Introduction to engineering

drawing
1. Drawing Instruments
2. Preparing Drawing Paper
3. Lettering, Dimensioning
and Lines
1. Drawing Instruments
• Drawing table
– Obtain in various
size.
– Straight and accurate
– The paper is fasten to
the table by using
masking tape or clip
– Made from wood with
laminate finish.
– The surface can
easily scretch by
sharp objects.
 •Drawing Board
– Obtain in various size.
– Straight and accurate
– The paper is fasten to
the board by using
masking tape or clip.
– Made from wood
.Drawing paper
- Obtain in various
size and thickness
- Size according to
International
standard (A0 to
A4)
- White and cream
are used
- The greatest
preference is for
cream or buff
papers.
- The paper is paste
using masking
tape or clip
International Standard Drawing Paper Size

A2
420 X 594mm
16.535” x 23.326”
•Masking tape
To fasten the drawing
paper to the drawing
board or table
• T-Square
- Obtain in various
size ( length
accoring to the
paper size).
- Made of wood or
plastic
• Tee Square
– Use to draw
horizontal
lines.
– As a base for
the set square
to draw
vertical lines.
• Pencils
– Made from wood.
– Leads with clay added to
make eighteen grades.
– Leads are graded
between 9H (the hardest)
to 7B (the softest).
 Sharpening the pencils.
– Keep your pencil sharp
– Cutter is used to sharpen
the leads.
– The preferred distance of
sharpen wood 2cm - 3cm.
– Leave about 1cm of lead
extending uncut beyond
the wood
– Leads which are sharp will
produce accurate, clean
and dark lines.
– Pencils of less than 7.5cm
should be used.
• Mechanical pencils
– Refill drafting leads and no
wood to sharpen.
– Save time and cost
– Obtain in different sizes and
grades:
• 0.35 mm
• 0.5 mm
• 0.7 mm
• 1.0 mm
- Thin leads produce uniform
width lines without
sharpening.
 Drawing set

Divider
Compass

Mechanical
pencil

Eraser
• Compass
– Comes in set (with
divider).
– With pencil and inking
attachments.
– Used to draw circles
approximately 25 mm
radius or larger.
– A bow compass is used
to draw small circle.
– Cheep compass have
unstable setting
compare to expensive
one.
• Divider
– Used for dividing
distances into
number of equal
parts
– For transferring
distances or for
setting off a series
of equal distance
• Eraser
– Made from soft
rubber or vinyl
plastic.
– Used to erase
unwanted lines.
• Eraser Shield
– Made from thin
stainless steel.
– Used to protect lines
near the line being
erased.
• Feather Duster
– Made from hen or
bird feather or
plastic etc.
– To clean the
drawing paper from
dust or eraser
crumbs.
30o x 60o

• Set Square
– Obtain in two sizes
(45O dan 300 X
600).
– Made from
transperent plastic.
– Used to draw
inclined and vertical
lines
• Adjustable Triangle
– Combination of
protector with triangle.
– Can be adjusted at any
angles.
– Angles can be adjusted
by loosing the locking
nut.
– More expensive than
ordinary set squares.
• Protractor
– Made of plastic
– Semi-circular shape
with 180 degree printed
around its curve
– Used to measure or
setting off angles other
than those obtainable
with the triangles.
• Circle and Ellipse
Template
 They are plastic with a number
of accurate circles cut out.
 They are used to draw circles of
set diameters/sizes.
 Particularly useful if the circle is
small.
 The circle diameter is selected
and a sharp pencil is used to
draw round the cutout circle.
 Ellipse templates are similar
to circle templates and these
are useful for drawing ellipse /
oval shapes accurately.
• French Curve
– Made from clear plastic.
– Used to draw curves by
finding the section of
curve that matches the
desired shape on the
profile of the curve.
– Some also have either
circles or ellipses of
various sizes cut out
• Flexi-curve
– A layer of tin
rapped with rubber.
– Used to draw
curves
– Can be formed into
almost any curve
– Useful as they are
simply shaped to
form the desired
curve.
• Technical Pen
– Easy to used because of
stainless steel tip.
– Use water soluble ink.
– Can obtain in different
sizes:
• 0.13, 0.18, 0.25,
0.35, 0.50, 0.70,
1.0, 1.40, 2.0 mm
– The ink can be refilled.
• Scale Rule
– The code for the scale rule are:
A,B = architecture
C,E = surveying
D = college
F (former DIN) = mechanical engineering
FN (new DIN) = mechanical engineering
G = mechanical engineering
– Triangle scale rule can be categorised to:
A = 1:20:25:50:75:100:125
B = 1:100:200:250:300:400:500
C= 1:500:1000:1250:1500:2000:2500
D = 1:20:25:33 1/3:50:75:100
E = 1:25:50:100:200:1440:2880
F = 1: 2,5:5:10:20:50:100
FN = 1:2:5:10:20:50:100
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
2. Preparing Drawing Paper
Fastening paper to drawing board
 Paper size A2 – 594 x 420

100mm

Border Line

10mm all round

Title Block
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA ,
20 mm PARIT RAJA, BATU PAHAT

10 mm DAC 10103 ENGINEERING DRAWING

TITLE:
40 mm GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION 1

DRAWN BY MOHD FARIS HJ. ADANAN

DATE 6 JULAI 2010

50 mm
SCALE FULL

CHECKED BY HJ.ADANAN BIN HJ. OTHMAN

DRAWING NO UTHM/ JKA,PPD/ ED/1/10

40mm 60mm
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
3. Lettering, Dimensioning
and Lines
• The function of lettering is to give
information such as dimension, title block,
drawing specification, legend etc.

• 2 types of standard lettering: VERTICAL

AND INCLINED LETTERS.
Standard Vertical letters

Standard Inclined Letters

• Letter must uniform
• ENGINEERING DRAWING
• Use guidelines
• ENGINEERING DRAWING
• Avoid mixing lettering method.
• ENGINEERING DRAWING ENgiNEEriNG DraWIng
• Darkness and thickness of letter lines
• ENGINEERING DRAWING
• Space between letter
• ENG INE ERING DR AW ING
• Space between words
• UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 Vertical guidelines is drawn at
random (H or 2H pencils)

DRAWING GUIDELINES BEFORE

DRAWING LETTETRS OR NUMBERS
IS A GOOD PRACTICE

Space between letters row is usually 1/3-2/3 the

letter height to full letter height. Letters must be
darker (2B pencil) from guidelines.
8-5 mm UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA ,
PARIT RAJA, BATU PAHAT
8-5 mm DAC 10103 ENGINERING DRAWING

8-5 mm TITLE:
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING 1 10-15 mm

DRAWN MOHD FARIS HJ. 8-5 mm

ADANAN
DATE 6 JULAI 2010 8-5 mm

SCALE FULL 8-5 mm

CHECKED HJ.ADANAN BIN HJ. 8-5 mm
OTHMAN
DRAWING UTHM/ JKA,PPD/ ED/1/10 8-5 mm
NO.
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
3. Lines
• Drawing lines – straight or
curves
– Different thickness sizes and different
purposes (BS 308).
• Types of Lines.
– Border Lines
• The thickest (HB & 0.6mm) . For borders
and title block.
– Object Lines.
• Drawn thick, dark, clear and accuratet (HB).
Frame of an object.
 Border line
Border line is the thickest line drawn in any
drawing. It is basically used in the layout of
the drawing paper, particularly to draw the
borders and title block on the drawing
paper. It can be drawn using pencil series
HB.

Border line
 Object Line
Object line is a clear dark and thick line, which is
neatly drawn normally using pencil series HB. It is used
to show the visible outlines or edges of an object. The
thickness of the line should be appropriate to both the
paper and drawing size.
 Guidelines
Thin and fine (H-3H). As a starting frame to shape an
object.
Line can not be seen at distance of 60cm.
If needed not necessary to erase

Guidelines
 Hidden Lines
• Broken line, medium thickness. Used to show
edges not visible.
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
Correct Wrong

Correct Wrong
Center Lines is thin but clear (2H – HB). Two long
dash with short dash at intervals. For axis, mid and
circle center point.

Center Lines
Cutting Planes Lines
• Thick and dark (HB). As an imaginary sectioning plane of an
object.
• Two long dash with two short at intervals and arrow head at both
ends.
• Arrow pointing to the sectioning view of the object.
 Section Lines is a full thin and clear line normally drawn using a
pencil series 2H. The line is slanting at 45° angle from horizontal
and spaced at equal distance from one another. Its function is to
show surfaces which have been cut in sectional view.

Section Lines

Copper,
Steel Cast Iron Lead, Zinc,
Bronze, Brass
Alloys
 Short-break line is a thick and line normally drawn
using a pencil series HB. This freehand drawn line
is used for showing a short-broken part inside a
structure or an object.

Short-break line
Long-break line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using a
pencil series 2H. It is a straight line with a freehand drawn
zigzag line. Its function is to show a very long structure or
object which has been cut off or shortened due to the limitation
of space to be drawn on the drawing paper.

Long-
break line
Phantom line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using
a pencil series 2H. The line is drawn alternately using a
series of a long line and two short dases. It is used for
showing a moving part of an object, from its original
position to a new preferred position.
Phantom line
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Dimensioning
• To determine the exect object according
to size (metric / imperial) mentioned in
the drawing

• Measurement information is delivered in a

system form such as lines, symbols,
numbers and also fractions (½”, 1½”
etc.).
• Working Drawing
– Detailed part or assembly drawing.
– Complete information for
construction.
– Shape, dimension and specification
Dimension Line / Extension
Line

Extension Lines - Used to

extend a point from an
object.

Dimension Lines - used

to show the extent of a
dimension.
 Extension line is a thin and
clear line drawn using a 1 mm gap
pencil series 2H. The lines
start with a gap about 1
mm projected from an
object in which the
dimension line is drawn

Dimension line is also a thin

and clear line drawn using a
pencil series 2H. It is used to
show dimension of an object
where the arrowheads at its
both end touch against
extension lines
Arrow heads
Leader line is a clear but thin line normally drawn using a
pencil series 2H. At one end of the line contains an
arrowhead, while a shoulder (a very short line) is placed at
the other end. The line is slanting at any angle, usually at
30°, 45° or 60° from horizontal. The arrowhead usually
touches a line, circle, or any parts of an object where the
dimension should be provided

Leader
 Types of dimensions
Basically there are two types of dimensions as outlined
below:
i. Dimension of size (S)
This type of dimension provides the measurement of size
for objects such as circle, arc, rectangle, and etc.

ii. Dimension of location (L)

This type of dimension shows the location of a point, line
or an object form; and also their relationship between
each other in a drawing.
L L
• Working Drawing
– Dimension lines should be outside the part
outline
– Dimension lines should not cross each other
– Don’t double dimension, no redundant
dimensions
– Pick the view that most clearly describes the
feature
– Place dimensions between views when possible
– Dimension to solid lines instead of
hidden lines
– Place smallest dimension first, largest
farthest from profile
– Use one dimension system (aligned
system)
– Leave a small gap between extension
line and feature (1mm)
– Extension lines do not cross unless
unavoidable
 Avoid shaded Change direction here
area if possible

Read From
Right

Read From Bottom

Directions of Dimensioning Figures (Aligned System)

Use of center and projection lines in dimensioning
Dimension lines should not cross each other
 Placement of dimensions

Correct Wrong

Wrong Wrong Wrong

Correct Wrong
 Correct

Wrong Wrong
Towards the center
of circle

Leader
line Allowed

Center
line
±6mm

28
55 ±3 mm

1 mm gap Minimum 6 mm
Extension line
Minimum 10 mm
Dimension line
Superfluous Dimensions
 TECHNICAL SKETCHING
Freehand sketching are of great value to
designers in organizing their thoughts and
recording ideas. Sketching is an effective
and economical means of formulating
various solutions to a given problem so
that a choice can be made between
them. In engineering side, a creative idea
is important to an engineer to produce
good and new design
The term “freehand sketch” does not mean
a crude or sloppy freehand drawing in
which no particular effort has been made.
On the contrary, freehand sketch should be
made with care and with attention to
proportion, clarity, and correct line widths.
Sketches usually are not made to any scale.
Objects should be sketched in their correct
proportions as accurately as possible, by
eye. The size of sketch is purely optional,
depending on the complexity of the object
and the size of paper available.
 Types of sketching
Since technical sketches and drawings
represent three-dimensional objects, your
sketches should conform to one of the four
standard types of projection. The four
major types of projection are
(1) multiview – the object is describe by its
necessary views.
(2) axonometric (isometric)
(3) oblique, and
(4) perspective. .
 Steps in Orthographic Sketching

Depth
Width

Height
Depth
Steps in Isometric Sketching

D B

Approx 300 Approx 300

A
Steps in Oblique Sketching

Any angle
C
A