called an empty set or

null set or void set.
It is denoted by Ø or { }.

Example
B = { x : x is a student presently studying in both Classes X and XI }
We observe that a student cannot study simultaneously in both
Classes X and XI.
Thus, the set B contains no element at all.
 Sets
Types of Sets

Singleton Set

The set which has only one element is called Singleton Set.

Example

W = {v: v is a vowel letter and v is the first alphabet of English}

is a singleton set with just one element {a}.
 Sets
Types of Sets

Finite Set

Set which is either empty or has a finite number of elements

Example

Let W be the set of the days of the week. Then W is finite.

 Sets
Types of Sets

Infinite Set

Sets whose number of elements cannot be estimated.

Example

{1, 2, 3 . . .} is the set of natural numbers which is infinite.

 Sets
Types of Sets

Equivalent Sets

Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal numbers are
same. I.e., n(A) = n(B)

Example

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {x : x is a vowel letter} are equivalent sets

because both these sets have 5 elements each.
 Sets
Types of Sets

Equal Set

If two sets have the same elements in them, then they are called
equal sets.

Example
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A = B.
 Sets

If A = {2, 4, 8} and B = { 8, 4, 2}, what kind of sets are these?

 Sets

If A = {2, 4, 8} and B = { 8, 4, 2}, what kind of sets are these?

Solution:
Set A and Set B are equal to each other since both sets have the same
elements. Therefore, it can be said that the elements of set A are equivalent
to the elements of set B. Hence, A and B can be called equal sets.
 Sets

From the sets given, what is the pair of equivalent sets?

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {x, y, z, t}
C = {a, b, c}
D = {0, a}
 Sets

From the sets given, what is the pair of equivalent sets?

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {x, y, z, t}
C = {a, b, c}
D = {0, a}

Solution:

A = {1, 2, 3} and C = {a, b, c} are equivalent sets.

 Sets

Subsets & Supersets

Definition

For two sets A and B, every element of A is also an element of B.

A is subset of B, is denoted as (A ⊂ B)
B is superset of A, is denoted as (B ⊃ A).

Example
Let A = {p, q, r} and B = set of all alphabets
Here, A ⊂ B
 Sets
Proper Subset & Proper Superset

Definition

For two set A and B, A is a subset of B and A ≠ B

A is proper subset of B, is denoted as (A ⊂ B)
B is proper superset of A, is denoted as (B ⊃ A).

Example

A = {1, 2, 3} is a proper subset of B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

 Sets

Some results on Subsets

1. Every set is a subset of itself.

2. The empty set is a subset of every set.
3. The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2ⁿ.
 Sets

Subsets of set of Real numbers

 Sets

Intervals as a subset of R

Suppose a and b be two real numbers, i.e. a, b ∈ R, such that a < b; then,
using this notation, we can define different types of intervals called
notations.

Interval Notation
Interval Notation is a way of expressing a subset of real numbers by the
numbers that bound them.
An interval expressed as 1 < x < 5 denotes a set of numbers lying between
1 and 5.
 Sets

Types of Interval Notation

Open Interval Closed Interval Semi-open or Semi-closed

Interval

a b a b

(a, b) [a, b] (a, b] [a, b)

 Sets

Universal Set

Definition
Set which has elements of all the related sets, without any
repetition of elements. It is usually denoted by U.

Example

If A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,a,b,c}, then the universal set associated

with these two sets is given by U = {1,2,3,a,b,c}.
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Write down all possible subsets of the set {0, 1}.
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Write down all possible subsets of the set {0, 1}.

Solution:
The possible subsets are ϕ, {0}, {1}, {0,1}.
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Write down all possible proper subsets of the set {1, 2, 3}.

Solution:

The possible proper subsets are {ϕ}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}.
 Sets

Venn Diagrams

Definition U
A Venn Diagram is a diagram that is used to
represent all the possible relations of
different Sets.

A Venn Diagram can be represented by any

closed figure whether it be a circle or
polygon. Generally, circles are used to Here, U = {1,2,3, ..., 10} is the universal
denote each Set. set of which A = {2,4,6,8,10} is a subset.
 Sets

Operations on Sets

Union of Sets (∪) Intersection of Sets (∩) Difference of Sets ( – )

 Sets

Union of Sets

Definition
The union of two sets A and B is the set C which A B
consists of all those elements which are either in A or
in B (including those which are in both).
In symbols, we write. A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
The shaded portion in Fig.
represents A ∪ B
Example

If set A = {1,2,3,4} and B {6,7}

Then, Union of sets, A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,6,7}
 Sets

Some Properties of the Operation of Union

Commutative law : A ∪ B = B ∪ A

Associative law : (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)

Law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪: A ∪ φ = A

Idempotent Law: A ∪ A = A

Law of the Universal Set U : A ∪ U = U

 Sets

Intersection of Sets

Definition
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all A
those elements which belong to both A and B. B
Symbolically, we write
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

The shaded portion in Fig.

Example represents A ∩ B
If set A = {1,2,3,6,8,10} and B {6, 7, 10}
Then, Intersection of sets, A ∩ B = {6, 10}
 Sets

Some Properties of the Operation of Union

Commutative law : A ∩ B = B∩ A

Associative law : (A ∩ B)∩ C = A ∩ (B∩ C)

Law of φ and U : φ ∩ A = φ, U∩A=A

Idempotent law : A ∩ A = A

Distributive law : A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C),

A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
 Sets

Distributive law of sets by Venn Diagram

 Sets

Disjoint Sets

Definition
If A and B are two sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then A B
A and B are called disjoint sets.

Example
let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }. In the Fig. A and B are disjoint sets.

Then A and B are disjoint sets, because there are no

elements which are common to A and B.
 Sets

Difference of sets

Definition
The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the
set of elements which belong to A but not to B.
Symbolically, we write A – B and read as
“A minus B”.
A B

Example The shaded portion in Fig.

represents A - B
Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }.
A – B = {1, 3, 5} and B – A = {8}
 Sets

Symmetric difference between two sets

Definition

Let A and B are two sets. The symmetric difference of

two sets A and B is the set (A – B) ∪ (B – A) and is
denoted by A △ B.
A
B

Example The shaded portion in Fig.

represents A △ B
Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }.
A – B = {1, 3, 5} and B – A = {8}
A △ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A) = {1, 3, 5} ∪ {8} = {1, 3, 5, 8}
 Sets

Complement of a set

Definition
A set which contains all the elements which are not
A’
there in set A is called complement of set A. It is
denoted by A’.
A′ = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A }. Also A′ = U – A A
Example

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. The shaded portion in Fig.
A′ = { 2, 4, 6, 8,10 }. represents A’
 Sets

DeMorgan’s Law

The complement of the union of two sets will be equal to

the intersection of their individual complements.

(A ∪ B)ᶜ is the blue What hasn’t been

region in this picture painted in Aᶜ ∩ Bᶜ
 Sets

Some Properties of Complement Sets

Complement Laws:
(i) A U A’ = U
(ii) A ∩ A’ = φ

De Morgan’s Law :
(i) (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(ii) (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’

Law of Double Complementation : (A’)’ = A

Laws of Empty Set And Universal Set : φ’ = U and U’ = φ

 Sets

Practical Problems On Union And Intersection

 Sets

The symmetric difference of sets a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and

b = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is

A {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,} B {2, 4, 9}

C {2, 4} D {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8}
 Sets

The symmetric difference of sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and

B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is

Solution:

A △ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A) = {2, 4, 9}
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Let U be the universal set which consists of all the integers greater than 5
but less than or equal to 25. Let A and B be the subsets of U defined as:
A = {x : x ∊ U and x is a perfect square}
B = {7, 9, 16, 18, 24}
Find the complement of sets A and B and the intersection of both the
complemented sets.
 | Sets Class 11th Maths Shimon Sir Sets
shimon_josep
h
Let A = {3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 6} and U = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Verify
(i) (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
(ii) (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
 Sets

Let A = {3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 6} and C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.

Verify
(i) (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B' (ii) (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'

Solution:
(i) (A∩B)′ = {3}′ = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A′∪B′ = {5, 7, 8} ∪ {2, 4, 6} = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
∴(A∩B)′ = A′ ∪ B ′

(ii) (A∪B)′ = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}′ = {8}

A′∩B′ = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {5, 7, 8} = {8}
∴ (A∪B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
 Sets

Which of the following are sets ? Justify your answer.

(i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with the letter J.
(ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India.
(iii) A team of eleven best-cricket batsmen of the world.
(iv) The collection of all boys in your class.
 Sets

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Insert the appropriate symbol ∈ or ∉ in the blank

Spaces:
(i) 5. . .A (ii) 8 . . . A (iii) 0. . .A (iv) 4. . . A (v) 2. . .A (vi) 10. . .A
 Sets

Write the following sets in roster form:

(i) A = {x : x is an integer and –3 ≤ x < 7}
(ii) B = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}
(iii) C = {x : x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits is 8}
(iv) D = {x : x is a prime number which is divisor of 60}
(v) E = The set of all letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY
(vi) F = The set of all letters in the word BETTER
 Sets

Write the following sets in the set-builder form :

(i) (3, 6, 9, 12}
(ii) {2,4,8,16,32}
(iii) {2, 4, 6, . . .}
(iv) {1,4,9, . . .,100}
 Sets

State whether each of the following set is finite or infinite:

(i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis
(ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet
(iii) The set of numbers which are multiple of 5
(iv) The set of animals living on the earth
(v) The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0)
 Sets

Are the following pair of sets equal ? Give reasons.

(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is solution of x² + 5x + 6 = 0}
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}
 Sets

Let A = { 1, 2, { 3, 4 }, 5 }. Which of the following statements are incorrect and why?

(i) {3, 4} ⊂ A
(ii) {3, 4} ∈ A
(iii) {{3, 4}} ⊂ A
(iv) 1 ∈ A
(v) 1 ⊂ A
(vi) {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A
(vii) {1, 2, 5} ∈ A
(viii) {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
(ix) φ ∈ A
(x) φ ⊂ A
(xi) {φ} ⊂ A
 Sets

Find the union and Intersection of each of the following pairs of sets :
(i) A = {x : x is a natural number and multiple of 3}
B = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}
(ii) A = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤6 }
B = {x : x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10 }
(iii) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = φ
 Sets

If A = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 }, B = {7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {11, 13, 15}and D = {15, 17}; find

(i) A ∩ (B ∪ D)
(ii) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ ( B ∪ C )
(iii)( A ∪ D) ∩ ( B ∪ C)
 Sets

Which of the following pairs of sets are disjoint

(i) {1, 2, 3, 4} and {x : x is a natural number and 4 ≤ x ≤ 6 }
(ii) {a, e, i, o, u} and {c, d, e, f}
(iii) {x : x is an even integer } and {x : x is an odd integer}
 Sets

If X= {a, b, c, d} and Y = {f, b, d, g}, find

(i) X – Y
(ii) Y – X
(iii) X ∩ Y
 Sets

Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and

C = { 3, 4, 5, 6 }.
Find
(i) A′
(ii) B′
(iii) (A ∪ C)′
(iv) (A ∪ B)′
(v) (A′)′
(vi) (B – C)′
 Sets

If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that

(i) (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
(ii) (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
 Sets

Draw appropriate Venn diagram for each of the following :

(i) (A ∪ B)′
(ii) A′ ∩ B′
(iii) (A ∩ B)′
(iv) A′ ∪ B′
 Sets

Let A, B, and C be the sets such that A ∪ B = A∪ C and A ∩ B = A ∩ C. Show

that B = C
 Sets

Show that if A ⊂ B, then C – B ⊂ C – A

 Sets

Show that for any sets A and B,

A=(A∩B)∪(A–B)
 Sets

Using properties of sets, show that

(i) A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A
 Sets

Show that A ∩ B = A ∩ C need not imply B = C

 Sets

Let A and B be sets. If A ∩ X = B ∩ X = φ and A ∪ X = B ∪ X for some set

X, show that A = B
 Sets

For all sets A, B and C, show that (A-B) (A-C) = A - (B C)

 Sets

Assertion: If A = {x: x is a real root of x² + 1 = 0} and B = {x: x is a positive

integer and x² < 40}, then AUB=B.
Reason: AUB = BUA
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
 Sets

Assertion: The subsets of the set {1, {2}} are {},{1},{{2}} and {1,{2}}.
Reason: The total number of proper subsets of a set containing n elements
is 2" -1.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
 Sets

The number of elements in is

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
 Sets

Assertion: The length of the interval of A={x: x R,-3≤ x ≤5} is 2

Reason: The length of interval for [a, b] is given by b-a.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation
for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
 Sets

In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple

juice, 150 as taking orange juice and 75 were listed as taking both apple as
well as orange juice. Find how many students were taking neither apple
juice nor orange juice.
 Sets

There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed to
the chemical C₁, 50 to chemical C₂, and 30 to both the chemicals C, and C.
Find the number of individuals exposed to
(i) Chemical C, but not chemical C₂
(ii) Chemical C₂ but not chemical C₁
(iii) Chemical C, or chemical C₂
 Sets

In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics,

12 had taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken
Mathematics and Chemistry, 9 had taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had
taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects.

(i) Based on the information above, answer the following question: What
is the number of students who had taken only Physics?
(a) 0
(c) 2
(b) 1
(d) 3
 Sets

In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics,

12 had taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken
Mathematics and Chemistry, 9 had taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had
taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects.

(ii) What is the number of students who had taken Mathematics and
Physics but not Chemistry?
(a) 4
(c) 6
(b) 5
(d) None of these
 Sets

In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics, 12 had

taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Mathematics and Chemistry,
9 had taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had
taken all the three subjects.

(iii) The number of students who had taken only one of the three subjects is
(a) 11
(c) 14
(b) 12
(d) 15
 Sets

In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics, 12 had

taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Mathematics and Chemistry,
9 had taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had
taken all the three subjects.

(iv) No. of students who had taken atleast one of the subjects is:
(a) 20
(c) 22
(b) 21
(d) 23
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