2022chb1052

Mihir Kasare
CRE AND THERMODYNAMICS LAB

RTD STUDIES IN A PACKED

BACKE REACTOR

STUDIES IN PLUG FLOW TUBULAR REACTOR (COIL TYPE)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. To plot the RTD curve for a PFTR using a pulse tracer.
2. To determine the dispersion number (D/uL).

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Burette (50 ml) : 1 No.
2. Conical flasks (250 ml) : 20 No.
3. Syringe (20 ml) : 1 No.
4. Measuring cylinder (250 ml) : 1 No.

CHEMICALS
1. N/10 HCl : 200 ml
2. 2N NaOH : 60 ml
3. Phenolphthalein indicator : Few drops
4. Distilled water : 20 liters

DESCRIPTION
 The setup consists of a different diameter glass column packed with raschig rings and glass beads.
Peristaltic pump is used to adjust and control the flow rate of the water. A special arrangement is provided
to inject a tracer at the lower end of the reactor, using a syringe. Samples can be taken periodically from
outlets provided at the top of the reactor.

THEORY

The exit age distribution function of fluid leaving a vessel or RTD of fluid in a vessel is called
the E-CURVE. The normalized curve is such that

(1)

In stimulus-response experimentation the system is perturbed and then observes how the system
reacts or responds to this stimulus. The analysis of the response gives the desired information. A
pulse tracer input signal could be used as a stimulus.

The concentration - time curve for pulse signal at the vessel outlet is called the C-CURVE.
Considering steady-state flow of fluid through a vessel:

C = E (2)

The mean age of the exit stream or mean residence time is:

(3)

(4)
And the variance of the E or C distribution is

(5)
 (6)

Variance, or a measure of the spread of the curve at time .

(7)
Models are useful for representing flow in real vessels, for scale up, and for diagnosing poor flow. We
have different kinds of models depending on whether flow is close to plug, mixed, or somewhere in
between. For small deviations from plug flow dispersion the model is used. Suppose an ideal pulse of
tracer is introduced into the fluid entering a vessel. The pulse spreads as it passes through the vessel,
and to characterize the spreading of this model, we assume a diffusion-like process superimposed on
plug flow. We call this dispersion; the dispersion coefficient D represents the
spreading process. is the dimensionless group characterizing the spread in the
whole vessel.

For open vessel

(8)

Solving the above equation we get.

Defining the reduced time as:

(10)
Exit age distribution at time i

(11)
Exit age distribution at time θ

(12)
 PROCEDURE

Starting Procedure

1. Close all the valves.

2. Open the lid and fill the feed tank with water.
3. Connect the electric supply to the set up.
4. Fill N/20 hydrogen chloride in a burette.
5. Fill the 2N sodium hydroxide (10 ml or 20 ml) in the syringe.
6. Place the syringe at the tracer inlet.
7. Start the supply of water to the reactor at particular flow rate with the help of a peristaltic
pump.
8. Wait till the water comes out from the outlet.
9. Push the syringe into the system.
10. At regular time intervals (say 30 sec for high water flow rate, 1 min for low water flow
rate), collect 20 ml sample from the outlet, in a measuring cylinder.
11. Transfer the sample solution in a conical flask.
12. Titrate the sample solution, using phenolphthalein as an indicator against N/20 hydrogen
chloride (add HCl from burette).
13. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates and different columns (before changing the
flow rate, drain the reactor first).

Closing Procedure

1. When the experiment is over, stop the flow of water by closing the valveV 2.
2. Drain the feed tank and reactor by opening the drain valves.
 OBSERVATION

Working volume of reactor VR = 0.81 Lit Volume of sample V2 = 10 ml Normality of

NaOH used for titration N1 = 0.1 geq/L

RPM:
33
Ci ∆t t(min)
S.No V1 V2 V2-V1 tiCi ti^2 Ci Ci ∆t Ci ∆t Ei θ Eθ
(mol/l) (min)
1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.0257 0 0.5
2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.0513 0 1
3 0 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.077 0 1.5
4 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.1026 0 2
5 0 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.1283 0 2.5
6 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.1539 0 3
7 0 0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.1796 0 3.5
8 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.2052 0 4
9 0 0 0 0 4.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.2309 0 4.5
10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.2566 0 5
11 0 0 0 0 5.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.2822 0 5.5
12 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.3079 0 6
13 0 0 0 0 6.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.3335 0 6.5
14 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.3592 0 7
15 0 0.1 0.1 0.0025 7.5 0.01875 0.14062 0.5 0.00125 0.0011 0.3848 0.0214 7.5
16 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0025 8 0.02 0.16 0.5 0.00125 0.0011 0.4105 0.0214 8
17 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0025 8.5 0.02125 0.18062 0.5 0.00125 0.0011 0.4361 0.0214 8.5
18 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0025 9 0.0225 0.2025 0.5 0.00125 0.0011 0.4618 0.0214 9
19 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.0075 9.5 0.0712 0.67687 0.5 0.00375 0.0034 0.4874 0.0663 9.5
20 0.7 1 0.3 0.0075 10 0.0675 0.75 0.5 0.00375 0.0034 0.5131 0.0663 10
21 1 1.8 0.8 0.02 10.5 0.19 2.205 0.5 0.01 0.0092 0.5388 0.1793 10.5
22 1.8 2.7 0.9 0.0225 11 0.225 2.7225 0.5 0.01125 0.0103 0.5644 0.2007 11
23 2.7 3.9 1.2 0.03 11.5 0.315 3.9675 0.5 0.015 0.0138 0.5901 0.269 11.5
24 3.9 5.4 1.5 0.0525 12 0.5775 7.56 0.5 0.02625 0.0241 0.6157 0.4697 12
25 5.4 6.9 1.5 0.0725 12.5 0.83375 11.328 0.5 0.03625 0.0333 0.6414 0.649 12.5
26 6.9 9.2 2.3 0.0775 13 0.93 13.0975 0.5 0.03875 0.0356 0.667 0.6938 13
27 9.2 10.7 1.5 0.1175 13.5 1.4687 21.4144 0.5 0.05875 0.0539 0.6927 1.0505 13.5
28 10.7 12.4 1.7 0.11 14 1.43 21.56 0.5 0.055 0.0505 0.7183 0.9842 14
29 12.4 14.1 1.7 0.135 14.5 1.8225 28.3837 0.5 0.0675 0.062 0.744 1.2083 14.5
30 14.1 16.2 2.1 0.1625 15 2.275 36.5625 0.5 0.08125 0.0746 0.7697 1.4539 15
31 16.2 17.5 1.3 0.1325 15.5 1.92125 31.8331 0.5 0.06625 0.0608 0.7953 1.1849 15.5
32 17.5 18.7 1.2 0.185 16 2.775 47.36 0.5 0.0925 0.0849 0.821 1.6546 16
33 18.7 19.01 0.31 0.155 16.5 2.4025 42.1987 0.5 0.0775 0.0711 0.8466 1.3857 16.5
34 19.01 21.2 2.19 0.1575 17 2.52 45.5175 0.5 0.07875 0.0723 0.8723 1.4091 17
35 21.2 22.3 1.1 0.155 17.5 2.5575 47.4687 0.5 0.0775 0.0711 0.8979 1.3857 17.5
36 22.3 23.4 1.1 0.165 18 2.805 53.46 0.5 0.0825 0.0757 0.9236 1.4753 18
37 23.4 24.5 1.1 0.2 18.5 3.5 68.45 0.5 0.1 0.0918 0.9492 1.7891 18.5
38 24.5 26.5 2 0.1675 19 3.015 60.4675 0.5 0.08375 0.0769 0.9749 1.4987 19
39 23.2 23.8 0.6 0.17 19.5 3.145 64.6425 0.5 0.085 0.078 1.0006 1.5202 19.5
40 22.2 22.6 0.4 0.1575 20 2.9925 63 0.5 0.07875 0.0723 1.0262 1.4091 20
41 22.6 23.8 1.2 0.125 20.5 2.4375 52.5312 0.5 0.0625 0.0574 1.0519 1.1187 20.5
42 21.6 23 1.4 0.095 21 1.9 41.895 0.5 0.0475 0.0436 1.0775 0.8497 21
43 21.3 28.1 6.8 0.1075 21.5 2.20375 49.6918 0.5 0.05375 0.0493 1.1032 0.9608 21.5
44 28.1 28.2 0.1 0.095 22 1.995 45.98 0.5 0.0475 0.0436 1.1288 0.8497 22
45 28.2 29.6 1.4 0.1 22.5 2.15 50.625 0.5 0.05 0.0459 1.1545 0.8946 22.5
46 27.2 31.6 4.4 0.11 23 2.42 58.19 0.5 0.055 0.0505 1.1801 0.9842 23
47 31.6 35.6 4 0.1 23.5 2.25 55.225 0.5 0.05 0.0459 1.2058 0.8946 23.5
48 35.6 40 4.4 0.11 24 2.53 63.36 0.5 0.055 0.0505 1.2314 0.9842 24
49 40 43.8 3.8 0.095 24.5 2.2325 57.0237 0.5 0.0475 0.0436 1.2571 0.8497 24.5
50 43.8 46.6 2.8 0.07 25 1.68 43.75 0.5 0.035 0.0321 1.2828 0.6256 25
51 0 2.8 2.8 0.07 25.5 1.715 45.5175 0.5 0.035 0.0321 1.3084 0.6256 25.5
52 2.8 5.8 3 0.075 26 1.875 50.7 0.5 0.0375 0.0344 1.3341 0.6704 26
53 5.8 8.3 2.5 0.0625 26.5 1.59375 43.8906 0.5 0.03125 0.0287 1.3597 0.5593 26.5
54 8.3 10.6 2.3 0.0575 27 1.495 41.9175 0.5 0.02875 0.0264 1.3854 0.5145 27
55 10.6 12.5 1.9 0.0475 27.5 1.25875 35.9218 0.5 0.02375 0.0218 1.411 0.4249 27.5
56 12.5 14 1.5 0.0375 28 1.0125 29.4 0.5 0.01875 0.0172 1.4367 0.3352 28
57 14 15.8 1.8 0.045 28.5 1.2375 36.5512 0.5 0.0225 0.0207 1.4623 0.4034 28.5
58 15.8 17.8 2 0.05 29 1.4 42.05 0.5 0.025 0.0229 1.488 0.4463 29
59 17.8 18.9 1.1 0.0275 29.5 0.78375 23.9318 0.5 0.01375 0.0126 1.5137 0.2456 29.5
60 18.9 20 1.1 0.0275 30 0.7975 24.75 0.5 0.01375 0.0126 1.5393 0.2456 30
61 20 21 1 0.025 30.5 0.7375 23.2562 0.5 0.0125 0.0115 1.565 0.2241 30.5
62 21 21.8 0.8 0.02 31 0.6 19.22 0.5 0.01 0.0092 1.5906 0.1793 31
63 21.8 22.8 1 0.025 31.5 0.7625 24.8062 0.5 0.0125 0.0115 1.6163 0.2241 31.5
64 22.8 23.8 1 0.025 32 0.775 25.6 0.5 0.0125 0.0115 1.6419 0.2241 32
65 23.8 24.5 0.7 0.0175 32.5 0.55125 18.4843 0.5 0.00875 0.008 1.6676 0.1559 32.5
66 24.5 25.3 0.8 0.02 33 0.64 21.78 0.5 0.01 0.0092 1.6932 0.1793 33
67 25.3 25.9 0.6 0.015 33.5 0.4875 16.8337 0.5 0.0075 0.0069 1.7189 0.1345 33.5
68 25.9 28.5 2.6 0.015 34 0.495 17.34 0.5 0.0075 0.0069 1.7446 0.1345 34
69 28.5 29.2 0.7 0.0175 34.5 0.58625 20.8293 0.5 0.00875 0.008 1.7702 0.1559 34.5
70 27.2 27.9 0.7 0.0175 35 0.595 21.4375 0.5 0.00875 0.008 1.7959 0.1559 35
71 0 0.6 0.6 0.015 35.5 0.5175 18.9037 0.5 0.0075 0.0069 1.8215 0.1345 35.5
72 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.0125 36 0.4375 16.2 0.5 0.00625 0.0057 1.8472 0.1111 36
 73 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.01 36.5 0.355 13.3225 0.5 0.005 0.0046 1.8728 0.0897 36.5
74 1.5 2 0.5 0.0125 37 0.45 17.1125 0.5 0.00625 0.0057 1.8985 0.1111 37
75 2 2.3 0.3 0.0075 37.5 0.27375 10.5468 0.5 0.00375 0.0034 1.9241 0.0663 37.5
76 2.3 2.6 0.3 0.0075 38 0.2775 10.83 0.5 0.00375 0.0034 1.9498 0.0663 38
77 2.6 3 0.4 0.01 38.5 0.375 14.8225 0.5 0.005 0.0046 1.9754 0.0897 38.5
78 3 3.3 0.3 0.0075 39 0.285 11.4075 0.5 0.00375 0.0034 2.0011 0.0663 39
79 3.3 3.5 0.2 0.005 40 0.1925 8 1 0.005 0.0023 2.0524 0.0448 40
80 3.5 3.7 0.2 0.005 41 0.195 8.405 1 0.005 0.0023 2.1037 0.0448 41
81 3.7 3.9 0.2 0.005 42 0.2 8.82 1 0.005 0.0023 2.155 0.0448 42
82 3.9 4 0.1 0.0025 43 0.1025 4.6225 1 0.0025 0.0011 2.2063 0.0214 43
83 4 4.1 0.1 0.0025 44 0.105 4.84 1 0.0025 0.0011 2.2577 0.0214 44
84 4.1 4.2 0.1 0.0025 45 0.1075 5.0625 1 0.0025 0.0011 2.309 0.0214 45
85 4.2 4.3 0.1 0.0025 46 0.11 5.29 1 0.0025 0.0011 2.3603 0.0214 46
86 4.3 4.4 0.1 0.0025 48 0.1125 5.76 2 0.005 0.0011 2.4629 0.0214 48
87 4.4 4.5 0.1 0.0025 50 0.115 6.25 2 0.005 0.0011 2.5655 0.0214 48.5
88 4.5 4.6 0.1 0.0025 52 0.12 6.76 2 0.005 0.0011 2.6681 0.0214 49
89 4.6 4.7 0.1 0.0025 54 0.125 7.29 2 0.005 0.0011 2.7708 0.0214 49.5
90 4.7 4.8 0.1 0.0025 56 0.13 7.84 2 0.005 0.0011 2.8734 0.0214 50
83.7061 1969.88 107.828
SUM 92.5 4.295 2.17875 1.9704 38.4012
5 451 7

GRAPHS
R
P
M
:
6
5
Ci
V ∆t
S. ( ti^
V V 2- ti Ci ( Ci E
N m 2 Ei θ
1 2 V Ci ∆t mi ∆t θ
o. ol/ Ci
1 n)
l)

0. 0.
1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
2 18
 06

0.
0. 0.
2 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 36 0 4
2 4
12

0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 4
0. 0. 0. 4. 0. 0. 00
3 00 01 00 40 02 .
4 5 1 5 01 5 20
25 12 12 63 28
6 5
0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 00
4 00 5 01 00 45 02
5 6 1 04 5 20
25 25 12 15 28
6 5
0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 5
0. 0. 0. 5. 0. 00
5 00 01 05 00 49 02 .
6 7 1 5 5 20
25 35 06 12 66 28
6 5
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
6 00 6 01 00 00 54 02
7 8 1 09 5
25 5 12 21 18 33 6
0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 6
0. 1. 0. 6. 0. 00
7 01 08 52 01 58 11 .
8 3 5 5 5 62
25 12 81 03 69 41
5 5
0. 0. 0.
1. 2. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0.
8 7 03 63 36
3 9 6 04 28 96 5 02
29 21 44 7

0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 0. 0. 7
2. 5. 2. 7. 0.
9 06 48 65 03 05 67 59 .
9 5 6 5 5
5 75 62 25 35 72 25 5
0. 10 0. 0. 0. 1.
5. 12 6. 1. 0.
10 16 8 .5 08 13 72 50
5 .1 6 32 5
5 6 25 58 24 4 8

0. 3. 26 0. 0. 0. 3. 8
12 26 14 8. 0.
11 36 10 .3 18 30 76 32 .
.1 .7 .6 5 5
5 25 71 25 04 75 69 5
12 26 45 18 0. 9 4. 38 0. 0. 0. 0. 4. 9
 .7 .5 .8 47 23 .0 5 23 38 81 28
7 5 68 26 38

0. 4. 42 0. 0. 0. 4. 9
18 18 9. 0.
13 0 47 48 .6 23 38 85 30 .
.9 .9 5 5
25 87 43 62 89 78 7 5
0. 5. 50 0. 0. 0. 4.
18 20 0. 1
14 39 50 10 02 .2 25 41 90 58
.9 .1 5
25 5 5 12 36 29 06 0

1
0. 3. 33 0. 0. 0. 1.
51 12 10 0. 0
15 39 30 20 .6 15 11 94 26
.2 .2 .5 5 .
5 25 26 25 46 81 92
5
0. 4. 46 0. 0. 0. 1.
15 15 0. 1
16 0 38 11 20 .2 19 14 99 59
.3 .3 5
25 75 82 15 37 32 15 1

1
0. 3. 41 0. 0. 1. 1.
15 27 12 11 0. 1
17 31 59 .3 15 11 03 30
.3 .8 .5 .5 5 .
25 37 28 62 74 84 02
5
0. 0. 1. 1.
27 38 10 0. 3. 38 0. 1
18 12 13 10 08 12
.8 .6 .8 27 24 .8 5
5 15 35 41 2

1
0. 3. 39 0. 0. 1. 1.
38 48 10 12 0. 2
19 25 18 .8 12 09 12 06
.6 .8 .2 .5 5 .
5 75 43 75 58 87 1
5
0. 38 0. 0. 1. 0.
2. 0. 1
20 0 9 9 22 13 .0 11 08 17 93
7 5
5 25 25 45 38 58 3

1
40 0. 1. 0.
17 8. 0. 13 2. 0. 0. 3
21 9 .0 08 21 91
.8 8 22 .5 75 5 11 .
95 27 9 59
5
 1
31 0. 1. 0.
0. 14 1. 0. 4
22 0 6 6 .5 1 05 30 62
15 .5 95 15 .
37 64 93 46
5

1
1. 26 0. 1. 0.
10 4. 0. 15 0. 5
23 6 48 .4 1 04 39 45
.4 4 11 .5 11 .
5 27 13 96 74
5

1
1. 24 0. 1. 0.
10 3. 0. 16 0. 6
24 14 30 .5 1 03 48 37
.4 6 09 .5 09 .
5 02 38 98 43
5

1
0. 0. 16 0. 0. 1. 0.
16 2. 17 7
25 14 05 85 .8 1 05 02 58 22
.2 2 .5 .
5 25 43 5 07 01 93
5

1
0. 0. 15 0. 0. 1. 0.
16 1. 18 8
26 18 04 74 .4 1 04 01 67 18
.2 8 .5 .
5 25 01 5 69 04 72
5

1
0. 11 0. 1. 0.
19 1. 0. 19 0. 9
27 18 52 .4 1 01 76 12
.2 2 03 .5 03 .
5 07 13 07 51
5

2
8. 0. 1. 0.
19 0. 0. 20 0. 0. 0
28 20 40 1 00 85 08
.2 8 02 .5 37 02 .
5 75 1 31
5

0. 0. 6. 0. 0. 1. 0. 2
20 0. 21
29 20 01 29 93 1 01 00 94 06 1
.6 6 .5
5 25 37 5 56 13 2 .
 5

2
0. 0. 7. 0. 0. 2. 0.
20 21 0. 22 2
30 01 30 59 1 01 00 03 06
.6 .2 6 .5 .
5 75 37 5 56 16 2
5

2
0. 5. 0. 2. 0.
21 21 0. 0. 23 0. 3
31 21 52 1 00 12 04
.2 .6 4 01 .5 01 .
5 25 38 19 21
5

2
0. 6. 0. 2. 0.
0. 0. 0. 24 0. 4
32 0 22 00 1 00 21 04
4 4 01 .5 01 .
5 25 38 22 21
5

2
0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 2. 0.
0. 0. 0. 25 5
33 00 11 25 1 00 00 30 02
4 6 2 .5 .
5 75 12 5 19 25 1
5

2
0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 2. 0.
0. 0. 0. 26 6
34 00 12 51 1 00 00 39 02
6 8 2 .5 .
5 25 12 5 19 28 1
5

2
0. 0. 5. 0. 0. 2. 0.
0. 1. 0. 27 7
35 00 19 67 1 00 00 48 03
8 1 3 .5 .
75 12 18 75 28 31 1
5

2
2.
1. 1. 28 8
36 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 57 0
1 1 .5 .
34
5
0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 2.
1. 1. 0. 29 0. 2
37 00 06 17 1 00 00 66
1 2 1 .5 01
25 87 56 25 09 37 9
 .
5

3
0. 0. 4. 0. 2. 0.
1. 1. 0. 31 0. 1
38 00 14 96 2 00 84 02
2 4 2 .5 01 .
5 25 12 19 43 1
5

3
0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 3.
1. 1. 0. 33 0. 3
39 00 07 80 2 00 00 02
4 5 1 .5 01 .
25 37 56 5 09 48
5

3
0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 3.
1. 1. 0. 35 0. 5
40 00 07 15 2 00 00 20
5 6 1 .5 01 .
25 87 06 5 09 54
5

3
0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 3.
1. 1. 0. 37 0. 7
41 00 08 51 2 00 00 38
6 7 1 .5 01 .
25 37 56 5 09 6
5

3
0. 0. 3. 0. 0. 3.
1. 1. 0. 39 0. 9
42 00 08 90 2 00 00 56
7 8 1 .5 01 .
25 87 06 5 09 66
5

4
0. 0. 4. 0. 0. 3.
1. 1. 0. 41 0. 1
43 00 09 30 2 00 00 74
8 9 1 .5 01 .
25 37 56 5 09 72
5

4
0. 0. 4. 0. 0. 3.
1. 0. 43 0. 3
44 2 00 09 73 2 00 00 92
9 1 .5 01 .
25 87 06 5 09 78
5
2. 0. 0. 45 0. 5. 0. 0. 4. 0.
45 2 2
1 1 00 .5 10 17 00 00 10 01 4
 25 37 56 5 09 84 5
.
5

4
4.
2. 2. 47 7
46 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 28 0
1 1 .5 .
9
5

4
0. 0. 6. 0. 0. 4.
2. 2. 0. 49 0. 9
47 00 11 12 2 00 00 46
1 2 1 .5 01 .
25 37 56 5 09 95
5

5
4.
2. 2. 51 1
48 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 65 0
2 2 .5 .
01
5

5
0. 0. 7. 0. 0. 4.
2. 2. 0. 53 0. 3
49 00 12 15 2 00 00 83
2 3 1 .5 01 .
25 37 56 5 09 07
5

5
5.
2. 2. 55 5
50 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 01 0
3 3 .5 .
13
5
67 2. 2. 98 29
S 18 51
4. 3. 66 69 .8 .8
U 6. .7
67 23 11 48 26 45
M 8 19
87 5 8 6 9

GRAPHS
GRAPHS

The experiment overall went as expected but due to certain errors while performing the experiment, like
backflow in the syringe, reading errors, early injection, etc, we got a little irregular plot

1. We plotted graphs between Ei vs time, E_theta vs theta and conc vs time.

2. We calculated the area under the Ei vs time curve by the rectangle method of the area under the graph
total area = 1.

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment aimed to analyze residence time distribution (RTD) in a packed bed reactor using a pulse
tracer. By introducing a tracer and collecting samples at intervals, the concentration-time curve revealed flow
behavior. Mean residence time, dispersion coefficient, and variance were calculated, indicating mixing and
deviation from plug flow. Varying flow rates and packing materials were explored. The results offer insights
into reactor performance, aiding in industrial optimization and informed decision-making. The E-CURVE,

which represents the normalized exit age distribution function, highlighted the dispersion characteristics
within the packed bed. The C-CURVE, derived from the concentration-time curve at the reactor outlet,
revealed how the system responded to the introduction of a pulse tracer. These graph interpretations aligned
well with theoretical expectations, indicating the efficiency of the reactor in terms of mixing and dispersion.

DIAGRAM
Fig: 2 Packed Bed Reactor