UNIT – 1

Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing and Projection of

Point and Line

Unit I Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing and Projection of (06 Hours)

Point and Line
Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing: Introduction to drawing instruments and their uses, Drawing
sheets sizes and their layouts, Types of Lines, Dimensioning methods, General rules of dimensioning.
Projection of Point and Line Theory of projection, Projection of points in all possible quadrants.
Projection of line when parallel to both the reference planes, Projections of lines when it is
perpendicular to one of the reference planes, when line is inclined to one and parallel to other reference
plane, Line inclined to both reference planes (first angle projection).
Mapping of Course Outcomes for Unit I-CO1

Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects. In general, it

provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material, manufacturing
process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a trained person can visualize
objects.

Drawing Instruments and aids:

The Instruments and other aids used in drafting work are listed below:
 Drawing board
 Set squares
 French curves
 Templates
 Mini drafter
 Instrument box
 Protractor
 Set of scales
 Drawing sheets
 Pencils

Drawing Board:

Until recently drawing boards used are made of well seasoned softwood of about 25 mm thick with a working
edge for T-square. Nowadays mini-drafters are used instead of T-squares which can be fixed on any board.
The standard size of board depends on the size of drawing sheet size required.

Mini-Drafter:
Mini-drafter consists of an angle formed by two arms with scales marked and rigidly hinged to each
other .It combines the functions of T-square, set-squares, scales and protractor. It is used for drawing
horizontal, vertical and inclined lines, parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring lines and
angles.

Instrument Box

Instrument box contains 1. Compasses, 2. Dividers and 3. Inking pens.

What is important is the position of the pencil lead with respect to the tip of the compass. It should
be at least 1 mm above as shown in the fig. because the tip goes into the board for grip by 1 mm.

Figure.1.2
Pencils: Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in the market.
The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The
grade HB denotesmedium hardness of lead used for general purpose. The hardness increases
as the value of the numeral before the letter H increases. The lead becomes softer, as the
value of the numeral before B increases.

 HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free sketching

 H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges and boundary lines
 2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines,
Extension lines, Centrelines, Hatching lines and Hidden lines.
Drawing Sheet:

The standard drawing sheet sizes are arrived at on the basic Principal of x: y = 1: 2^ (1/2) and xy = 1
where x and y are the sides of the sheet. For example AO, having a surface area of 1 Sq.m; x = 841
mm and y = 1189 mm. The successive sizes are obtained by either by halving along the length or
doubling the width, the area being in the ratio 1: 2. Designation of sizes is given in the fig. For class
work use of A2 size drawing sheet is preferred.

Table.1.1 Figure .1.3

Figure.1.4

Title Block:

The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand comer of the sheet. The
title block can have a maximum length of 170 mm and width of 65mm providing the following
information.

 Title of the drawing.

 Drawing number.
 Scale.
  Symbol denoting the method of projection.
 Name of the firm, and
 Initials of staff, who have designed, checked and approved.

Lines:

Just as in English textbook the correct words are used for making correct sentences; in Engineering
Graphics, the details of various objects are drawn by different types of lines. Each line has a definite
meaning and sense to convey.

 Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: (Continuous wide lines) the lines drawn to represent the
visible outlines/ visible edges / surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in
appearance.
 Dimension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): Dimension Lines are drawn to mark
dimension.
 Extension Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): There are extended slightly beyond the
respective dimension lines.
 Construction Lines (Continuous narrow Lines): These are drawn for constructing
drawings and should not be erased after completion of the drawing.
 Hatching / Section Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for the sectioned
portion of an object. These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main
outline of the section.
 Guide Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines): These are drawn for lettering and should not be
erased after lettering.
 Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines):Wavy continuous narrow line drawn
freehand is used to represent break of an object.
 Break Lines (Continuous Narrow Lines With Zigzags): Straight continuous narrow line
with zigzags is used to represent break of an object.
 Dashed Narrow Lines (Dashed Narrow Lines):Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of objects
are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal
distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the outlines / another
hidden line should be clearly shown.
 Center Lines (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines): These are draWn at the center of the
drawings symmetrical about an axis or both the axes. These are extended by a short distance
beyond the outline of the drawing.
 Cutting Plane Lines: Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It
is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The
direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
 Border Lines: Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm.
Table.1.2
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MATERIALS

Table.1.3
 LETTERING
Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc., on a drawing.

Importance of Lettering:

To undertake production work of an engineering component as per the drawing, the size and other
details are indicated on the drawing. This is done in the form of notes and dimensions. Main Features
of Lettering are legibility, uniformity and rapidity of execution. Use of drawing instruments for
lettering consumes more time. Lettering should be done freehand with speed. Practice accompanied
by continuous efforts would improve the lettering skill and style. Poor lettering mars the appearance
of an otherwise good drawing.

Size of Letters:

 Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters as well as numerals.
 Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals recommended by BIS are given below:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm

Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of drawing.

Guide Lines:

In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and numerals, guide lines are drawn, using 2H
pencil with light pressure. HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering.
The following are some of the guide lines for lettering
o Drawing numbers, title block and letters denoting cutting planes, sections are written in
10 mm size.
o Drawing title is written in 7 mm size.
o Hatching, sub-titles, materials, dimensions, notes, etc., are written in 3.5 mm size.
o Space between lines = 3/4 h
o Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M or 3/5 h.

Procedure for Lettering:

1. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ' h' apart.
2. Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left to right. Vertical,
Inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to bottom.
3. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.

Table.1.4
 Table.1.5

Dimensioning:

Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also furnish
Information regarding the size description. These are provided through the distances between the
Surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these
Features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.

Figure.1.5

Methods of Indicating Dimensions:

The dimensions are indicated on the drawings according to one of the following two methods.

Method - 1 (Aligned method):

Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above their dimension lines and preferably at the
middle, and clear of the line. Dimensions may be written so that they can be read from the bottom or
from the right side of the drawing. Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as
shown in Fig.2.26a and except where unavoidable, they shall not be placed in the 30° zone. Angular
dimensions are oriented.

Figure.1.6(a)
 Figure.1.6 (b)

Method - 2 (Uni-directional):

Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing only. Non-
horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably in the middle for insertion of the dimension.
Note: Horizontal dimensional lines are not broken to place the dimension in both cases.

Figure.1.7
 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Introduction:

Engineering drawing consists of a number of geometrical constructions. A few methods are

illustrated here without mathematical proofs.

1. a) To divide a straight line into a given number of equal parts say 5.

Figure.1.8
Construction:

1. Draw AC at any angle 𝜃 to AB

2. Construct the required number of equal parts of convenient length on AC like 1,2,3.
3. Join the last point 5 to B
4. Through 4, 3, 2, 1 draw lines parallel to 5B to intersect AB at 4',3',2' and 1'.

b) To bisect a given angle.

Figure.1.9
Construction:

1. Draw a line AB and AC making the given angle.

2. With centre A and any convenient radius R draw an arc intersecting the sides at D and E.
3. With centre’s D and E and radius larger than half the chord length DE, draw arcs intersecting
at F
4. Join AF, <BAF = <FAC.

2. To inscribe a regular polygon of any number of sides in a given circle.

Construction:

1. Draw the given circle with AB as diameter.

2. Divide the diameter AB into N equal parts say 5.
3. With AB as radius and A & B as centers, draw arcs intersecting each other at C.
4. Join C-P and extend to intersect the circle at D.
5. Join A-D which is the length of the side of the required polygon.
6. Set the compass to the length AD and starting from D mark off on the circumference of
the circles, obtaining the points E,F, etc. The figure obtained by joining the points A,D,E
etc., is the required polygon.

Figure.1.10

3. To inscribe a hexagon in a given circle.

Figure.1.11
Construction:

1. With centre O and radius R draw the given circle.

2. Draw any diameter AD to the circle.
3. Using 30° - 60° set-square and through the point A draw lines A1, A2 at an angle 60° with
AD, intersecting the circle at B and F respectively.
4. Using 30°-60° set-square and through the point D draw lines Dl, D2 at an angle 60° with
DA, intersecting the circle at C and E respectively.
5. By joining A,B,C,D,E,F and A,S the required hexagon is obtained.

4. To construct a regular polygon (say a pentagon) given the length of the side.

Construction:

1. Draw a line AB equal to the side and extend to P such that AB = BP

2. Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 5 equal parts by trial and error.
3. Join B to second division Irrespective of the number of sides of the polygon B is always
joined to the second division.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and B2 to intersect at O.
5. Draw a circle with O as centre and OB as radius.
6. With AB as radius intersect the circle successively at D and E. Then join CD, DE and EA.

Figure.1.12

5. To construct a regular polygon (say a hexagon) given the side AB .

Construction:

1. Draw a line AB equal to the side and extend to P such that AB = BP

2. Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 6 equal parts by trial and error.
3. Join B to second division
4. Join B- 3, B-4, B-5 and produce them.
5. With 2 as centre and radius AB intersect the line B, 3 produced at D. Similarly get the
point E and F.
6. Join 2- D, D-E, E-F and F-A to get the required hexagon.

Figure.1.13

7. To construct a regular figure of given side length and of N sides on a straight line.

Construction:

1. Draw the given straight line AB.

2. At B erect a perpendicular BC equal in length to AB.
3. Join AC and where it cuts the perpendicular bisector of AB, number the point 4.
4. Complete the square ABCD of which AC is the diagonal.
5. With radius AB and centre B describe arc AC as shown.
6. Where this arc cuts the vertical centre line numbers the point 6.
7. This is the centre of a circle inside which a hexagon of side AB can now be drawn.
8. Bisect the distance 4-6 on the vertical centre line.
9. Mark this bisection 5. This is the centre in which a regular pentagon of side AB can now be
drawn.
10. On the vertical centre line step off from point 6 a distance equal in length to the distance
5-6. this is the centre of a circle in which a regular heptagon of side AB can now be drawn.
11. If further distances 5-6 are now stepped off along the vertical centre line and are numbered
consecutively, each will be the centre of a circle in which a regular polygon can be inscribed
with side of length AB and with a number of sides denoted by the number against the centre.

Figure.1.14
PROJECTION OF POINTS

Introduction
What is point?

An element which has no dimensions, it can be situated in the following positions with respect to
principal planes of the projections.
 Point situated above H.P and in front of V.P.
 Point situated above H.P and behind V.P
 Point situated below H.P and behind V.P.
 Point situated below H.P and in front of V.P.
 Point situated on H.P and in front of V.P.
 Point situated above H.P and on V.P.
 Point situated on H.P and behind V.P.
 Point situated below H.P and on V.P.
 Point situated on both H.P and V.P.

Conventional Representation:

 Actual Position of a point designated by capitals i.e. A, B, C, D …

 Front view of a point is designated by small letters with dashes i.e. a’, b’, c’, d’….
 Top view of a point is designated by only small letters i.e. a, b, c, d ….
 Side view of a point is designated by small letters with double dashes i.e. a”, b”, c”, d”...

The Intersection of reference planes is a line known as reference line denoted by x-y and the line
connecting the front and top view is known as projection line; it is always perpendicular to the
principal axis (x-y line).

Figure 2.1
Problem:

 Draw the orthographic projections of the following points?

(a.) Point P is 30 mm. above H.P and 40 mm. in front of VP

(b.) Point Q is 25 mm. above H.P and 35 mm. behind VP
(c.) Point R is 32 mm. below H.P and 45 mm behind VP
(d.) Point Sis 35 mm. below H.P and 42 mm in front of VP
(e.) Point T is in H.P and 30 mm behind VP
(f.) Point U is in V.P and 40 mm. below HP
(g.) Point V is in V.P and 35 mm. above H.P
(h.) Point W is in H.P and 48 mm. in front of VP

Solution:

Figure 2.2
PROJECTION OF LINE
Introduction
What is Line?

A Shortest distance between two points and the actual length of the line is known as True Length
denoted by TL.

Orientation of Straight Lines

 Line parallel to both H.P and V.P

 Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel to V.P
 Line perpendicular to V.P and parallel to H.P
 Line inclined to H.P and parallel to V.P
 Line inclined to V.P and parallel to H.P
 Line situated in H.P
 Line situated in V.P
 Line situated in both H.P and V.P
 Line inclined to both the reference planes.
1. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90 deg
2. Line inclined to both H.P and V.P front view angle and top view angle = 90 deg

Problems

 Line parallel to both H.P and V.P

A 50mm long line AB is parallel to both H.P and V.P. The line is 25mm in front of V.P
and 60mm above H.P, draw the projections of the line.

60

25

Figure 2.3
 Line perpendicular to H.P

A 60mm long line AB has its end A at a distance of 20mm above the H.P. The line is
perpendicular to the H.P and 40mm in front of V.P, draw the projections of the line.

20

40

Figure 2.4

 Line perpendicular to V.P

A 60mm long line AB, has its end A at a distance of 20mm in front of the V.P. the line is
perpendicular to V.P and 40mm above H.P, draw the projection of the line.

40

20

Figure 2.5
 Line inclined to H.P and parallel to V.P

A 80mm long line AB has the end A at a distance of 20mm above HP and 40mm in front
of V.P. The line is inclined at 30 deg to H.P and parallel to V.P, draw the projection of the
line.

20

40

Figure 2.6

 Line inclined to V.P and parallel to H.P

An 80mm long line AB is inclined at 30 deg to V.P and is parallel to H.P. The end A is
20mm above the H.P and 20mm in front of the V.P, draw the projection of the line.

20

20

Figure 2.7
 Line situated in H.P
A line AB 60mm long is situated in H.P and inclined to V.P at 30 deg. The end A is 20mm
in front of V.P, draw the projection of line.

20

Figure 2.8

 Line situated in V.P

Draw the projections of 70mm long line AB situated in the V.P and inclined at 30 deg to
H.P. The end A is 25 mm above H.P.

25

Figure 2.9
  Lines inclined to both the reference planes.

A 70mm long line AB has an end A at 20mm above H.P and 30mm in front of V.P. The
line is inclined at 45 deg to the H.P and 30 deg to V.P, draw the projections.

20

30

Figure 2.10

Important Questions and Previous Paper Problems:

Problem:
A line AB, 70mm long, has its end A 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. It is inclined at
30° to HP and 45°to VP. Draw its projections and mark its traces

Solution:

Figure 2.11
Problem:
The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while its front view measures 50mm. Its
one end A is in HP and12mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine its
inclination with HP and VP

Solution:

:
Figure 2.12
Problem:
A line AB, 65mm long has its end A 20mm above H.P. and 25mm in front of VP. The end B is
40mm above H.P. and 65mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of AB and shows its inclination
with H.P.

Solution:

Figure 2.13
Problem:
The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5cm apart. The end A is 2cm above the H.P and 3cm in
front of V.P. The end B is1cm below H.P. and 4cm behind the V.P. Determine the true length and
traces of AB, and its inclination with the two planes.

Solution:

Figure 2.14
Problem:
A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 45 to the H.P. and its top view makes an angle of 60 with the
V.P. The end A is in the H.P. and 12mm in front of V.P. Draw its front view and finds its true
inclination with the V.P.
Solution:

Figure 2.15
Problem:
A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 30 to the HP. Its end A is 12mm above the HP and 20mm in
front of the VP. Its FV measures 65mm. Draw the TV of AB and determine its inclination with the
VP.
Solution:

Figure 2.16

Problem:
Two lines AB & AC make an angle of 120 deg between them in their FV & TV. AB is parallel to
both the HP & VP. Determine the real angle between AB & AC.
Solution:

Figure 2.17
Problem:
A line AB, inclined at 40º to the V.P. has its end 50mm and 20mm above the H.P. the length of its
front view is 65mm and its V.T. is 10mm above the H.P. determine .the true length of AB its
inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.
Solution:

Figure 2.18

Problem:
The top view of a 75mm long line CD measures 50 mm. C is 50 mm in front of the VP & 15mm
below the HP. D is 15 mm in front of the VP & is above the HP. Draw the FV of CD & find its
inclinations with the HP and the VP. Show also its traces.
Solution:

Figure 2.19
Problem:
A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at 30º to the H.P. and at 45º to the V.P. Its mid point is in the
V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections, if its end P is in the third quadrant and Q is
in the first quadrant
Solution:

Figure 2.20
Tips and shortcuts:

 Three different reference planes and their respective views

Horizontal Plane, Vertical Plane and Side or Profile Plane
Front view is a view projected on VP
Top View is a view projected on HP and
Side View is a view projected on PP.

 A line when parallel to both the planes HP and VP, then the line has true length in both the
front and top views.
 If the line is inclined only to HP the Front view is a line having the true length (TL) and true
inclination θ
 If the line is inclined only to VP the Top view is a line having the true length (TL) and true
inclination Φ
 First angle projections method the objects are placed in 1st Quadrant (FV above x-y line and
TV below x-y line) which is above HP and in front of VP.
 Third angle projections method the objects are placed in 3rd Quadrant (FV below x-y line and
TV above x-y line) which is below HP and behind VP.
 Unit No 1:- Projections of Points & Lines
1. The point A of line AB is in HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The front view and top view of line
makes 40° and 45° with HP and VP respectively. Draw the projections if the projector distance
between end points of the line is 70 mm. Find true length and true inclinations. Also, locate the
traces of line.
2. The point A of 80 mm long line AB is 15 mm above HP, while the end point B is 60 mm above HP
and 20 mm infront of VP. Draw the projection of a line, if its FV measures 65 mm. Find the
inclination made by the line with HP and VP. Also locate the traces.
3. The point A of line AB is 15 mm above HP and in VP. The line is inclined to HP and VP at 40 0 and
and 350 respectively. Draw the projections of a line, if its plan measures 65 mm. Find true length of
a line and locate its traces.

4. The front view of 80 mm long line AB measures 50 mm. The end point B is in VP while it’s Plan
measures 70 mm. Draw the projections if point A lies in HP. Find inclinations made by the line
with HP and VP. Also locate the traces.

5. The point P of 75 mm long line PQ is in HP while its other end Q is in VP. The projector
distance between the end points of line PQ is 50 mm. Draw the projections if its plan measures
60 mm. Find inclinations made by the line with HP and VP. Also locate the traces.

6. The end point A of 100 mm long line AB is in HP, and it’s another end point B is in V.P. The front
view of line is inclined at an angle of 400 to HP. Draw the projections of a line, if the projector
distance between the end points of line is 60 mm. Find the inclinations made by the line with HP
and VP. Locate the traces of line.

7. The point P of line PQ is in HP while its other end Q is 50 mm above HP and 80 mm in front of VP.
The line is inclined to VP at an angle of 400. Draw the projection of a line if its elevation measures
78 mm. Find true length of line and the inclination made by line with VP. Also locate the traces of
line.

8. The point P of line PQ is 25 mm above HP and its end point Q is 20 mm infront of VP. The line is
inclined to VP at 400 while its elevation makes 400 with HP. Draw the projections; if the projector
distance between the end points of line PQ is 60 mm. Find the inclination made by the line with HP.
Also locate the traces of line.

9. The point P of 75mm long line PQ is 25mm above HP while its end point Q is 20 mm in front of
VP. Its plan makes 36° with HP while, the projector distance between the end points of line is
60mm. Draw the projections of a line and find the inclinations made by it with HP and VP. Also,
locate the traces of line.

10. The point M of line MN is in HP while its other end N is 50 mm above HP and 80 mm in front of
VP. The line is inclined to VP at an angle of 40°. Draw the projections of a line if its elevation
makes 29° with HP. Find true length of line and the inclination made by the line with HP. Also,
locate the traces of line.
11. The top view and front view of a straight AB measures 70 mm and 58 mm respectively. The
straight line AB is inclined at an angle of 350 to horizontal plane. The end point A is 15 mm above
horizontal plane and 12 mm in front of vertical plane. The other end B is in the first quadrant. Draw
the projection of straight line AB. Find the true length and true inclination with vertical plane; also
show its vertical and horizontal traces.

12. The point A of line AB is in HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Its front view and top view makes 51°
and 48° with HP and VP respectively. Draw the projections of line AB if its end point B is 51 mm
above HP. Find its true length, true inclinations and locate its traces.

13. A line PQ 90 mm long, is inclined to HP & VP at 340 and 300 respectively. Draw the projections if
point P is 25 mm above HP and point Q is 20 mm infront of VP. Also locate the traces.

14. The point A of line AB is 15 mm above HP and in VP. The line is inclined to HP & VP at 40 0 and
350 respectively. Draw the projections of a line, if its plan measures 65 mm. Find true length of a
line and locate its traces.
 UNIT-2
PROJECTION OF PLANES
Introduction :
A plane is a two dimensional object having length and breadth only. Its thickness is always neglected;
various shapes of plane figures are considered such as square, rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon, etc

Figure 3.1

TYPES OF PLANES:

1. Perpendicular planes which have their surface perpendicular to anyone of the reference planes and
parallel or inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both the reference planes.

TRACE OF PLANE:

The trace of a plane is the line of intersection or meeting of the plane surface with the reference plane;
if necessary the plane surface is extended to intersect the reference plane. The intersection line of the
plane surface with HP is called the Horizontal Trace (HT) and that of VP is called the Vertical
Trace (VT).

A plane figure is positioned with reference to the reference planes by referring its surface in the
following possible position.
Projection of Different Planes position with respective to Principal planes
1) Surface of Plane Parallel to the HP (and perpendicular to VP)

Figure 3.2

2) Surface of Plane Parallel to the VP (and perpendicular to HP)

Figure 3.3

3) Surface of Plane Inclined to the HP and perpendicular to VP

Figure 3.4
4) Surface of Plane Inclined to the VP and perpendicular to HP

Figure 3.5

5) Surface of Plane Perpendicular to Both HP and VP

Figure 3.6

6) Surface of Plane is Inclined to Both HP and VP

Figure 3.7
Simple Problems:

Plane Parallel to HP

Problem: A Square plane with a 40mm side has its surface parallel to and 20mm above the HP. Draw
its Projections, when (a) A side is parallel to VP (b) A side is inclined at 30 0 to VP and (c) All sides
are equally inclined to VP.

Visualized position of surface plane Picture:

Figure 3.8(a)

Solution:

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.8(b)
 Plane Parallel to Plane Parallel to VP

Problem:
A Hexagonal plane with a 30mm side has its surface parallel to and 20mm in front of the VP. Draw
it’s Projections, when (a) a side is perpendicular to HP (b) a side is parallel to the HP
(c) Side is inclined at 450 to the HP

Visualized position of surface plane Picture:

Figure 3.9(a)

Solution:

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.9(b)
Plane is inclined to HP and Perpendicular to VP

Problem:
A Pentagonal plane with a 30mm side has an edge on the HP, the surface of the Plane is inclined
at 450 to the HP. Draw it’s Projections?

Visualized position of surface plane Picture:

Figure 3.10(a)

Solution:

Figure 3.10(b)
Plane is inclined to VP and Perpendicular to HP

Problem:
A Hexagonal plate with a 30mm side and negligible thickness has its surface perpendicular to the
HP and inclined at 450 to the VP. Draw it’s Projections? When one of it’s sides of the Plane is
Parallel to and 15 mm in front of the VP

Visualized position of surface plane Picture:

Figure 3.11(a)

Solution:

Figure 3.11(b)

Problem:
A Circular plane with a 60mm Diameter is resting on a point it’s circumference on the VP. The
center is 40 mm above the HP , and The surface is inclined at 450 to the VP. And perpendicular to
the HP Draw It’s Projections?

Solution:

Figure 3.12
Problem:
Rectangle 30mm and 50mm sides is resting on HP on one of its small side which is 300 inclined to
VP, while the surface of the plane makes 450 inclination with HP. Draw it’s projections?

Solution:

Figure 3.13

Problem:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP, on one of it’s sides with it’s surface 450
inclined to HP. Draw it’s projections when the side in HP makes 300 angle with VP?

Solution:
According to the given Problem
1. Surface inclined to HP plane
2. Assumption for initial position is parallel to HP
3. So TV view will show True shape. Hence begin with TV, draw pentagon below X-Y
line, taking one side vertical.
Note: Surface and side inclination are directly given

Figure 3.14
Problem:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s opposite vertex
(corner) is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections when side in HP is 300 inclined to VP

Solution:
According to the given Problem
1. Surface inclined to HP plane
2. Assumption for initial position is parallel to HP
3. So TV view will show True shape . Hence begin with TV, draw pentagon below X-Y
line, taking one side vertical.

Note: Surface Inclination indirectly given and side inclination is Directly given only change is the
manner in which surface inclination is described: One side on Hp & it’s opposite corner 30 mm
above HP .Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement. Keep a’b’ on xy & d’ 30 mm
above xy

Figure 3.15

Problem:
A circle of 50 mm diameter is resting on HP on end A of it’s diameter AC which is 300 inclined to
HP while it’s TV is 450 inclined to VP. Draw it’s Projections?

Solution:
According to the given Problem
1. Surface inclined to HP plane
2. Assumption for initial position parallel to HP
3. So which TV will show True shape
4. Which diameter AC horizontal Hence begin with TV, draw rhombus below X-Y line, taking
longer diagonal parallel to X-Y
Note:In This problem inclination of TV of that AC is given, It could be drawn directly as
shown in 3rd step. of that AC is given, It could be drawn directly as shown in 3rd step.

Figure3.16
Problem:
A semicircle of 100 mm diameter is suspended from a point on its straight edge 30 mm from the
midpoint of that edge so that the surface makes an angle of 450 with VP. Draw its projections.

Solution:
According to the given Problem:
1. In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to HP
2. It may remain parallel or inclined to VP
3. Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4. Assuming surface Parallel to VP, draw true shape in suspended position as FV. (Here keep line
joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
5. Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position. AS shown in 1st FV.

Note: First draw a given semicircle with given Diameter, Locate its centroid position And join it
with point of suspension.

Figure 3.17
Tips and Shortcuts:
i) Plane is inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP has to solve in two stages

Stage 1: Assume the plane is parallel to HP Draw its Top View and Front View

Stage2: Tilt the Front View to given angle Project all the points we get the second Top
view

ii) Plane is inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP has to solve in two stages

Stage 1: Assume The plane is parallel to VP Draw its Front View and Top View

Stage2: Tilt the Top View to given angle Project all the points we get the second
Front view

Important Questions:
1. A pentagon of sides 30mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the sides containing
the corners being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to the corner on which
it rests is inclined at 30 degrees to the VP and is parallel to the HP. The surface of the
pentagon makes 10 degrees with the ground. Draw the top and front views of the pentagon.

2. A regular pentagon of 30mm side is resting on one of its edges on HP which is inclined at
45degrees to VP. Its surface is inclined at 30 degrees to HP. Draw its projections.

Previous Paper Questions:

.
1. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm side, having one of its sides in the H.P.
and inclined at 60 degrees to the V.P., and its surface making an angle of 45 degrees with
H.P.
0
2. A thin circular plate of 40mm diameter having its plane vertical and inclined at 40 to V.P.
Its center is 30mm above H.P. and 35mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections.