Motion in a Straight Line

Motion in a Straight Line
Kinematics
Kinematics deals with study of motion of a particle without any regard to cause of motion.
Motion and Rest

Motion is a combined property of the object and the observer. There is no meaning of rest or motion without the
observer. Nothing is in absolute rest or in absolute motion.
An object is said to be in motion with respect to an observer, if its position changes with time with respect to that
observer. It may happen by both ways either observer moves or object moves.
Mechanics is classified under two streams namely kinematics and dynamics.
MECHANICS
Kinematics Dynamics
The word kinematics means Study of forces and their

'science of motion'. Branch of effect on objects in motion
mechanics which deals with
study of motion without going
into the cause of motion, i.e.
force, torque etc.
Types of Motion
1-D Motion: The motion which can be captured along a straight line.
Example – A train moving on a straight track.
2-D Motion: The motion which can be captured on a plane but not on a straight line.
Example – Motion of a cricket ball.
3-D Motion: The motion which cannot be captured even on a plane.

Example – Motion of a kite or bird.
Parameters of Motion
Position
The position of a particle refers to its location in the space at a certain moment of time. It is concerned with the
question− “where is the particle at a particular moment of time?”
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Displacement
The change in the position of a moving object is known as displacement. It is the vector joining the initial position
( r1 ) of the particle to its final position ( r2 ) during an interval of time.
Δ𝑟
𝑟2
𝑟1
Δr = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
Displacement can be negative, positive or zero.
Distance
The length of the actual path travelled by a particle during a given time interval is called as distance. The distance
travelled is a scalar quantity which is quite different from displacement. In general, the distance travelled between two
points may not be equal to the magnitude of the displacement between the same points.
Distance can never be negative.
Illustration 1:
Ram takes path 1 (straight line) to go from P to Q and Shyam takes path 2 (semicircle).
2
P Q
1
100 m
(a) Find the distance travelled by Ram and Shyam.
(b) Find the displacement of Ram and Shyam.
Solution:
(a) Distance travelled by Ram = 100 m
Distance travelled by Shyam = (50 m) = 50 m
(b) Displacement of Ram = 100 m
Displacement of Shyam = 100 m
Illustration 2:
A particle starts from point (1, 1, 1) m and reaches at point (4, 5, 13) m. Find:
(i) Initial position vector
(ii) Final position vector
Solution:
y
Initial position vector (𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
B (4, 5, 13)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑂𝐴
Final position vector (𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
O x
𝑂𝐵 = 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 13𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Displacement, 𝛥𝑟 = (4 − 1)𝑖̂ + (5 − 1)𝑗̂ + (13 − 1)𝑘̂ = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ z

Average and instantaneous rate of change

Average:
Average rate of change is defined for an interval. Average rate of change of y with respect to x is written
𝛥𝑦
as .
𝛥𝑥
Instantaneous:
Instantaneous rate of change is defined for a given instant. Instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to (w.r.t.) x
dy
is written as which is also known as differentiation of y with respect to x.
dx
(eg.) Average Instantaneous
q dq
Current  I = I=
t dt
P dP
Force  F = F=
t dt
r dr
Velocity  v = v=
t dt
Derivatives of Commonly Used Functions

dy dy
● y = constant  =0 ● y = xn  = nx n−1
dx dx
dy dy 1
● y = ex  = ex ● y = lnx  =
dx dx x
dy dy
● y = sin x  = cos x ● y = cos x  = − sin x
dx dx
dy dy
● y = tan x  = sec2 x ● y = cot x  = −cosec2 x
dx dx
dy dy
● y = sec x  = sec x tan x ● y = cosec x  = −cosec x cot x
dx dx
Method of Differentiation :
dy
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), let us denote = f '( x )
dx
● Sum or Subtraction of two functions
dy
y = f ( x )  g( x )  = f '( x )  g '( x )
dx
● Product of two functions (Product rule)
dy
y = f ( x )  g( x )  = g ( x ) f '( x ) + f ( x ) g '( x )
dx
● Division of two functions (Quotient rule)
f (x) dy g ( x ) f '( x ) − f ( x ) g '( x )
y=  =
g( x ) dx  g ( x )
2
● Chain Rule
dy
y = f  g ( x )  = g '( x ) f ' g ( x )
dx

Illustration 3:
dy
Find the value of if -
dx
3 1
(i) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 –2 (ii) y = ( x ) 4 (iii) y =
x
Solution:
dy d −6
(i) = 3 x −2 = 3( −2) x −2−1 = 3
dx dx x
dy d 34 3 34 −1 3 −41
(ii) = x = x = x
dx dx 4 4
dy d  1  d −1 ( ) −1−1 −1
(iii) =  = x = −1 x = 2
dx dx  x  dx x
Illustration 4:
dy
Find , when - (i) y = x , (ii) y = x5 + x4 + 7, (iii) y = x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2
dx
Solution:
dy d d 1 1 1
(i) = ( x ) = ( x 1/2 ) = x 1/2−1 = x −1/2 =
dx dx dx 2 2 2 x
dy d d d d
(ii) = (x5 + x4 +7) = (x5) + (x4) + (7) = 5x4 + 4x3 + 0 = 5x4 + 4x3
dx dx dx dx dx
dy d d d d
(iii) = (x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2) = (x2) + (4x–1/2) – (3x–2)
dx dx dx dx dx
d d d  1
= (x2) + 4 (x–1/2) –3 (x–2) = 2x + 4  −  x–3/2 –3(–2)x–3 = 2x – 2x–3/2 + 6x–3
dx dx dx  2
Illustration 5:
dx 1
Find value of if : x = t + +1
dt t
Solution:
dx d ( 1/2 −1/2
= t +t + 1)
dt dt
1 1−1  −1  −1−1
= t 2 +  t 2 + 0
2  2 
1 1 1  1
= − = 1 − 
2 t 2t 3/2 2 t  t
Illustration 6:
dy x2
Find , when y = .
dx sin x
Solution:
 dx 2  2  d sin x 
sin x  −x  
 dx  = (sin x )2x − x cos x
2
dy  dx 
=
dx (sin x )2 ( sinx )2
● If y = c sin (ax + b)
dy
= c cos(ax + b)a
dx

Illustration 7:
dy
Find if -
dt
(a) y = 3 sin (2t + 4) (b) y = 4 cos (3t)
Solution:
dy
(a) = [3cos(2t + 4)][2]
dt
= 6 cos (2t + 4)
dy
(b) = 4[− sin(3t )][3]
dt
= –12 sin 3t
Illustration 8:
dy
Find the value of if -
dx
(i) y = sin ( x 2 ) (ii) y = e x
Solution:
dy d d
(i) = sin ( x 2 ) = cos ( x 2 )  ( x 2 )
dx dx dx
= 2x cos ( x 2 )
dy d d
(ii) = e x
=e x
x
dx dx dx
1
= e x
2 x
Average Velocity (in an interval)

The average velocity of a moving particle over a certain time interval is defined as the displacement divided by the
lapsed time.
displacement
Average velocity v =
time interval
For straight line motion, along x-axis, we have
x x f − x i
vav = v = <v> = =
t t f − ti
The dimension of velocity is [LT–1] and its SI unit is m/s.
The average velocity is a vector in the direction of displacement. For motion in a straight line, directional aspect of a
vector can be taken care of by +ve and -ve sign of the quantity.

Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant)

The velocity at a particular instant of time is known as instantaneous velocity. The term “velocity” usually means
instantaneous velocity.
 x  dx
Vinst. = lim   =
t → 0 t
  dt
In other words, the instantaneous velocity at a given moment (say, t) is the limiting value of the average velocity as we
let t approach zero. The limit as t → 0 is written in calculus notation as dx/dt and is called the derivative of x with
respect to t.
Note:
● The magnitude of instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are equal.
● The determination of instantaneous velocity by using the definition usually involves calculation of derivative. We
dx
can find v = by using the standard results from differential calculus.
dt
● Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path.
Illustration 9:
A particle starts from a point A and travels along the solid curve shown in figure. Find approximately the position B of
the particle such that the average velocity between the positions A and B has the same direction as the instantaneous
velocity at B.
y
A
4m
2m
0 x
2m 4m 6m
Solution:
The given curve shows the path of the particle starting at y = 4 m.
displacement
Average velocity = ;
time taken
where displacement is straight line distance between points.
Instantaneous velocity at any point is the tangent drawn to the curve at that point.
y
A
4m
B
2m
0 x
2m 4m 6m
Now, as shown in the graph, line AB shows displacement as well as the tangent to the given curve.
Hence, point B (x = 5m, y = 3m) is the point at which direction of AB shows average as well as instantaneous velocity.

Average Speed (in an interval)

Average speed is defined as the total path length travelled divided by the total time interval during which the motion
has taken place. It helps in describing the motion along the actual path.
distance travelled
Average speed v =
time interval
The dimension of speed is [LT–1] and its SI unit is m/s.
Note:
● Average speed is always positive in contrast to average velocity which being a vector, can be positive or negative.
● If the motion of a particle is along a straight line and in same direction then, magnitude of average velocity =
average speed.
v =| v |
● Average speed is, in general, greater than or equal to the magnitude of average velocity.
v | v |
Illustration 10:
In the Illustration 1, if Ram takes 4 seconds and Shyam takes 5 seconds to go from P to Q, find:
(a) Average speed of Ram and Shyam.
(b) Average velocity of Ram and Shyam.
2
P Q
1
100 m
Solution:
100
(a) Average speed of Ram = m/s = 25 m/s
4
50
Average speed of Shyam = m/s = 10 m/s
5
100
(b) Average velocity of Ram = m/s = 25 m/s (From P to Q)
4
100
Average velocity of Shyam = m/s = 20 m/s (From P to Q)
5
Illustration 11:
A particle travels half of total distance with speed v1 and next half with speed v2 along a straight line. Find out the
average speed of the particle.
Solution:
Let total distance travelled by the particle be 2s.
s
Time taken to travel first half =
v1
s
Time taken to travel next half =
v2
Total distance covered 2s 2v1v2
Average speed = = =
Total time taken s s v1 + v2
+
v1 v2
(𝑣1 , average speed and 𝑣2 are in harmonic progression)

Illustration 12:
A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity v1 for some time and with uniform velocity v2 for
the next equal time. The average velocity v is given by -
Solution:
S1 S2
A B
t/2 C t/2
As shown, the person travels from A to B through a distance S, where first part S1 is travelled in time t/2 and next S2
also in time t/2.
So, according to the condition:
S1 S
v1 = and v2 = 2
t /2 t /2
v1t v2t
+
Total displacement S1 + S 2 2 2 v +v
Average velocity = = = = 1 2
Total time taken t t 2
Average acceleration (in an interval)

The average acceleration for a finite time interval is defined as :
change in velocity
Average acceleration =
time interval
Average acceleration is a vector quantity whose direction is same as that of the change in velocity.
v v − vi
aav = = f
t t
Since for a straight-line motion the velocities are along a line, therefore
v v f − vi
aav = =
t t f − ti
(where one has to substitute vf and vi with proper signs in one dimensional motion)
Instantaneous Acceleration (at an instant)

The instantaneous acceleration of a particle is its acceleration at a particular instant of time. It is defined as the
derivative (rate of change) of velocity with respect to time. We usually mean instantaneous acceleration when we say
“acceleration”. For straight motion we define instantaneous acceleration as:
dv  v  dv  v 
a= = lim   and in general a = = lim  
dt t →0 t dt t →0 t
   
The dimension of acceleration is [LT-2] and its SI unit is m/s2.

Illustration 13:
t3 3 2
Position of particle moving along x-axis is given as x = − t + 2t + 5 .
3 2
Find: (a) position at t = 2 sec.
(b) velocity at t = 2 sec.
(c) acceleration at t = 2 sec.
(d) acceleration when velocity = 0
(e) velocity when acceleration = 0
(f) avg. acceleration from t = 2 sec. to t = 3 sec.

Solution:
(2)3 3 2
(a) xt =2 = − (2) + 2  2 + 5
3 2
8 8 − 18 + 12 + 15
= − 3 2 + 4 + 5 =
3 3
35 − 18 17
= = m
3 3
dx 3t 2 3
(b) Velocity = = − 2t + 2
dt 3 2
Velocity = t2 – 3t + 2
vt=2 = 4 – 6 + 2
= 0 m/s
dv
(c) Acceleration = = 2t − 3
dt
a = 2t – 3
at=2 = 2 × 2 – 3
at=2 = 1 m/s2
(d) v = t 2 − 3t + 2
0 = t2 – 3t + 2
t2 – 2t – t + 2 = 0
(t – 2)(t – 1) = 0
t = 2, t = 1
 a = 2t – 3
=2×2–3
=1
a = 2t – 3
=2×1–3
= –1

(e) a = 2t – 3
0 = 2t – 3
2t = 3
3
t=
2
v = t2 – 3t + 2
2
3 3 9 9
=   − 3 + 2 = − + 2
2 2 4 2
9 − 18 + 8 −1
 v= =
4 4
v3 − v2 v3 = 32 − 3  3 + 2 = 9 − 9 + 2 = 2 
(f)  a = v = (2)2 − 3  2 + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0
3−2  2 
2−0
=
1
= 2m/s2
Illustration 14:
Position of a particle as function of time is given by
r = t 2 iˆ + 2t ˆj + (sint )kˆ
Find velocity & acceleration as function of time.
Solution:
dr
(a) velocity, v = = 2t iˆ + 2 ˆj + cos t kˆ
dt
dv
(b) acceleration, a = = 2iˆ + ( − sin t )kˆ
dt
Illustration 15:
Position of a particle moving along 𝑥-axis is given as:
x = 8t – t2
Find displacement and distance travelled from 0 to 5 sec.
Solution:
s = xf – xi = x5 – x0
= (8 (5) – 52) – (0 – 0)
Displacement, s = 15 m
To determine the distance first let us find the turning point.
dx
v= = 8 − 2t
dt
v = 2(4 – t)
0 = 2(4 – t)
 t = 4 sec. turning point
t=0 x = 15
x=0 x = 16
𝑥4 = 8 × 4 − 42 = 16𝑚
t=4
t=5
Distance = |x4 – x0| + |x5 – x4|
= |16 – 0| + |15 – 16|
= 16 + 1 = 17 m

Uniformly accelerated motion

If a particle is accelerated with constant acceleration in an interval of time, then the motion is termed as uniformly
accelerated motion in that interval of time.
For uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line (x-axis) during a time interval of t seconds, the following
important results can be used.
s
u v
initial position final position
First equation of motion:

v −u
a= or v = u + at
t
Second equation of motion:
v +u
S = (vav)t vav =
2
v +u 1
S = t or s = ut + at 2
 2  2
1 2 1 2
or s = vt – at or xf = xi + ut + at
2 2
Third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2as
Displacement in nth second:
snth = displacement in n seconds – displacement in (n–1) seconds
snth = sn − sn−1
 1   1 2
snth =  un + an2  −  u ( n − 1) + a ( n − 1) 
 2   2 
a
snth = u + (2n –1)
2
u = initial velocity (at the beginning of interval)

a = acceleration
v = final velocity (at the end of interval)
s = displacement (xf − xi)
xf = final coordinate (position)
xi = initial coordinate (position)
snth = displacement during the nth sec
Motion with uniform velocity (a = 0):

Consider a particle moving along x-axis with uniform velocity u starting from the point x = xi at t = 0.
Equations of x, v, a are: x (t) = xi + ut; v (t) = u; a (t) = 0

Directions of vectors in straight line motion:

In straight line motion, all the vectors (position, displacement, velocity & acceleration) will have only one component
(along the line of motion) and there will be only two possible directions for each vector. Select any one direction as
positive and another as negative.
– +
line of motion
line of motion
+
–
Illustration 16:
Initial velocity of a particle is 20m/s. Its acceleration is 5m/s2 in the opposite direction as shown in the figure. Fill the
table for the asked time intervals.
a = 5m/s2
20m/s 15m/s 10m/s 5m/s 5m/s 10m/s 15m/s 20m/s 25m/s 30m/s
0
t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5 t=6 t=7 t=8 t=9 t = 10
We take +ve
u v a t S
t = 0 sec. to t = 3 sec.
Solution:
u v a t s
t = 0 sec. to t = 3 sec. +20 +5 –5 3 +ve
t = 2 sec. to t = 4 sec. +10 0 –5 2 +ve
t = 1 sec. to t = 5 sec. +15 –5 –5 4 +ve
t = 1 sec. to t = 7 sec. +15 –15 –5 6 0
t = 4 sec. to t = 7 sec. 0 –15 –5 3 –ve
t = 1 sec. to t = 9 sec. +15 –25 –5 8 –ve

Illustration 17:
Initial velocity of a particle is 20m/s. Its acceleration is 10m/s2 in the same direction as shown in the figure. Find its
velocity and position at t = 1 and 3 sec.
a=10m/s
2 +ve
20 m/s
t=0
x=0
Solution:
0 to 1 sec. 0 to 3 sec.
u = + 20 u = +20
a = +10 a = +10
t=1 t=3
v = u + at v = u + at
v = 20 + 10 × 1 v = 20 + 10 × 3
v = 30m/s v = 50 m/s
 v +u  v +u
s = t s = t
 2   2 
 30 + 20   50 + 20 
=  1 =   3 = 35 × 3
 2   2 
= 25m = 105 m
 s = xf – xi s = xf – xi
25 = xf – 0 105 = xf – 0
xf = 25 m xf = 105 m
Illustration 18:
A car starting from rest travels 10m in first second. Find distance travelled from 5s to 7s if car has constant acceleration.
Solution:
0 to 1 sec. 0 to 5 sec. 5 to 7 sec.

u=0 u=0
s = 10 m t = 5 sec. t=2
t = 1 sec a = 20
a = 20 m/s
1 v = 0 + 20 × 5
s = ut + at 2
2 = 100 m/s u = 100 m/s
1
10 = 0  1 +  a  1
2
1
s = 100  2 +  20  2  2
a 2
10 = 0 +
2
= 200 + 40
a = 20m/s2
= 240 m

Reaction Time:
When a situation demands our immediate action. It takes some time before we really respond. Reaction time is the
time a person takes to observe, think and act.
Illustration 19:
A car is moving with 54 km/hr. Driver sees the traffic signal changing from green to red and applies the brakes after a
reaction time of 0.2 sec. If retardation of the car is 3 m/s2 then find the distance travelled by the car before it stops.
Solution:
v = 54 km / hr = 15 m / s
0.2s
s1 s2
s1 = 15  0.3 = 4.5m …(i)
v2 = u2 + 2as2
0 = 225 − 2  3  s2
225
s2 = = 37.5m …(ii)
6
s = s1 + s2 = 42m
Illustration 20:
A driver of a car which is going with 20 m/s and was at x = 0 at t = 0 applies brake on seeing a red signal. Signal is at
x = 100m. Find the distance travelled by car after 6 sec. if brakes produced retardation of 4 m/s2.
Solution:
First let's check when the car stops
v = u + at
0 = 20 +(–4t)
4t = 20
t = 5 sec.
So, distance travelled by the car in 6 sec. is same as travelled in 5 sec.
0 to 5 sec.
u = 20 m/s
a = –4m/s2
t = 5 sec.
1
s = ut + at 2
2
1
s = 20  5 +  ( −4)  5  5
2
s = 100 – 50
s = 50 m

Illustration 21:
A particle is moving with a speed of 10m/s. A constant acceleration of 2m/s2 acts in the opposite direction. Find
distance travelled from
(i) 0 to 3 sec., (ii) 3 to 6 sec.

t=0
10m/s
2m/s2
Solution:
Let's check the turning point-
v = u + at
0 = 10 – 2 × t
−10
=t
−2
 t = 5 sec.
(i) 0 to 3 sec.
t=3
a = –2
u = 10
Displacement = distance
1
s = 10  3 +  −2  (3)2
2
s3 = 30 – 9
s3 = 21 m
1
(ii) s5 = 10  5 +  −2  5  5
2
 s5 = 50 − 25
s5 = 25m
1
s6 = 10  6 +  ( −2)  6  6 = 60 – 36
2
= 24 m
d3–6 = |25 – 21| + |24 – 25| = 5m
Note:
● If acceleration is in same direction as velocity, then speed of the particle increases.
● If acceleration is in opposite direction to the velocity then speed decreases i.e., the particle slows down. This
situation is known as retardation.
● If particle is retarding or decelerating, then it means speed is decreasing. It does not mean negative acceleration.

Illustration 22:
A particle starts with velocity 10 ms–1 and deacceleration of 5 ms–2. Find displacement and distance traversed in 6 sec.
Solution:
+ve
v=0
0
30 x
Displacement
Uniform acceleration  equations of motion can be used
u = 10 ms–1 ; a = – 5 ms–2; t = 6 sec; s = ?
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1
s = 10 × 6 + × (–5) × 6 × 6 = 60 – 90 = – 30 m
2
For finding distance traversed we should find displacement for v = 0
u = 10, a = – 5, v = 0
 v2 = u2 + 2ax
v 2 − u2 (0)2 − (10)2
 x= = = 10 m
2a 2(−5)
Total distance =|10–0 |+|–30-10|= 50 m
Objective:
To emphasise that in equation of motion ‘S’ stands for displacement not for distance. To calculate distance, first find
the turning point and break the motion.
Illustration 23:
Two particles A & B are situated at same place initially. Particle A moves with constant speed 20 m/s while B starts
moving with constant acceleration 5 m/s2 in the same direction. Find where and when they will cross each other.
A
20m/s; a = 0
B
a = 5 m/s2
u=0
Solution:
s1 = s2
1 1
u1t + a1t 2 = u2t + a2t 2
2 2
1 1 5t 2
20  t +  0  t 2 = 0  t +  5  t 2  20t =
2 2 2
t2 = 8t  t2 – 8t = 0  t(t – 8) = 0
 t = 0, t=8 t = 0 means both particles were together initially.
1
sA = 20 × 8 + × 0 × 8 × 8 = 20 × 8 = 160 m
2

Illustration 24:
A police inspector in a jeep is chasing a pickpocket on a straight road. The jeep is going at its maximum speed v
(assumed uniform). The pickpocket rides on the motorcycle of a waiting friend when the jeep is at a distance d away,
and the motorcycle starts with a constant acceleration a. Show that the pick pocket will be caught if v  2ad .
Solution:
v a
u=0
Suppose the pickpocket is caught at a time t after motorcycle starts. The distance travelled by the motorcycle during
this interval is
1
s = at 2 ...(1)
2
During this interval the jeep travels a distance
s + d = vt ...(2)
By (1) and (2),
1 2 v  v2 − 2ad
at + d = vt or, t =
2 a
The pickpocket will be caught if t is real and positive. This will be possible if
v2  2ad or, v  2ad
Illustration 25:
A man is standing 40 m behind the bus. Bus starts with 1 m/sec2 constant acceleration and also at the same instant the
man starts moving with constant speed 9 m/s. Find the time taken by man to catch the bus.
a=1m/sec2
v=9m/s
x=0 40 m t=0
t=0 x = 40
Solution:
Let after time ‘t’ man will catch the bus
For bus
1 2 1
x = x0 + ut + at , x = 40 + 0(t) + (1) t2
2 2
t2
x = 40 + ......(i)
2
For man, x = 9t ......(ii)
From (i) & (ii)
t2
40 + = 9t  t=8s or t = 10s.
2
Man catches the bus at t = 8s.

Illustration 26:
A car can travel at maximum speed of 180 km/hr and can have maximum acceleration of 5 m/s2 and retardation of
3 m/s2. How fast can it start from rest and come to rest in travelling 300 m?
300 m
Solution:
vmax = 180 km/hr = 50 m/s
a = 5 m/s2; r = 3 m/s2; v = 0; u = 0; s = 300 m
Part-I : Let's assume car accelerates for x m.
u = 0; a = 5m/s2
v = v1
v1 = 10x m/s
10x
t1 = sec
5
Part-II: Retarding
s = (300 – x) meter
u= 10x ; v = 0; a=–3
v = u + 2as
2 2
0 = 10x + 2(300 – x)(– 3)

 10x = 6(300 – x);  x = 112.5
Solving for t1
t1 = 3 5
10x 10  112.5 1125

t2 = = = = 125 = 5 5
3 3 9
Total time taken = 3 5 + 5 5 = 8 5 sec
Illustration 27:
A particle moving rectilinearly with constant acceleration is having initial velocity of 10 m/s. After some time, its velocity
becomes 30 m/s. Find out velocity of the particle at the mid-point of its path.
Solution:
Let the total distance be 2x.
 Distance up to midpoint = x
Let the velocity at the mid-point be v and acceleration be a.
From equations of motion
v2 = 102 + 2ax .....(1)
302 = v2 + 2ax .....(2)
Equation (2) – (1) gives
v2 – 302 = 102 – v2
 v2 = 500  v = 10 5 m/s

Illustration 28:
Mr. Sharma brakes his car with constant acceleration from a velocity of 25 m/s to 15 m/s over a distance of 200 m.
(a) How much time elapses during this interval?
(b) What is the acceleration?
(c) If he has to continue braking with the same constant acceleration, how much longer would it take for him to stop
and how much additional distance would he cover?
Solution:
(a) We select positive direction for our coordinate system to be the direction of the velocity and choose the origin
so that xi = 0 when the braking begins. Then the initial velocity is ux = +25 m/s at t = 0, and the final velocity and
position are vx = +15 m/s and x = 200 m at time t.
Since the acceleration is constant, the average velocity in the interval can be found from the average of the initial
and final velocities.
1 1
 vav, x = (ux + vx) = (15 + 25) = 20 m/s.
2 2
x
The average velocity can also be expressed as vav, x = . With x = 200 m
t
Δx 200
and t = t − 0, we can solve for t : t = = = 10 s.
v av,x 20
(b) We can now find the acceleration using vx = ux + axt
vx − ux 15 − 25
ax = = = – 1 m/s2.
t 10
The acceleration is negative, which means that the positive velocity is becoming smaller as brakes are applied (as
expected).
(c) Now with known acceleration, we can find the total time for the car to go from velocity ux = 25 m/s to vx = 0.
Solving for t, we find
v x − ux 0 − 25
t= = = 25 s.
ax −1
1 2
The total distance covered is x = xi + uxt + axt
2
1
= 0 + (25) (25) + (−1) (25)2 = 625 – 312.5 = 312.5 m.
2
Additional distance covered = 312.5 – 200 = 112.5 m.
Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall)

In the absence of air, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth from a small altitude
is called motion under gravity. Free fall means acceleration of body is equal to acceleration due to gravity.
Acceleration produced in the body by the force of gravity, is called acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the
symbol g.
m
Value of g = 9.8
s2
cm
or g = 980
s2
ft
or g = 32
s2

If a Body is Projected Vertically Upward:

v=0
Positive / Negative directions
are matter of choice. Here
H
upward direction is taken positive.
u You may take another choice.
(i) Equation of motion:

Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e. vertically up) as positive
a = – g [As acceleration is downwards while motion upwards]
So, if the body is projected with velocity u and after time t it reaches up to height h then
v = u − gt
1
h = ut − gt 2
2
v2 = u2 − 2gh
g
hnth = u − (2n – 1)
2
(ii) For maximum height v = 0

So, from above equation
u=gt
It is called time of ascent (t1) = u/g ….(i)
For total time –
1
s = ut + at 2
2
g
0 = uT − T 2
2
2u
T= ….(ii)
g
If time of descent is t2 then-
2u
Total time of flight T = t1 + t2 =
g
So, t2 = u/g
So, in case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the same
distance.
Time of descent (t2) = time of ascent (t1) = u/g
1
H = gT 2 and u2 = 2gH
2
u2
 H=
2g

If a body is dropped from some height (initial velocity zero):

u=0
h
Equations of motion:
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as a positive, here we have
u=0 [As body starts from rest]
a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
v=gt …(i)
1
h = gt 2 …(ii)
2
Illustration 29:
Analyse the motion of a particle thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity of 30 m/s.
Solution:
O to C O to F
u = + 30 u = + 30
v=0 v=?
a = –10 a = –10
s=H s=0
 v2 = u2 + 2as  v2 = u2 + 2as
02 = 302 + 2(–10)H v2 = (30)2 + 2 × (–10) × 0
302
H= = 45m v = –30
2  10
t=? t=?
1
v = u + at s = ut + at 2
2
1
0 = 30 + (–10)t1 0 = 30t + ( −10)t 2
2
30 2  30
t= = 3sec. t= = 6sec.
10 10
v = u + at
u+v 
v = 30 + (–10)t s = t
 2 
 30 + 20 
v1 = 30 – 10 = 20 m/s s0 to 1 =   1 = 25m
 2 

 20 + 10 
v2 = 30 – 20 = 10 m/s s1 to 2 =   1 = 15m
 2 
 10 + 0 
v 3 = 30 – 30 = 0 m/s s2 to 3 =   1 = 5m
 2 
 0 − 10 
v4 = 30 – 40 = –10 m/s s3 to 4 =   1 = −5m
 2 
 −10 − 20 
v5 = 30–50 = –20 m/s s4 to 5 =  1 = −15m
 2 
 −20 − 30 
v6 = 30–60 = –30 m/s s5 to 6 =  1 = −25m
 2 
t = 3s
C
5m
+ve
t = 2s 10m/s 10m/s t = 4s
15m
t = 1s 20m/s 20m/s t = 5s
25m
t = 0s 30m/s 30m/s t = 6s
O F
Illustration 30:
If a particle is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity of 20 m/s, then find :
(a) time of flight

20m/s
(b) maximum height reached
(c) displacement in 2nd sec. At t = 0
Solution:
(a) A to B
B
u = + 20
a = – 10
+ve
v=0
v = u + at
A
0 = 20 + (–10)t
t = 2 sec.
 T = 2 t = 4 sec.

(b) s in 0 to 2 sec
t=2
u = 20
 u + v   20 + 0 
s = t =   2 = 20m
 2   2 
(c) s in 1 to 2 sec
v=0
a = –10
1 2 1 10
 s = vt – at = 0  1 −  ( −10)  1 = =5m
2 2 2
Illustration 31:
A particle is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 10 m/s from a tower of height 40 m. Find time of flight and
velocity just before hitting the ground.
10m/s
+ve
O
40m
v
Solution:
u = – 10
a = + 10
s = + 40
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1
 40 = –10 × t + × 10 × t2
2
10 2
40 + 10 t = t
2
10t2 = 80 + 20t
10t2 – 20t – 80 = 0
t2 – 2t – 8 = 0
t2 – 4t + 2t – 8 = 0
(t – 4) (t + 2) = 0
t = 4, t = –2 (reject)
 v = u + at
v = –10 + 10 × 4
v = – 10 + 40
v = 30 m/s

Illustration 32:
Particle A is dropped at t = 0. Another particle B is dropped from the same point at t = 2s. When and where will they
cross?
t=0 t=2
B +ve
A
30m/s
Solution:
sA = sB
1 1
ut + at 2 = u ( t − 2) + a ( t − 2)
2
2 2
1 1
 10  t 2 = 30  (t − 2) +  10  (t − 2)2
2 2
5t2 = 30t – 60 +5(t2 + 4 – 4t)
5t2 = 30t – 60 + 5t2 + 20 – 20t
40 = 10t
t = 4 sec.
1 1
s = ut + at 2 = 0  4 +  10  16 = 80 m
2 2
Illustration 33:
A particle is dropped from height 100 m and another particle is projected vertically up with velocity 50 m/s from the
ground along the same line. Find out the position where two particles will meet. (take g = 10 m/s2)
Solution:
Let the upward direction is positive.
Let the particles meet at a distance y from the ground.
For particle A,
y=100m A
u=0 m/s
y=0m u=50 m/s

B
For particle A,
y0 = + 100 m
u = 0 m/s

a = − 10 m/s2
1 1 2
y = 100 + 0(t) − 10 × t2 [y = y0 + ut + at ]
2 2
= 100 – 5t2 ....(1)
For particle B,
y0 = 0 m
u = + 50 m/s
a = − 10 m/s2
y = 50(t) − 10t2
= 50t − 5t2 ......(2)
According to the Illustration;

50t − 5t2 = 100 − 5t2
t = 2 sec
Putting t = 2 sec in eqn. (1),
y = 100 − 20 = 80 m
Hence, the particles will meet at a height 80 m above the ground.
Illustration 34:
A particle is dropped from a tower. It is found that it travels 45 m in the last second of its journey. Find out the height
of the tower? (take g = 10 m/s2)
Solution:
Let the total time of journey be n seconds.
a 10
Using; snth = u + (2n − 1)  45 = 0 + (2n − 1)
2 2
n = 5 sec
1 2 1
Height of tower; h = gt = × 10 × 52 = 125 m
2 2
Illustration 35:
A balloon is rising with constant velocity of 10 m/s. When balloon was at 40m from ground, a particle is dropped from
balloon find time of flight of particle after dropping?
10m/s
10m/s
40m +ve

Solution:
s = –40m, u = 10 m/s, a = –10
1
s = ut + at 2
2
1
−40 = 10  t +  −10  t 2
2
–40 = 10t – 5t2
5t2 – 10t – 40 = 0
t2 – 2t – 8 = 0
(t – 4) (t + 2) = 0
t=4 t = –2
 Time = 4 sec.
Note:
As the particle is detached from the balloon it is having the same velocity as that of balloon, but its acceleration is only
due to gravity and is equal to g.
Illustration 36:
A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a uniform velocity of 5 m/s. If the balloon was 60 m high when the
stone was dropped, find its height when the stone hits the ground. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Solution:
+ve
–ve
60m
1 2
S = ut + at
2
1
– 60 = 5(t) + (–10) t2
2
– 60 = 5t – 5t2
5t2 – 5t – 60 = 0
t2– t – 12 = 0
t2 – 4t + 3t – 12 = 0
(t – 4) (t + 3) = 0
 t=4
Height of balloon from ground at this instant
= 60 + 4 × 5 = 80 m

Illustration 37:
A balloon is rising with constant acceleration 2 m/sec2. Two stones are released from the balloon at the interval of
2 sec. Find out the distance between the two stones 1 sec. after the release of second stone.
Solution:
Acceleration of balloon = 2 m/sec2
Let at t = 0, y = 0 when the first stone is released.
1
By the question, y1 = 0 t1 + gt12 (taking vertical upward as – ve and downward as + ve)
2
9
 Position of st stone = g
2
(1 second after release of second stone will be the 3rd second for the 1st stone)
1
For second stone y2 = ut2 + gt22
2
u = 0 + at = – 2 × 2 = – 4m/s (taking vertical upward as – ve and downward as + ve)
1
 y2 = – 4 × 1 + g × (1)2 (t2 = 1 second)
2
The 2nd stone is released after 2 second
1 2 1
 y=– at = – × 2 × 4 = – 4
2 2
1
So, Position of second stone from the origin = – 4 + g–4
2
1 1
Distance between two stones = g × 9 – g × 1 + 8 = 48 m.
2 2
Graphical interpretation of Differentiation

Slope:
y
y = (m)x + c
slope 
x
y = (tan) x + c
tan  = slope of straight line
Case-1 : 0° <  < 90° Case-2 : 90° <  < 180°
y y
x x
tan = +ve tan = –ve

 slope = +ve  slope = –ve
(eg.) (eg.)
1 2 3 1 2 3
150° 135° 120°
30° 45° 60°
|slope| > |slope| > |slope| |slope|3> |slope| 2> |slope| 1

3 2 1

Slope of secant:
y2 − y1 y
Slope = tan  = =
x2 − x1 x
y
y2
y2 – y1=y
y1 
x=x2-x1
 x
x1 x2
Slope of secant gives avg. rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
Slope of tangent:
dy
Slope = tan  =
dx
Slope of tangent at point in y-x graph gives inst. rate of change of y w.r.t. to x.
y
 x
x0
Key point
dy
● If is positive then y will increase on increasing x.
dx
dy
● If is negative they y will decrease on increasing x.
dx
Graphical interpretation of some quantities

Average Velocity:
If a particle passes a point P (xi) at time t = ti and reaches Q (xf) at a later time t = tf , its average velocity in the interval
x x f − xi
𝑃𝑄 is Vav = =
t t f − ti
xi xf
P Q
This expression suggests that the average velocity is equal to the slope of the line (chord) joining the points
corresponding to P and Q on the x-t graph.
x
xf
Q
xi
P
t
O ti tf

Instantaneous Velocity:
Consider the motion of the particle between the two points P and Q on the x-t graph shown. As the point Q is brought
closer and closer to the point P, the time interval between PQ (t, t, t,......) get progressively smaller. The average
velocity for each time interval is the slope of the appropriate line (PQ, PQ', PQ''......).
As the point Q approaches P, the time interval approaches zero, but at the same time the slope of the line approaches
that of the tangent to the curve at the point P. As t → 0, Vav (=x/t) → Vinst.
x Q
Q'
tangent Q''
t''
P t'
t
O ti tf t
Geometrically, as t → 0, chord PQ → tangent at P.
Hence the instantaneous velocity at P is the slope of the tangent at P in the x – t graph. When the slope of the x – t
graph is positive, v is positive (as at the point A in figure). At C, v is negative because the tangent has negative slope.
The instantaneous velocity at point B (turning point) is zero as the slope is zero.
x
v=0
v>0 B v<0
A C
t
O
Instantaneous Acceleration:
The derivative of velocity with respect to time is the slope of the tangent in velocity-time (v−t) graph.
a=0
a>0 a<0
a=0 t
0
a=0

Illustration 38:
Position-time graph of a particle moving along the x-axis is given. Fill the sign of average velocity and instantaneous
velocity in the following table:
D Average velocity Instantaneous velocity

x
A to B A
A to C B
C E
B to C C
C to E D
A B F E to F E
t F
Solution:
Slope of secant gives average velocity and slope of tangent gives instantaneous velocity.
Average velocity Instantaneous velocity

A to B –ve A –
A to C +ve B +
B to C +ve C +
C to E 0 D 0
E to F –ve E –
F 0
Illustration 39:
Position time graph of a particle moving along x-axis is given. Find –
(i) Velocity at t = 1s, 2s, 6s, 11s and 16s x(m)

20
(ii) Average velocity from t = 0s to t = 15s
(iii) Average velocity from t = 5s to t = 15s

15 20
(iv) Average speed from 0s to 15s 0 5 10 t(s)
(v) Average acceleration from t = 2s to t = 6s
(vi) Average velocity from t = 6s to t = 16s 20
Solution:
(i) vins = slope = tan
v1 = 20/5 = 4m/s v2 = 20/5 = 4m/s
v6 = –20/5 = –4m/s v11 = –20/5 = –4m/s v16 = 20/5 = 4 m/s
(ii) < v > from t = 0 to t = 15

x x f − x i −20 − 0 −4
 v = = = = m/ s
t t f − t i 15 − 0 3
(iii) < v > from t = 5 to t = 15

x x f − x i −20 − 20
 v = = = = −4m / s
t t f − t i 15 − 5

(iv) avg. speed from 0 to 15 sec.

distance travelled 60
avg. speed= = = 4m / s
time taken 15
(v) avg. acceleration from 2 to 6 sec.

change in velocity −4 − 4
avg. acceleration= = = −2m / s2
time taken 4
(vi) From the properties of similar triangles -
20
x
x6 = 16m
Similarly x16 = –16m
4
5
< v > from t = 6sec. to t = 16 sec.

x16 − x6
v =
t16 − t 6
−16 − (16) −32
= = = −3.2m / s
10 10
Illustration 40:
Position of a particle as a function of time is given as x = 5t2 + 4t + 3. Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle
at t = 2 s.
Solution:
dx
Velocity; v = = 10t + 4
dt
At t=2s
v = 10(2) + 4
v = 24 m/s
dv
Acceleration; a = = 10
dt
Acceleration is constant, so at t = 2 s a = 10 m/s2
Double differentiation and higher order derivates

dy
= differentiation of y w.r.t. x
dx
 differentiation of w.r.t. x
 double differentiation of y w.r.t. x
It is represented as It is also known as 2nd

order derivative of y w.r.t. x

dx
(eg.) Velocity is 1st order derivative of position w.r.t. time i.e =v
dt
d2 x
Acceleration is 2nd order derivative of position w.r.t. time i.e =a
dt 2
dv
Acceleration is 1st order derivative of velocity w.r.t. time i.e =a
dt
Graphical interpretation of double differentiation:

y
x dy is  with  x
dx
d  dy 
   = +ve
dx  dx 
d2 y
 is +ve for concave upwards
dx 2
y
x dy
is  with  x
dx
d  dy 
   = −ve
dx  dx 
d2 y
 is –ve for concave downwards
dx 2
(eg.)
y y
y = x2 x
(i) (ii)
x y = –x2
dy dy
= 2x = −2x
dx dx
d2 y d2 y
=2 = −2
dx 2 dx 2

(eg.)
x Velocity Acceleration
B A + –
A B 0 –
C C – –
t D – +
0
E 0 +
D F
F + +
E
● If concave is upward then double differentiation is positive and if concave is downward then it is negative.
● If tangent at a point makes an angle  greater than 90°, then slope (differentiation) will be negative and if  less
than 90°, then slope (differentiation) will be positive.
For angle 180° slope will be zero.
Local maxima and local minima:

y Local maxima (value of function more than
that of adjacent neighbours)
A
D
Local minima (value of function less than

B that of adjacent neighbours)
Slope at local maxima and local minima is always zero.

dy
=0
dx
dy d2 y
dx dx 2
Local maxima 0 –
Local minima 0 +
Illustration 41:
Locate local maxima and local minima of the y-x curve-
x 3 3x 2
y= − + 2x + 5
3 2
Solution:
dy 3x 2 3  2x
= − +2
dx 3 2
dy
= x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
dx

Then x = 1, 2
d2 y
= 2x − 3
dx 2
 d2 y 
  2  = 2 − 3 = −1
 dx  x =1
 Local maxima at x = 1
 d2 y 
 2  = 2 2 − 3 = 1
 dx  x =2
 Local minima at x = 2
S.N. Different Cases v–t graph s–t graph Important Points
1. Uniform motion v s (i) Slope of s–t graph =

s=vt v = constant
v=constant (ii) In s–t graph s = 0 at
t=0
t t
2. Uniformly v s (i) u = 0, i.e. v = 0 at t = 0

accelerated motion v=at (ii) u = 0, i.e., slope of s–t
with u = 0 at t = 0 graph at t = 0, should be
s=½at2
zero
t t
(iii) a or slope of v – t graph is
constant
3. Uniformly v s (i) u≠0, i.e., v or slope of s –t
accelerated with u ≠ graph at t = 0 is not zero
0 at t = 0 u (ii) v or slope of s – t graph
v=u+at s=ut+½at2
gradually goes on
t t
increasing.
4. Uniformly v s (i) s = s0 at t = 0
accelerated
u
motion with u ≠ 0
v=u+at s=s0+ut+½at2
and s = s0 at t = 0
t t
5. Uniformly retarded v s (i) Slope of s–t graph at t = 0

motion till velocity s=ut+½ at2 gives u
u
becomes zero (ii) Slope of s–t graph at t = t0
v=u+at
becomes zero
t t
t0 t0 (iii) In this case u can't be zero.
6. Uniformly retarded v s (i) At time t=t0, v=0 or slope
then accelerated in of s–t graph is zero
u
opposite direction (ii) Slope of s–t graph or
velocity first decreases
t t
0 t0 t0 then increases with
opposite sign.

Integration
In integral calculus, the differential coefficient of a function is given. We are required to find the function.
Integration is basically used for summation.  is used for summation of discrete values, while  sign is used for
continuous function.
dI
If I is integration of f(x) with respect to x then I =  f(x) dx [we can check = f (x) ]
dx
Therefore,  f'(x) dx = f(x) + c
where c = an arbitrary constant
Let us proceed to obtain integral of xn w.r.t. x.
d
(xn+1) = (n +1)xn
dx
Since the process of integration is the reverse process of differentiation,
x n+1
 (n + 1)x dx = x  
n+1
n
or (n + 1) x ndx = x n+1 or x ndx =
n+1
The above formula holds for all values of n, except n = –1.
1
It is because, for n = –1,  x ndx =  x −1dx =  x
dx
d 1 1
∵
dx
(loge x) =
x
  x
dx = loge x
Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other functions can be obtained if we know the differential coefficients
of various functions.
Few basic formulae of integration:

Following are a few basic formulae of integration:
1.  kdx = kx + c , k is constant
x n+1
2.  x ndx =
n+1
+ c , Provided n  –1
d
3.  sin x dx = − cos x + c ∵ (cos x) = – sin x
dx
d
4.  cos x dx = sin x + c ∵ (sin x) = cos x
dx
1 d 1
5.  x
dx = log e x + c ∵
dx
(loge x) =
x
d
6.  e x dx = e x + c ∵ (ex)= ex
dx
f (ax + b) d
7.  f '(ax + b) dx =
a
+c ∵
dx
(f(ax + b)) = af '(ax + b)
Illustration 42:
Integrate w.r.t. x:
(i) x11/2 (ii) x–7 (iii) xp/q

Solution:
x 11/2+1 2 13/2
(i)  x 11/2dx =
11
+c=
13
x +c
+1
2
x −7+1 1 −
 x dx =
−7
(ii) +c = – x 6 +c
−7 + 1 6
p
p +1
xq q p
(iii) 
q
x dx = +c= x(p + q) / q + c,  −1
p p+q q
+1
q
Rules of Integration:
1.  ( f ( x )  g( x )) dx =  f ( x )dx   g( x )dx
eg. →  ( x 2 + x 3 )dx
x3 x 4
=  x dx +  x dx = + +C
2 3
3 4
2.  kf ( x )dx = k  f ( x )dx
Illustration 43:
1
 (x − cos x + ) dx
2
Evaluate
x
Solution:
1 x 2+1 x3
I=  x 2dx −  cos xdx + 
x
dx =
2+1
– sin x + loge x + c =
3
– sin x + loge x + c
Illustration 44:
Find- (i)  (3x 2 + 4 x 5 )dx (ii)  3dx = 3 dx (iii)  3x 5dx
Solution:
(i) (3x + 4x 5 )dx = 3 x 2dx + 4 x 5dx

2
x3 x6
=3 +4 +C
3 6
2x 6
= x3 + +C
3
(ii)  3dx = 3 dx
= 3x + C
(iii)  3x dx = 3 x dx
5 5
x6
=3 +C
6
x6
= +C
2

Definite Integrals:
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
d
If ( f ( x )) = f ' (x), then  f ' ( x )dx is called indefinite integral
dx
b
and  a
f ' ( x )dx is called definite integral
Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable x.
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between upper and lower limits as explained below :
b
f ' ( x )dx =  f ( x )a = f(b) – f(a)
b
 a
Area under a curve and definite integration:

y
y=f(x)
x
x=a x=b
x
dx
Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx

b
If we sum up all areas between x=a and x= b then  f ( x ) dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.
a
Illustration 45:
x =2
Evaluate-  (2x + 3x
2
)dx
x =0
Solution:
x =2 x =2
 2x dx +  3x
2
dx
x =0 x =0
=  x2 x=0 +  x3 x=0
x =2 x =2
= 22 + 23
= 12
Illustration 46:
x =5
Evaluate-  dx
x =2
Solution:
 x xx ==52
=5–2
=3

Illustration 47:
t =2
Evaluate-  (2t + 1)dt

t =0
Solution:
t =2
 t2 
2 + t  = t + t t =0 = [2 + 2] – [0 + 0] = 6
t =2
2 2 2
 2  t =0
Illustration 48:
x =2
1
Evaluate- 
 2 dx
x
x =1
Solution:
x =2 x =2
x =2
 1 dx = x −2 dx =  −1  =  −1  −  −1  = −1 + 1 = 1
 2
x 
x =1
 x 
x =1
 2   1  2 2
x =1
Displacement from v - t Graph & Change in Velocity From a -t Graph:

Displacement = x = area under v-t graph. Since a negative velocity causes a negative displacement, areas below
the time axis are taken negative. In similar way, can see that v = a t leads to the conclusion that area under a − t
graph gives the change in velocity v during that interval.
v
t
O t
Illustration 49:
For a particle moving along x-axis, following graphs are given. Find the final velocity of the particle after 10 s in each
case if initial velocity is zero.
a a
10 10
0 10 t 0 10 t
(a) (b)
Solution:
v = area under a-t curve with t-axis
(a) v f – vi = 10  10
v f = 100 m / s
1
(b) v f – vi =  10  10
2
v f = 50 m / s

Illustration 50:
For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity-time graph is as shown in figure. Find the distance travelled and
displacement of the particle.
v(m/s)
8 10
t(s)
0 2 4 6
–5
Solution:
Distance travelled = Area under v-t graph (taking all areas as +ve.)
Distance travelled = Area of trapezium + Area of triangle
1 1
= ( 2 + 6 )  8 +  4  5 = 32 + 10 = 42 m
2 2
Displacement = Area under v − t graph (taking areas below time axis as –ve.)
Displacement = Area of trapezium − Area of triangle
1 1
= ( 2 + 6 )  8 −  4  5 = 32 − 10 = 22 m
2 2
Hence, distance travelled = 42 m and displacement = 22 m.
Important Points to Remember:

• For uniformly accelerated motion (a  0), x − t graph is a parabola (opening upwards if a > 0 and opening
downwards if a < 0). The slope of tangent at any point of the parabola gives the velocity at that instant.
• For uniformly accelerated motion (a  0), v − t graph is a straight line whose slope gives the acceleration of the
particle.
• In general, the slope of tangent in x − t graph is velocity and the slope of tangent in v − t graph is the acceleration.
• The area under a − t graph gives the change in velocity.
• The area under the v − t graph gives the distance travelled by the particle, if we take all areas as positive.
• Area under v − t graph gives displacement, if areas below the t−axis are taken negative.
Illustration 51:
Describe the motion shown by the following velocity-time graphs.
v v
+ A + A B
C 0 t
(a) 0 t (b)
B C
– D – D
Solution:
(a) During interval AB: velocity is +ve so the particle is moving in +ve direction, but it is slowing down as acceleration
(slope of v-t curve) is negative. During interval BC: particle remains at rest as velocity is zero. Acceleration is also
zero. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is moving in -ve direction and is speeding up as
acceleration is also negative.
(b) During interval AB: particle is moving in +ve direction with constant velocity and acceleration is zero. During
interval BC: particle is moving in +ve direction as velocity is +ve, but it slows down until it comes to rest as
acceleration is negative. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is moving in -ve direction and is
speeding up as acceleration is also negative.

Motion with Non-Uniform Acceleration (Use of Definite Integrals)

tf
x =  v(t )dt
ti
(displacement in time interval t = ti to tf)
The expression on the right hand side is called the definite integral of v(t) between t = ti and t = tf. Similarly change in
velocity
tf
v = vf − vi =  a(t )dt
ti
Solving Illustrations which Involves Non-uniform Acceleration:

(i) Acceleration depending on velocity v or time t
dv
By definition of acceleration, we have a = . If a is in terms of t,
dt
v t
 dv =  a(t )dt .
v0 0
If a is in terms of v,
v t
dv
v a(v) = 0 dt .
0
x t
On integrating, we get a relation between v and t, and then using  dx =  v(t )dt , x and t can also be related.
x0 0
(ii) Acceleration depending on position x

dv dv dx dx dv dv
a=  a=  a=  a=v
dt dx dt dt dx dx
This is another important expression for acceleration. If a is in terms of x,
v x
 vdv =
v0
 a( x )dx .
x0
On integrating, we get a relation between x and v.

x t
dx
Using x v( x ) = 0 dt , we can relate x and t.
0
Illustration 52:
v = 2t + 1 ; find displacement from t = 0 to t = 2 sec.
Solution:
dx
v=
dt
vdt = dx
(2t + 1) dt = dx
t =2 x =x f
 (2t + 1)dt =
t =0

x = xi
dx
t =2
 2t 2 
+ t  =  x xif
x
 
 2 t =0
 [22 + 2] – [02 + 0] = xf – xi = s
 s=6

Illustration 53:
v = 3t2 ; find x at t = 3, if x = 2 at t = 0.
Solution:
dx
v=
dt
vdt = dx
3t2dt = dx
t =3 x =x f t =3
 3t 3 
 = ( x )2
xf
t =0 = x=2
2
3t dt dx  
 3 t =0
33 – 03 = xf – 2
27 = xf – 2
xf = 27 + 2
xf = 29
Illustration 54:
a = 3t2 + 2t ; at t = 1 sec., velocity = 3 m/s. Find velocity at t = 2 sec.
Solution:
dv
a=
dt
adt = dv
(3t2 + 2t) dt = dv
t =2 v=v f
 (3t + 2t )dt = 
2
dv
t =1 v=3
t =2
 3t 3 2t 2 
 = v v=3
vf
 +
 3 2 t =1
[23 + 22] – [13 + 12] = vf – 3
[8 + 4] – [2] = vf – 3
12 – 2 = vf – 3
vf = 10 + 3
vf = 13 m/s
Illustration 55:
Prove v2 = u2 + 2as for constant 'a'. Where symbols have their usual meaning.
Solution:
dv
a=v
dx
adx = vdv

xf v
 adx =  vdv
xi u
If 'a' constant
xf v
a  dx =  vdv
xi u
v
 v2 
a x xif =  
x
 2 u
v2 u2
a  x f − xi  = −
2 2
2as = v2 – u2
v2 = u2 + 2as
Illustration 56:
An object starts from rest at t = 0 and accelerates at a rate given by a = 6t. What is
(a) its velocity and (b) its displacement at any time t?
Solution:
As acceleration is given as a function of time,
v(t ) t
  dv =  a(t )dt
v(t0 ) t0
t
t
 t2  t2
Here t0 = 0 and v(t0) = 0  v(t) =  6tdt = 6   = 6 ( – 0) = 3t2
0  2 0 2
So, v(t) = 3t2

t
t t
 t3   t3 
As x =  v(t )dt  x =  3t dt = 3  = 3 − 0  = t3
2
t0 0  3 0 3 
Hence, velocity v(t) = 3t2 and displacement x = t3.
Illustration 57:
For a particle moving along +ve x-axis, acceleration is given as a = x. Find the position as a function of time. Given that
at t = 0, x = 1 v = 1.
Solution:
vdv v2 x2
a=x =x  = +C
dx 2 2
12 12
t = 0, x = 1 and v = 1  = +C
2 2
 C=0  v2 = x2
v=±x but given that x = 1 when v = 1
dx dx
 v=x  =x  = dt
dt x
ℓnx = t + C  0=0+C  ℓnx = t
x= et

Illustration 58:
For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a = v. Find the position as a function of time.
Given that at t = 0, x = 0 v = 1.
Solution:
dv dv
a=v 
dt
=v   v
=  dt
ℓnv = t + c  0=0+c (at t = 0, v=1)
dx
 dx =  e dt
t
v = et  = et 
dt
 x = et + c  0=1+c (at t = 0, x=0)
x = et – 1
Graph:
Straight Line-Equation, Graph, Slope (+ve, –ve, zero slope):
If  is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of x-axis & 0°   < 180°,   90°, then the
slope of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = tan . If  is 90°, m does not exist, but the line is parallel to the
y-axis. If  = 0, then m = 0 & the line is parallel to the x-axis.
Slope − intercept form: y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m & which makes an intercept c
on the y-axis.
dy
m = slope = tan =
dx
y y y
+ve slope
 –ve slope
slope = 0 C
C C 

x x x
Parabolic Curve-Equation, Graph (Various Situations Up, Down, Left, Right with
Conditions):
y y
y2 = kx x y2= –kx x
y y
x2 = ky x x2 = –ky x
Where k is a positive constant.

Equation of parabola:
Case (i) : y = ax2 + bx + c
For a > 0
The nature of the parabola will be like that of the of nature x2 = ky
Minimum value of y exists at the vertex of the parabola.
y
−D
ymin = where, D = b2 – 4ac
4a
 −b − D 
Coordinates of vertex =  , 
 2a 4a 
Case (ii) : a < 0
The nature of the parabola will be like that of the nature of x2 = –ky
Maximum value of y exists at the vertex of parabola.
y
−D
ymax = , where, D = b2 – 4ac
4a
Graphs in Uniformly Accelerated Motion (a  0):

• x is a quadratic polynomial in terms of t. Hence x − t graph is a parabola.
x x
a<0
xi xi
a>0
t t
0 0
x-t graph
• v is a linear polynomial in terms of t. Hence v−t graph is a straight line of slope a.
v v
u
a is positive a is negative
t t
0 0
v-t graph

• a−t graph is a horizontal line because a is constant.
a a
positive
acceleration
a
t
0
negative
t acceleration
0 a
a-t graph
Interpretation of some more graphs:

Position vs Time graph
(i) Zero Velocity
As position of particle is fixed at all the time, so the body is at rest.
x
0 t
dx
Slope; = tan = tan 0° = 0
dt
Velocity of particle is zero
(ii) Uniform Velocity
dx
Here tan  is constant, tan =
dt
dx
 is constant.
dt
x

0 t
 velocity of particle is constant.
(iii) Non-uniform velocity (increasing with time)
In this case;
As time is increasing,  is also increasing.
dx
 = tan is also increasing
dt
Hence, velocity of particle is increasing.
x


0 t

(iv) Non-uniform velocity (decreasing with time)

In this case;
As time increases,  decreases.
x


0 t
dx
 = tan also decreases.
dt
Hence, velocity of particle is decreasing.
Velocity vs time graph:

(i) Zero acceleration
Velocity is constant.
v
0 t
tan = 0
dv
 =0
dt
Hence, acceleration is zero.
(ii) Uniform acceleration

tan is constant.
v

0 t
dv
 = constant
dt
Hence, it shows constant acceleration.
(iii) Uniform retardation

Since  > 90°
 tan is constant and negative.
v

0 t
dv
 = negative constant
dt
Hence, it shows constant retardation.

Acceleration vs time graph:

(i) Constant acceleration
a
0 t
tan = 0
da
 =0
dt
Hence, acceleration is constant.
(ii) Uniformly increasing acceleration

 is constant.
a

0 t
0° <  < 90°  tan > 0
da
 = tan = constant > 0
dt
Hence, acceleration is uniformly increasing with time.
(iii) Uniformly decreasing acceleration

Since  > 90°
a

0 t
 tan is constant and negative.
da
 = negative constant
dt
Hence, acceleration is uniformly decreasing with time
Illustration 59:
At the height of 100 m, a particle A is thrown up with v = 10 m/s, B particle is thrown down with v = 10m/s and C particle
is released with v = 0 m/s. Draw graphs of each particle.
A
10 m/s
B
10 m/s
0 m/s
100 m
(i) Displacement–time (ii) Speed–time (iii) Velocity–time (iv) Acceleration–time

Solution:
For particle A:
(i) Displacement vs time graph is
1 2
y = ut + at
2
u = + 10 m/sec
1
y = 10t – ×10t2 = 10 t – 5t2
2
dy
v= = 10 – 10 t = 0
dt
t = 1; hence, velocity is zero at t = 1
10 t – 5 t2 = – 100
t2 – 2t – 20 = 0
t = 5.6 sec. (𝑡 = 1 + √21 𝑠)
i.e. particle travels till 5.6 seconds.
Displacement
30
20
10 5.6
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 time
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–100
(ii) Speed vs time graph: Particle has constant acceleration = g  throughout the motion, so v-t curve will be straight
line.
when moving up, v = u + at
0 = 10 – 10 t or t = 1 is the time at which speed is zero.
there after speed increases at constant rate of 10 m/s2.
Resulting Graph is: (speed is always positive).
speed
10√21
10
1 + √21 time
This shows that particle travels till a time of 1 + 21 seconds

(iii) Velocity vs time graph:

V = u + at
V = 10 – 10t; this shows that velocity becomes zero at t = 1 sec and thereafter the velocity is negative with
slope g.
Velocity
10
2 time
1
–10
(iv) Acceleration vs time graph:

Throughout the motion, particle has constant
acceleration = –10 m/s2.
Acceleration
time
–10
For particle B:
1
u = – 10 m/s. y = – 10t – (10) t2 = – 10t – 5t2
2
(i) Displacement time graph:
displacement
time
dy
y = –10t – 5t2 ; = – 10 – 10t
dt
This shows that slope becomes more negative with time.
(ii) Speed time graph:
Speed
10 m/s
time
dy
= – 10 – 10t
dt
Hence, speed is linearly dependent on time with slope of 10 initial speed = 10 m/s

(iii) Velocity time graph:

dy
= – 10 – 10t
dt
velocity
time
–10 m/s
Hence, velocity is linearly dependent on time with slope of –10. Initial velocity = –10 m/s
Throughout the motion, particle has constant acceleration = –10 m/s2.
Acceleration
time
–10 m/s2
dv
a= = – 10
dt
For Particle C:
(i) Displacement time graph:
1
u = 0, y = – × 10t2 = – 5t2
2
displacement
time
√20
–100
This shows that slope becomes more negative with time.
(ii) Speed vs time graph:

dy
v= = – 10 t
dt
speed
time
Hence, speed is directly proportional to time with slope of 10.

(iii) Velocity time graph:

V = u + at
V = – 10t;
velocity
time
√20
– 10√20
Hence, velocity is directly proportional to time with slope of –10.

acceleration
time
−10 𝑚/𝑠 2
Throughout the motion, particle has constant acceleration = –10 m/s2.
Illustration 60:
Velocity v/s position graph is given. Find acceleration at x=1 m.
v
10
x=1 x=2 x
Solution:
dv
= tan  = 5
dx
dv
a = v = 5  5 = 25m/s2
dx
Illustration 61:
Find acceleration at t=1 sec for the given graph.
v2
10
t=1 2sec. t

Solution:
dv 2
= tan  = 5
dt
dv 2 dv
 =5
dv dt
5
 2v  a = 5  2 5  a = 5  a =
2
Interconversion of graphs
Illustration 62:
The displacement vs time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw velocity vs time
and acceleration vs time graph.
x
x=4t2
0 t
Solution:
x = 4t2
dx
v= = 8t
dt
Hence, velocity-time graph is a straight-line having slope i.e. tan = 8.
v
tan = 8

0 t
dv
a= =8
dt
Hence, acceleration is constant throughout and is equal to 8.
a
0 t
Illustration 63:
If all parts of the x-t graph are either parabolic or straight line then draw corresponding v-t and a-t graph.
x a
e h
g i
b d f j
t
c

Solution:
Slope of x-t graph gives velocity and slope of v-t graph gives acceleration.
x a
e h
g i
b d f j
t
c
Illustration 64:
Plot velocity-time, position-time and distance-time graph for the given a-t graph if at t = 0 ; v = 0 and x = 0.
a
2m/s2
t
–2m/s2
Solution:
Area of a-t curve gives change in velocity and area of v-t curve gives displacement.
v v
t t
Illustration 65:
Plot distance time graph for the given position time graph.

Solution:
x
distance
Note:
(i) Distance-time and displacement-time graph always starts from origin.
(ii) Distance never decreases. So, to convert position time graph into distance time graph, take the mirror image of
the graph when position start decreasing.
(iii) Speed can decrease but it cannot be negative. So, to convert velocity time graph into speed time graph, take the
mirror image of the graph when velocity becomes negative.
Illustration 66:
Draw displacement–time and acceleration–time graph for the given velocity–time graph.
v
B C
D
A t1 t2 t3 t
Solution:
Part AB : v-t curve shows constant slope
i.e., constant acceleration or Velocity increases at constant rate with time.
Hence, s-t curve will show constant increase in slope
And a-t curve will be a straight line (with zero slope).
Part BC : v-t curve shows zero slope i.e. constant velocity. So, s-t curve will show constant slope and acceleration
will be zero.
Part CD : v-t curve shows negative slope i.e. velocity is decreasing with time or acceleration is negative.
Hence, s-t curve will show decrease in slope becoming zero in the end.
And a-t curve will be a straight line with negative intercept on y-axis (with zero slope).
Resulting graphs are:

a
s D
C
A
B t1 t2 t3 t
B
A
t1 t2 t3 t D
C

Miscellaneous Problems
Illustration 67:
3 1
A particle covers of total distance with speed v1 and next with v2. Find the average speed of the particle.
4 4
Solution:
Let the total distance be s
A C
Total distance 3s/4 B s/4
Average speed (< v >) =
Total time taken
s 1 4v1v2
<v>= = =
3s s 3 1 v1 + 3v2
+ +
4v1 4v2 4v1 4v2
Illustration 68:
A car is moving with speed 60 Km/h and a bird is moving with speed 90 km/h along the same direction as shown in
figure. Find the distance travelled by the bird till the time car reaches the tree.
240 m
Solution:
240 m 0.24
Time taken by a car to reach the tree (t) = = hr
60 km / hr 60
Now, the distance travelled by the bird during this time interval
0.24
= 90  = 0.12 × 3 km = 360 m.
60
Illustration 69:
The position of a particle moving on X-axis is given by x = At3 + Bt2 + Ct + D. The numerical values of A, B, C, D are
1, 4, –2 and 5 respectively and SI units are used. Find (a) the dimensions of A, B, C and D, (b) the velocity of the particle
at t = 4 s, (c) the acceleration of the particle at t = 4s, (d) the average velocity during the interval t =0 to t = 4s, (e) the
average acceleration during the interval t = 0 to t = 4 s.
Solution:
As x = At3 + Bt2 + Ct + D
(a) Dimensions of A, B, C and D,
[At3] = [x] (by principle of homogeneity)
[A] = [LT–3]
Similarly, [B] = [LT–2], [C] = [LT–1] and [D] = [L] ;
dx
(b) As v = = 3At2 + 2Bt + C
dt
Velocity at t = 4 sec.
v = 3(1) (4)2 + 2(4) (4) – 2 = 78 m/s.

dv
(c) Acceleration (a) = = 6At + 2B ; a = 32 m/s2
dt
(d) x = At3 + Bt2 + Ct + D
Position at t = 0 is x = D = 5m.
Position at t = 4 sec is (1)(64) + (4)(16) – (2) (4) + 5 = 125 m
Thus, the displacement during 0 to 4 sec. is 125 – 5 = 120 m
 < v > = 120 / 4 = 30 m/s
(e) v = 3At2 + 2B t + C , velocity at t = 0 is C = – 2 m/s
v2 − v1
Velocity at t = 4 sec is 78 m/s  < a > = = 20 m/s2
t 2 − t1
Illustration 70:
For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity is given as a function of time as v = 2t2 + sin t. At t = 0, particle is at origin.
Find the position as a function of time.
Solution:
dx
v = 2t2 + sin t  = 2t2 + sin t
dt
x t
2 3
0 dx = 0 (2t + sin t )dt  x = 3 t − cost + 1
2
Illustration 71:
A car decelerates from a speed of 20 m/s to rest in a distance of 100 m. What was its acceleration, assumed constant?
Solution:
v = 0, u = 20 m/s, s = 100 m
 as v2 = u2 + 2 as
0 = 400 + 2a × 100  a = – 2 m/s2
 Acceleration = –2 m/s2
Illustration 72:
A 150 m long train accelerates uniformly from rest. If the front of the train passes a railway worker 50 m away from the
station at a speed of 25 m/s, what will be the speed of the back part of the train as it passes the worker?
Solution:
v2 = u2 + 2as
25 × 25 = 0 + 100 a
25
a= m/s2
4
Now, for the back end of the train to pass the worker
25
We have v ' = v2 + 2al = (25)2 + 2 ×
2
× 150
48
2
v ' = 25 × 25 × 4
v ' = 50 m/s.

Illustration 73:
A particle is thrown vertically upwards with velocity 20 m/s. Find (a) the distance travelled by the particle in first
3 seconds, (b) displacement of the particle in 3 seconds.
Solution:
B
5m
20 m C
A 20 m/s
Highest point say B

VB = 0
v = u – gt
0 = 20 – 10 t
t = 2 sec.
 Distance travel in first 3 seconds.
s = s(t = 0 to 2sec) + s (2sec. to 3sec.)
s = [ut + 1/2 at2]t = 0 to t = 2s + [ut +1/2at2]t = 2 to t = 3s
s = (20 × 2 – 1/2 × 10 × 4) + (1/2 × 10 × 12)
= (40 – 20) + 5 = 25 m.
And displacement = 20 – 5 = 15 m.
Illustration 74:
A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate  for some time after which it decelerates at a constant rate  to come
to rest. If the total time elapsed is t. Find the maximum velocity acquired by the car.
Solution:
V A
Vmax
 
B
O t1 t2 t
t = t1 + t2
vmax
Slope of OA curve = tan =  =
t1
vmax
Slope of AB curve =  =
t2
t = t1 + t2
vmax vmax   
 t= +  vmax =  t
   +

Illustration 75:
In the above question find total distance travelled by the car in time ‘t’.
Solution:
Method I:
 vmax t vmax t
vmax = t  t1 = =  t2 = =
(  + )  ( + )  ( + )
 Total distance travelled by the car in time ‘t’
1  1 1 2t 2  2 t 2 1 2t 2 t 2
=  t 12  + vmaxt2 − t22 = + – =
2  2 2 ( + )2 ( + )2 2 ( + )2 2(  +  )
Method II:
1 t 2 t 2
Area under graph (directly) = =
2 ( + ) 2( + )
Illustration 76:
The displacement vs time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw velocity vs time
and acceleration vs time graph.
x
t
0
x=–8t2
Upwards direction is taken as positive, downwards direction is taken as negative.

Solution:
(a) The equation of motion is: x = –8t2
dx
 v= = – 16 t ; this shows that velocity is directly proportional to time and slope of velocity-time curve is
dt
negative i.e. – 16.
Hence, resulting graph is (i)
dv
(b) Acceleration of particle is: a = = –16.
dt
This shows that acceleration is constant but negative.
Resulting graph is (ii)
v a
Where, tan =–16
 t t
–16 m/s2
(i) (ii)

Illustration 77:
For a particle moving along x-axis, following graphs are given. Find the distance travelled by the particle in 10 s in each
case.
v v
10 10
0 10 t 0 10 t
(a) (b)
Solution:
(a) Distance = area under the v-t curve
 Distance = 10 × 10 = 100 m
(b) Distance = area under the v-t curve
1
 Distance = × 10 × 10 = 50 m
2
Illustration 78:
For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a = 2v2. If the speed of the particle is v0 at x = 0, find speed
as a function of x.
Solution:
dv dv dx
a = 2v2  = 2v2  × = 2v2
dt dx dt
dv dv
v = 2v2  = 2v
dx dx
v x
dv
v v = 0 2 dx   nv v = 2x 0
v x
0
0
v
n = 2x  v = v0e2x
v0

Motion in a Straight Line

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Motion in a Straight Line

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Motion in a Straight Line

Motion and Rest

Mechanics is classified under two streams namely kinematics and dynamics.

The word kinematics means Study of forces and their

3-D Motion: The motion which cannot be captured even on a plane.

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Average and instantaneous rate of change

Derivatives of Commonly Used Functions

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(a) y = 3 sin (2t + 4) (b) y = 4 cos (3t)

(i) y = sin ( x 2 ) (ii) y = e x

Average Velocity (in an interval)

For straight line motion, along x-axis, we have

The dimension of velocity is [LT–1] and its SI unit is m/s.

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Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant)

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Average Speed (in an interval)

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So, according to the condition:

Average acceleration (in an interval)

Instantaneous Acceleration (at an instant)

The dimension of acceleration is [LT-2] and its SI unit is m/s2.

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Find: (a) position at t = 2 sec.

(b) velocity at t = 2 sec.

(c) acceleration at t = 2 sec.

(d) acceleration when velocity = 0

(e) velocity when acceleration = 0

(f) avg. acceleration from t = 2 sec. to t = 3 sec.

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Uniformly accelerated motion

initial position final position

First equation of motion:

u = initial velocity (at the beginning of interval)

Motion with uniform velocity (a = 0):

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Directions of vectors in straight line motion:

t = 0 sec. to t = 3 sec. +20 +5 –5 3 +ve

t = 2 sec. to t = 4 sec. +10 0 –5 2 +ve

t = 1 sec. to t = 5 sec. +15 –5 –5 4 +ve

t = 1 sec. to t = 7 sec. +15 –15 –5 6 0

t = 4 sec. to t = 7 sec. 0 –15 –5 3 –ve

t = 1 sec. to t = 9 sec. +15 –25 –5 8 –ve

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0 to 1 sec. 0 to 5 sec. 5 to 7 sec.

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s1 = 15  0.3 = 4.5m …(i)

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(i) 0 to 3 sec., (ii) 3 to 6 sec.

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0 = 10x + 2(300 – x)(– 3)

10x 10  112.5 1125

Total time taken = 3 5 + 5 5 = 8 5 sec

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