21/11/2024

Energy Conservation & Auditing[21EE755]

Assignment 2
Module 2
1) Define power factor and explain different methods of improving the power factor.

Ans:

Power factor:

Power factor is an important parameter for the calculation of active and reactive power in electrical
circuit. It has significance only for AC circuit.

Methods of Improving the power factor:

a) Static Capacitor
b) Synchronous Condenser
c) Phase Advancer
a) Static Capacitor:
• Most industries and power system loads are inductive, which causes a decrease in the system
power factor due to lagging current.
• To improve the power factor, static capacitors are connected in parallel with these devices
operated on low power factor.
• These static capacitors supply leading current, which balances out the lagging inductive
component of the load current.
• This effectively eliminates or neutralizes the lagging component of the load current and corrects
the power factor of the load circuit to enhance the overall efficiency.
• To enhance system or device efficiency, these capacitors are installed near large inductive
loads, like induction motors and transformers, to improve the load circuit power factor.
• Advantages:
➢ Low losses
➢ No moving parts, subsequently requiring low maintenance
➢ Capacity to work in ordinary atmospheric conditions
➢ No requirement for an foundation for installation
➢ Lightweight, making them simple to install
• Disadvantages:
➢ Less lifespan for static capacitor banks (around 8-10 years)
 ➢ The need to turn the capacitor bank ON or OFF when there is an adjustment of burden,
which can cause switching surges in the system.
➢ When it was damaged it's repairing cost is high.

b) Synchronous Condenser:
• When a synchronous motor operates at no-load and is over-excited, it is called a synchronous
condenser.
• When a synchronous motor is over-excited, it provides leading current and works like a
capacitor.
• In a synchronous motor, a separate DC source is used to excite the field winding.
• Therefore, the input supply only provides current to energize the stator, i.e., the current provided
is in-phase with the supply voltage. So the power factor remains unity.
• The power factor can be adjusted by varying the DC excitation.
• By increasing the DC excitation, the power factor varies from lagging to unity and leading
power factor.
• When the DC excitation increases, the field windings are over-magnetized.
• The input supply provides a current component to the stator to compensate for this over-
magnetization.
• This current leads to the supply voltage, causing a leading power factor or generating reactive
power.
• The synchronous motor used specifically for power factor improvement without any
mechanical load is called a synchronous condenser.
• Advantages:
➢ Long lifespan (up to 25 years)
➢ High reliability
➢ Faults can be easily removed
➢ Is not affected by harmonics
➢ Requires low maintenance (only periodic bearing greasing is necessary)
• Disadvantages:
➢ High cost (including high maintenance costs), therefore it is mostly used by large power
users
➢ Produces noise.

c) Phase Advancer:
• The Phase Advancer is a simple AC exciter that connects to the main shaft of a motor and
operates with the motor’s rotor circuit to improve power factor.
• It is commonly used in industries to improve the power factor of induction motors.
 • Since the stator windings of an induction motor take lagging current 90° out of phase with
voltage, the power factor of the motor is low.
• By supplying exciting ampere-turns from an external AC source, the current does not affect the
stator windings, and the power factor of the induction motor improves.
• This process is done by the Phase Advancer.

2) List the advantages and cost benefits of power factor improvement.

Ans:

Advantages:

i. Reduction in Power Losses

ii. Increased System Capacity
iii. Voltage Regulation Improvement
iv. Extended Equipment Lifespan
v. Minimized Environmental Impact
vi. Reduced Voltage Drop
vii. Low kWh Needed
viii. Saving in Power Bills
ix. Environmental Benefits

Cost Benefits:
i. Lower Electricity Bills
ii. Reduction in Demand Charges
iii. Avoidance of Infrastructure Upgrades
iv. Energy Savings
v. Increased Equipment Utilization
vi. Reduced Line Losses

3) Explain with a neat sketch the importance of capacitor location for power factor improvement.

Ans:

• The primary purpose of capacitors is to reduce the maximum demand. Additional benefits are
• derived by capacitor location.
• At this location, its kVAr are confined to the smallest possible segment, decreasing the load current.
This, in turn, will reduce power losses of the system substantially.
• Power losses are proportional to the square of the current.
• When power losses are reduced, voltage at the motor increases; thus, motor performance also
increases.
• Locations C1A, C1B and C1C indicate three different arrangements at the load.
• In all three locations extra switches are not required, since the capacitor is either switched with the
motor starter or the breaker before the starter.
• Case C1A is recommended for new installation, since the maximum benefit is derived and the size of
the motor thermal protector is reduced.
• In Case C1B, as in Case C1A, the capacitor is energized only when the motor is in operation.
• Case C1B is recommended in cases where the installation already exists and the thermal protector
does not need to be re-sized.
• In position C1C, the capacitor is permanently connected to the circuit but does not require a separate
switch, since capacitor can be disconnected by the breaker before the starter.
• It should be noted that the rating of the capacitor should not be greater than the no-load magnetizing
kVAr of the motor.
• If this condition exists, damaging over voltage or transient torques can occur.
• The next preference for capacitor locations at locations C2 and C3.
• In these locations, a breaker or switch will be required. Location C4 requires a high volt age breaker.
• From energy efficiency point of view, capacitor location at receiving substation only helps the utility
in loss reduction.
4) Explain the operation principle of automatic power factor controller.

Ans:

• An Automatic Power Factor Controller (APFC) is a device used to improve the power factor of
an electrical system by automatically switching capacitors on or off based on the system's reactive
power requirements. It ensures optimal power factor by continuously monitoring and adjusting the
system.
• The APFC works by using reactive power compensation to balance the inductive and capacitive loads
in the system. Here’s how it operates:

1. Monitoring Power Factor

• The APFC continuously monitors the power factor (cosϕ) of the system using current and
voltage sensors.

• These sensors measure the phase angle (ϕ) between current and voltage, from which the
power factor is calculated.

2. Comparison with Target Power Factor

• The measured power factor is compared with a preset target (e.g., 0.95 or higher).

• If the actual power factor falls below the target, the controller identifies the amount of
reactive power (VAR) required to bring the system back to the desired level.

3. Switching Capacitor Banks

• Based on the requirement, the APFC switches capacitor banks on or off to supply or absorb
reactive power:

o Lagging Power Factor (inductive loads): Capacitors are switched on to supply

leading reactive power and neutralize the effect of inductive loads.

o Leading Power Factor (capacitive loads): Capacitors are switched off to avoid
overcompensation.

4. Dynamic Adjustment

• The APFC performs real-time dynamic adjustments to maintain a stable and efficient power
factor even as the load fluctuates.
5) Write a note on energy efficient motors.

Ans:

• An energy efficient motor (EEM) is a motor that gives you the same output strength by consuming
lesser amounts of power.
• EEM is manufactured using the same frame as a standard motor, but they have some differences:

1. Higher quality and thinner steel laminations in the stator

2. more copper in the winding

3. Optimized air gap between the rotor and the stator

4. Reduced fan losses

5. Closer machining tolerances

6. High quality aluminium used in rotor frame

• In the future, the cost of energy will increase due to environmental problems and limited resources.
• The electric motors consume a major part of the electric energy in industries.
• Thus, implementing energy efficient motor could save a significant amount of electricity.
• It would also reduce the production of green-house gases and push down the total environmental
cost of electricity generation.
• Also, these motors can reduce maintenance costs and improve operations in industry. Efficient
energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by
changes in individual behavior.
6) Explain the working of soft starter and its advantages over the conventional starters.
Ans:
• When starting, AC Induction motor develops more torque than is required at full speed. This stress
is transferred to the mechanical trans mission system resulting in excessive wear and premature
failure of chains, belts, gears, mechanical seals, etc.
• Additionally, rapid acceleration also has a massive impact on electricity supply charges with high
inrush currents drawing +600% of the normal run current.
• The use of Star Delta only provides a partial solution to the problem. Should the motor slow down
during the transition period, the high peaks can be repeated and can even exceed direct on line
current. Soft starter provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems by delivering a
controlled release of power to the motor, thereby providing smooth, stepless acceleration and
deceleration.
• Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced.
• Soft Starter Soft Start & Soft Stop is built into 3 phase units, providing controlled starting and
stopping with a selection of ramp times and current limit settings to suit all applications.
 Advantages over the conventional starters:

7) Explain why centrifugal machines offers the greatest savings when used with variable speed drives.
Ans:
• Variable torque loads include centrifugal pumps and fans, which make up the majority of HVAC
applications.
• In variable torque applications, the torque required varies with the square of the speed, and the
horsepower required varies with the cube of the speed, resulting in a large reduction of horse power
for even a small reduction in speed.
• The motor will consume only 25% as much energy at 50% speed than it will at 100% speed.
• This is referred to as the Affinity Laws, which define the relationships between speed, flow, torque,
and horsepower.
• The following laws illustrates these relationships:

❖ Flow is proportional to speed

❖ Head is proportional to (speed)2

❖ Torque is proportional to (speed)2

❖ Power is proportional to (speed)3

8) Write a note on: a) Variable frequency drive b) Variable torque versus constant torque c) Eddy current
drives d) Slip power recovery systems

Ans:

a) Variable frequency drive:

• The VFD operates on a simple principle.
• The rotational speed of an AC induction motor depends on the number of poles in that stator and
the frequency of the applied AC power.
• Although the number of poles in an induction motor cannot be altered easily, variable speed can
be achieved through a variation in frequency. T
• he VFD rectifies standard 50 cycle AC line power to DC, then synthesizes the DC to a variable
frequency AC output.
• Motors connected to VFD provide variable speed mechanical output with high efficiency.
• These devices are capable of up to a 9:1 speed reduction ratio (11 percent of full speed), and a 3:1
speed increase (300 percent of full speed).
• In recent years, the technology of AC variable frequency drives (VFD) has evolved into highly
sophisticated digital microprocessor control, along with high switching frequency IGBTs
(Insulated Gate Bi Polar Transistors) power devices.
• This has led to significantly advanced capabilities from the ease of programmability to expanded
diagnostics.
• The two most significant benefits from the evolution in technology have been that of cost and
reliability, in addition to the significant reduction in physical size.

b) Variable torque versus constant torque:

• Variable speed drives, and the loads that are applied to, can generally be divided into two groups:
constant torque and variable torque.
• The energy savings potential of variable torque applications is much greater than that of constant
torque applications.
• Constant torque loads include vibrating conveyors, punch presses, rock crushers, machine tools,
and other applications where the drive follows a constant V/Hz ratio.
• Variable torque loads include centrifugal pumps and fans, which make up the majority of HVAC
applications.

c) Eddy current drives:

• This method employs an eddy-current clutch to vary the output speed.
 • The clutch consists of a primary member coupled to the shaft of the motor and a freely revolving
secondary member coupled to the load shaft.
• The secondary member is separately excited
using a DC field winding.
• The motor starts with the load at rest and a DC
excitation is provided to the secondary member,
which induces eddy-currents in the primary
member.
• The interaction of the fluxes produced by the
two currents gives rise to a torque at the load
shaft.
• By varying the DC excitation the output speed can be varied to match the load requirements.
• The major disadvantage of this system is relatively poor efficiency particularly at low speeds.

d) Slip power recovery systems:

• Slip power recovery is a more efficient alternative speed control mechanism for use with slip ring
motors.
• In essence, a slip power recovery system varies the rotor voltage to control speed, but instead of
dissipating power through resistors, the excess power is collected from the slip rings and returned
as mechanical power to the shaft or as electrical power back to the supply line.
• Because of the relatively sophisticated equipment needed, slip power recovery tends to be
economical only in relatively high power applications and where the motor speed range is 1:5 or
less.

9) Explain the energy efficient lighting options and lamp controls.

Ans:

Energy-Efficient Lighting Options

Energy-efficient lighting options focus on reducing power consumption while maintaining or improving
lighting quality. These options include advanced lamp technologies and control systems designed to
minimize energy waste.

1. LED Lamps (Light Emitting Diodes):

• Advantages:
o Highly energy-efficient, using 50-90% less energy than traditional incandescent
lamps.
 o Long lifespan (20,000–50,000 hours), reducing replacement frequency and costs.
o Available in a range of colors and intensities.
• Applications: Residential, commercial, and industrial lighting.
2. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs):
• Advantages:
o Use about 70-80% less energy than incandescent lamps.
o Last 8-10 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
• Limitations:
o Contain a small amount of mercury, requiring proper disposal.
• Applications: General-purpose indoor lighting.
3. Fluorescent Tubes (Linear Fluorescent Lamps):
• Advantages:
o High luminous efficacy (light output per watt).
o Available in different color temperatures.
• Applications: Offices, warehouses, and commercial spaces.
4. Halogen Lamps:
• Advantages:
o More efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs (20-30% energy savings).
o Provide bright and natural light.
• Limitations:
o Shorter lifespan compared to LEDs or CFLs.
• Applications: Task lighting and accent lighting.
5. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps:
• Types: Metal Halide (MH), High-Pressure Sodium (HPS), and Mercury Vapor.
• Advantages:
o High luminous output for large spaces.
o Better efficiency than incandescent or halogen lamps.
• Applications: Outdoor lighting, streetlights, and industrial spaces.
6. Induction Lamps:
• Advantages:
o Long lifespan (up to 100,000 hours).
 o No electrodes, reducing failure risk.
• Applications: Warehouses, parking lots, and industrial spaces.
7. OLED (Organic LED) Lighting:
• Advantages:
o Thin, flexible, and capable of producing uniform light.
o Energy-efficient with excellent color rendering.
• Applications: Architectural and specialty lighting.

Lamp Controls for Energy Efficiency

Efficient lamp controls are critical for reducing energy consumption by ensuring lighting is used only
when and where it is needed.
1. Dimmers:
• Adjust the brightness of lamps to match the required lighting levels.
• Benefits: Reduces energy use and extends lamp life.
• Applications: Homes, restaurants, and theaters.
2. Motion Sensors:
• Detect movement and automatically switch lights on or off.
• Benefits: Ideal for spaces with intermittent use, such as hallways, bathrooms, and parking
lots.
• Types:
o Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensors.
o Ultrasonic Sensors.
3. Occupancy Sensors:
• Turn lights on when a room is occupied and off when vacant.
• Applications: Offices, classrooms, and restrooms.
4. Daylight Sensors (Photocells):
• Automatically adjust artificial lighting based on natural light availability.
• Benefits: Ensures optimal lighting while saving energy during daylight hours.
• Applications: Outdoor lighting, offices, and atriums.
5. Time-Based Controls (Timers):
• Schedule lights to turn on or off at specific times.
• Applications: Street lighting, signage, and outdoor security lighting.
 6. Smart Lighting Systems:
• Use wireless technology and IoT for automated and remote control of lighting.
• Features include scheduling, geofencing, and integration with smart home systems.
• Applications: Homes, offices, and commercial buildings.
7. Centralized Lighting Control Systems:
• Enable the management of multiple lighting fixtures from a single control panel.
• Often used in large buildings for energy monitoring and control.

10) Explain the construction and operating principle of fluid coupling.

Ans:

Construction:

• Fluid couplings work on the hydrodynamic principle.

• Inside every fluid coupling are two basic elements – the impeller and the runner and together they
constitute the working circuit. One can imagine the impeller as a centrifugal pump and the runner
as a turbine.
• The impeller and the rotor are bowl shaped and have large
number of radial vanes.
• They are suitably enclosed in a casing, facing each other
with an air gap.
• The impeller is connected to the prime mover while the
rotor has a shaft bolted to it.
• This shaft is further connected to the driven equipment
through a suitable arrangement.
• Thin mineral oil of low viscosity and good lubricating
qualities is filled in the fluid coupling from the filling plug provided on its body.
• A fusible plug is provided on the fluid coupling which blows off and drains out oil from the coupling
in case of sustained overloading.

Operating Principle:
• There is no mechanical inter-connection between the impeller and the rotor and the power is
transmitted by virtue of the fluid filled in the coupling.
• When the impeller is rotated by the prime mover, the fluid flows out radially and then axially under
the action of centrifugal force.
 • It then crosses the air gap to the runner and is directed towards the bowl axis and back to the impeller.
• To enable the fluid to flow from impeller to rotor it is essential that there is difference in head
between the two and thus it is essential that there is difference in RPM known as slip between the
two.
• Slip is an important and inherent characteristic of a fluid coupling resulting in several desired
advantages.
• As the slip increases, more and more fluid can be transferred.
• However when the rotor is at a stand still, maximum fluid is transmitted from impeller to rotor and
maximum torque is transmitted from the coupling.
• This maximum torque is the limiting torque.
• The fluid coupling also acts as a torque limiter.

11) Write a note on energy efficient transformers.

Ans;

• Most energy loss in dry-type transformers occurs through heat or vibration from the core. The new
high-efficiency transformers minimise these losses.
• The conventional transformer is made up of a silicon alloyed iron (grain oriented) core. The iron
loss of any transformer depends on the type of core used in the transformer.
• However the latest technology is to use amorphous material - a metallic glass alloy for the core
• The expected reduction in energy loss over conventional (Si Fe core) transformers is roughly around
70%, which is quite significant.
• By using an amorphous core- with unique physical and magnetic properties- these new type of
transformers have increased efficiencies even at low loads – 98.5% efficiency at 35% load.
• Electrical distribution transformers made with amorphous metal cores provide excellent opportunity
to conserve energy right from the installation.
• Though these transformers are a little costlier than conventional iron core transformers, the overall
benefit towards energy savings will compensate for the higher initial investment.
• At present amorphous metal core transformers are available up to 1600 kVA.
12) Explain the role and functions of electronic ballasts.

Ans:
Role of Ballast:

• In an electric circuit the ballast acts as a stabilizer.

• Fluorescent lamp is an electric discharge lamp.
• The two electrodes are separated inside a tube with no apparent connection between them.
• When sufficient voltage is impressed on these electrodes, electrons are driven from one electrode
and attracted to the other.
• The current flow takes place through an atmosphere of low pressure mercury vapour.
• Since the fluorescent lamps cannot produce light by direct connection to the power source, they
need an ancillary circuit and device to get started and remain illuminated.
• The auxillary circuit housed in a casing is known as ballast.

Functions:
➢ To ignite the lamp
➢ To stabilize the gas discharge
➢ To supply the power to the lamp

Module 3

13) Define energy management and explain its objectives.

Ans:
• The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least
cost and least environmental effect.
• The term energy management means many things to many people. One definition of energy
management is:

•
 • The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and
utilisation, throughout the organization and:
➢ To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
➢ To minimise environmental effects.

14) Define Energy Audit and explain the importance of energy audit in industry.
Ans:
Energy Audit:
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management.
It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams
in a facility.

Importance of energy audit in industry:

• In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both electrical and
thermal), labour and materials.
• If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above
components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management
function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction.
• Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in any industry,
and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists.
• The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and utility activities.
• In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a
specified time frame.
• The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per
unit of product output or to lower operating costs.
• Energy Audit provides a " bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the organization
and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization.

15) Explain various classification of energy audit.

Ans:
a) Preliminary Audit
b) Detailed Audit
 a) Preliminary Audit:
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

b) Detailed Audit:
• A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility,
since it evaluates all major energy using systems.
• This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost.
• It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major
equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
• In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance.
• This is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating
conditions and calculations of energy use.
• This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.
• Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase

16) Explain ten step methodology for detailed energy auditing.

Ans:
17) Explain the benefits of benchmarking energy consumption.
Ans:
1. Identifies Energy Inefficiencies
• Benchmarking reveals how effectively energy is being used in comparison to similar
facilities or historical data.
• Highlights specific areas or processes where energy is being wasted.

2. Provides a Basis for Energy Management

• Establishes a clear understanding of current energy performance.
• Acts as a foundation for setting measurable goals and objectives for energy conservation.

3. Facilitates Cost Savings

• By identifying energy waste, organizations can implement targeted improvements, reducing
energy costs.
• Helps prioritize investments in energy-saving technologies and practices with the best return
on investment.

4. Supports Regulatory Compliance

• Many industries are required to report energy performance to comply with local, national,
or international energy efficiency standards.
• Benchmarking ensures accurate reporting and avoids potential penalties.
 5. Drives Continuous Improvement
• Enables tracking of energy consumption trends over time.
• Encourages the adoption of best practices for sustained energy efficiency.

6. Enhances Competitiveness
• Reducing energy costs improves overall operational efficiency, making the organization
more competitive in the market.
• Demonstrates commitment to sustainability, which can be a differentiator for customers and
stakeholders.

7. Promotes Sustainability Goals

• Helps align energy performance with environmental sustainability targets.
• Contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

8. Aids in Decision-Making
• Provides reliable data for making informed decisions about energy efficiency projects and
investments.
• Helps justify the need for upgrades or new equipment by demonstrating potential energy and
cost savings.

9. Improves Employee Awareness and Engagement

• Sharing benchmarking results with employees increases awareness of energy usage and
encourages energy-saving behaviors.
• Employees are more likely to participate in energy conservation initiatives when they see
clear performance metrics.

18) What is plant energy performance?

Ans:
• Plant energy performance (PEP) is the measure of whether a plant is now using more or less energy
to manufacture its products than it did in the past: a measure of how well the energy management
programme is doing.
• It compares the change in energy consumption from one year to the other considering production
output.
• Plant energy performance monitoring compares plant energy use at a reference year with the
subsequent years to determine the improvement that has been made.
• However, a plant production output may vary from year to year and the output has a significant
bearing on plant energy use.
 • For a meaningful comparison, it is necessary to determine the energy that would have been required
to produce this year production output, if the plant had operated in the same way as it did during the
reference year.
• This calculated value can then be compared with the actual value to determine the improvement or
deterioration that has taken place since the reference year.

19) Define production factor.

Ans:
Production factor is used to determine the energy that would have been required to produce this
year's production output if the plant had operated in the same way as it did in the reference year.
It is the ratio of production in the current year to that in the reference year.

20) List the components of general audit report.

Ans:
21) List the role of energy management team.
Ans:
i. Developing Energy Policies
ii. Conducting Energy Audits
iii. Monitoring and Analyzing Energy Data
iv. Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures
v. Ensuring Regulatory Compliance
vi. Training and Awareness
vii. Budget Management
 viii. Technology Assessment and Integration
ix. Collaboration Across Departments
x. Reporting and Communication
xi. Crisis Management
xii. Continuous Improvement

22) What is energy use profile? What are the audits required to construct energy use profile?
Ans:
Energy use profile:
An energy use profile is a detailed analysis of how energy is consumed within an organization,
building, or system over time.
It involves the collection and presentation of energy consumption data to understand patterns,
trends, and areas where energy is used most.
This profile helps in identifying opportunities for energy efficiency improvements and cost
reductions.

Audits required to construct:

a) Preliminary or Walk-Through Audit:
• Purpose: Initial assessment of energy usage to identify major areas of concern or inefficiency.
• Process: A simple review of energy bills, a walkthrough of the facility, and informal
discussions with staff.
• Outcome: A basic understanding of where energy is used and broad recommendations for
further study.
b) Detailed or Comprehensive Energy Audit:
• Purpose: A thorough investigation into energy usage, considering all systems, equipment, and
operational patterns.
• Process:
➢ In-depth data collection (energy bills, meter readings).
➢ Measurement of energy use at specific points (e.g., lighting systems, HVAC, machines).
➢ Equipment efficiency testing (e.g., motors, pumps, compressors).
➢ Evaluation of building insulation, windows, and overall energy performance.
• Outcome: Detailed energy use profile with recommendations for energy-saving measures and
efficiency improvements.
c) Targeted Audit:
• Purpose: Focuses on specific systems or areas within a facility where energy use is suspected
to be high or inefficient.
 • Process:
➢ Investigation of particular equipment or processes (e.g., HVAC, lighting, refrigeration
systems).
➢ Use of tools like thermal imaging, power meters, or load loggers to capture detailed data.
• Outcome: A focused profile for the targeted system, with specific recommendations for
improvement.
d) Sub-Metering and Measurement:
• Purpose: Install sub-meters to track energy consumption in specific areas or systems.
• Process:
➢ Temporary or permanent installation of meters to measure energy use by system,
department, or equipment.
➢ Data collection over an extended period (e.g., weeks or months).
• Outcome: A detailed and segmented energy use profile that pinpoints the most energy-
intensive areas.
e) Walk-Through for Behavioral and Operational Energy Efficiency:
• Purpose: Assess the impact of operational and behavioral practices on energy use.
• Process:
➢ Observing and analyzing employee behavior and operational processes (e.g., equipment
usage patterns, shutdown practices).
➢ Reviewing energy policies and controls.
• Outcome: Insights into non-technical factors affecting energy use, like operational
inefficiencies or missed opportunities for energy-saving behavior.

23) Explain various instruments used in energy auditing.

Ans: