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2.
3 Particle Properties 19
b 2 b
1 b
3
a
a a a
ψ2
V,S 3
1
2
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

increased flattening b/a increased elongation
Figure 2.6 Sphericity for different particle shape (cf. [7], p. 24).
The sphericity describes the “roundness” of a particle as deviation from the

ideal shape of a sphere. For a given volume, the sphere exhibits the smallest pos-
sible surface area, and as a consequence, every nonspherical particle of the same
volume results in a sphericity <1. The aspects discussed above should be suffi-
cient in most cases to describe the geometric properties of single particles for
the purpose of cake filtration. However, one could go much more into detail
to describe the microstructure of the particle surfaces, for example, by deter-
mination of the fractal dimension of a particle contour. This could be relevant
for particles as can be shown in Figure 2.7 for precipitated and grinded calcium
carbonate, which exhibit an extremely different surface structure, although both
consist of calcium carbonate.
Figure 2.7 Precipitated and grinded calcium carbonate.

20 2 Slurry Characterization
2.3.3 Characterization of Particle Collectives

After fractionation of a particle collective into size classes according to a specific
dispersity characteristic, the respective amount of particles for each size class
must be determined. The kind of quantity depends on the measuring principle,
as is explained in Table 2.1.
Q0 (xi ) represents the cumulative number distribution of particles, which have
been analyzed according to the dispersity characteristic i (furthermore, the index
i is mostly disclaimed for simplification). Particle size analysis techniques can be
grouped according to the dispersity characteristic and the used kind of quantity.
For example, counting of single particles leads to a number distribution (r = 0)
and different dispersity characteristics are available such as statistical lengths
(i = 1), light extinction (i = 2), laser scattering (i = 3), interference with an electric
field (i = 3), and others.
In general, the cumulative particle size distribution Qr (x) characterizes the
share of particles smaller than a certain particle size related to the total amount
of particles. As can be seen from Figure 2.8, Qr (xmin ) = 0 for the smallest particle
xmin and Qr (xmax ) = 1 for the greatest particle xmax .
A particle size interval Δx = (x2 − x1 ) represents a particle quantity ΔQr (x2 ,x1 ).
The median value x50,r characterizes the particle size, which divides the total par-
ticle amount in two halves of particles smaller and greater than x50,r .
The cumulative particle size distribution does not show directly which particle
size is most frequently represented in the particle collective.
To get this information, the particle size frequency distribution qr (x), shown in
Figure 2.9, is the appropriate function.
Table 2.1 Definition of particle quantities.
Method Quantity Dimension Index Denotation
Counting Number L0 r=0 Q1 (xi )

Extinction Area L2 r=2 Q2 (xi )
Weighing Mass volume L3 r=3 Q3 (xi )
Qr(x) Figure 2.8 Cumulative particle size

1 distribution.
0.5
Qr(x2)
ΔQr(x2,x1)
Qr(x1)
Δx
x
0 xmin x1 x2 x50,r xmax
2.3 Particle Properties 21
Figure 2.9 Particle size qr(x)

frequency distribution.
qr(x2,x1)
x
xmin x1 x2 xmod xmax
Here, according to Eq. (2.8), the share of quantity in a certain particle size inter-
val x2 − x1 is related to the interval width x2 − x1
Qr (x2 ) − Qr (x1 ) ΔQr |x1 , x2 |
qr (xav ) = = (2.8)
x2 − x1 Δx
If the number of particles is large, Qr (x) can be continuously differentiated
(Eq. (2.9))
dQr (x)
qr (x) = (2.9)
dx
As can be seen from Eq. (2.10), the area below the function qr (x) between x2
and x1 correlates with the share of particle quantity between x2 and x1
x2 x2
qr (x) ⋅ dx = dQr (x) = Qr (x2 ) − Qr (x1 ) (2.10)
∫x1 ∫x1
The integration between xmin and xmax gives the standardization condition
(Eq. (2.11))
xmax xmax
qr (x) ⋅ dx = dQr (x) = 1 (2.11)
∫xmin ∫xmin
The maximum of qr (x) is named modal value xmod .
It is important to realize that particle size distributions of different quantity
characteristics must not be compared directly. This should be explained in
Table 2.2 on the example of four spheres and a doubling diameter from particle
to particle.
Table 2.2 Comparison of quantity characteristics.
Relative ∅ Number (%) Volume (%)
1 25 1
2 25 8
3 25 27
4 25 64
Sum 100 100

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2.

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

The sphericity describes the “roundness” of a particle as deviation from the

Figure 2.7 Precipitated and grinded calcium carbonate.

2.3.3 Characterization of Particle Collectives

Table 2.1 Deﬁnition of particle quantities.

Method Quantity Dimension Index Denotation

Counting Number L0 r=0 Q1 (xi )

Qr(x) Figure 2.8 Cumulative particle size

Figure 2.9 Particle size qr(x)

Table 2.2 Comparison of quantity characteristics.

Relative ∅ Number (%) Volume (%)

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